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To simulate acetate consumption and electricity generation in a cycle of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) treating synthetic acetate-based wastewater with low concentration, nonelectrogenic bacteria (NEB), which had no contribution in electricity generation, was incorporated with methanogen's kinetic parameters into a previous biofilm model proposed by Marcus et al. (Biotechnol Bioeng 98:1171-1182, 2007). However, the Coulombic efficiency was estimated to be 40.1%, whereas the experiment showed 13.6%, as the presence of NEB was obviously underestimated. Thus, the maximum NEB reaction rate (q

Why has the United States delegated most of its crisis lending to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in recent years, although it provided large-scale bilateral bailouts to strategically important countries until the mid-1990s? Previous research on the choice of bailout strategy has failed to explain this important change, and a major problem with such research is that it has focused on executive branch preferences, overlooking those of the legislative branch. The legislature can significantly influence the choice of bailout policies, and existing research also implies that the US Congress has steered the recent change. This article hypothesizes that, caught in a dilemma between the need for bailouts and voters’ opposition caused by widening inequality, Congress delegated bailouts to the IMF for blame avoidance. To test this hypothesis, the study conducts a statistical analysis of the IMF’s capital increase votes and case analyses of the Mexican and Asian crises.

What connection exists between protests and coup attempts? Although recent studies have revealed that the former incites the latter, they generally do not consider international factors. We contend that post-Cold War nonviolent protests have promoted coup attempts. With sentiment in the international community turning against coups following the end of the Cold War, coup organizers have had to portray their actions as democratic. Launching a coup attempt during ongoing nonviolent protests became a convincing method to prove democratic bona fides. This is because the international community favors nonviolence, and it signals that the emerging regime will not have extreme preferences and will keep order. Conversely, the international community does not regard violent protests as legitimate, and staging a coup attempt during violent protests will not enable a military to claim legitimacy. This argument is tested through statistical analysis and by using the 2011 Egyptian coup as a case study. As expected, the results indicate that the impact of protests on coup attempts varies depending on (1) whether those protests are violent or nonviolent, and on (2) the period. Specifically, only the nonviolent protests in the post-Cold War era prompt coup attempts meaningfully.

This article presents an effective modeling method for electric machines to reduce the computational cost of finite element (FE) analysis coupled with circuit equations. In this method, center and end regions of the machines are separately modeled. The center of the machines is partially modeled considering their periodic structure. As a result, the total number of elements can be decreased. Moreover, the computational accuracy is kept unchanged by introducing two correction coefficients which adjust the total amount of magnetic flux across the coils. The proposed method is applied to the steady-state characteristic analysis of a turbine generator. It is shown that the proposed method can reduce the computational time to about one-third in comparison with the conventional FE model, while the computational results almost coincide with the measurements. Then, the proposed method is also applied to a time-consuming eddy current analysis of the turbine generator for estimating its transient characteristics. It is shown that the estimated transient constants of the turbine generator are in good agreement with the measured results.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the manager's words of elementary school girl's volleyball clubs and to investigate the relations between the manager's words and the member's motivation to learn volleyball. The subjects were 63 members who were a first year students in junior high and who have been playing volleyball since they were in elementary schools. The investigations were performed from April to May in 2019. The manager's words were largely classified by 2 categories, "affirmative" and "negative". The details of manager's words were classified by 12 categories, "praise", "raise the morale", "cheer up", "advise", "change player's feelings", "appreciate the pain", "admit", "run down", "abuse", "blame", "threaten" and "abandon". The member's motivation to learn volleyball were classified by 7 factors, "learning strategy", "getting over the difficulties", "normative attitude", "perceived competence", "value", "playing intention", "emotion". The results were picked out as follows. 1) The members of more than 57% were frequently spoke affirmative words by managers. Those were words of "advise", "raise the morale", "change player's feelings" and "cheer up". 2) The members of below 43% were frequently spoke negative words by managers. Those were words of "run down", "abuse", "blame", "threaten" and "abandon". 3) The average scores of motivation to learn volleyball of members who were spoke frequently affirmative words by managers were significantly higher than them who were not spoke frequently. 4) There was a significant positive correlation between the total scores of affirmative words by managers and the total scores of motivation to learn volleyball of members. 5) There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of "advise" and "admit" words by managers and the scores of "learning strategy" of members. 6) There was a significant positive correlation between the scores of "praise", "cheer up", "change player's feelings" and "admit" words by managers and the scores of "value" of members. 7) There was a significant negative correlation between the scores of "abuse" and "abandon" words by managers and the scores of "perceived competence" of members.

Pacific atolls are extremely vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Coral reef ecosystems, which are responsible for the island formation and maintenance, can potentially keep pace with rising sea levels. Such ecosystems are sensitive to pollution; however, the sources and levels of atoll pollutants caused by urbanization have rarely been investigated. In this study, we assessed the heavy metal pollution (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) of coastal sediments to evaluate the effects of urbanization on Majuro Atoll, the Marshall Islands. The densely populated area had the most significant pollution with high levels of Pb, Mn, Zn, and Cu due to road traffic activity. Domestic wastewater, a major pollution source in Pacific atolls, was not identified. Remarkably, the Zn and Pb levels in the lagoonal coasts of the remote island area were 697 - 1539 and 22 - 337 times higher, respectively, than in the natural area of Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu. Thus, the remote island and sparsely populated areas were significantly polluted because of the maritime traffic activity in the lagoon and debris accumulation in/around the lagoon. This pollution resulted from improper municipal solid waste management of the main island. The contamination factor, pollution load index, and geo-accumulation index indicated high levels of heavy metal pollution in these areas. Urbanization of the atoll clearly resulted in a distinct heavy metal composition and high pollution levels compared with Funafuti Atoll. These findings emphasize the importance of pollution management in the conservation and rehabilitation of urbanized atolls threatened by future sea-level rises.

To investigate biomarkers representing the physiological and biochemical responses of the brackish-water clam Corbicula japonica, we conducted a full factorial-design experiment to test different water-temperature levels (20 °C and 25 °C), salinity levels (5 and 20 psu), and food-availability levels (0.5 and 2.0 mg suspended solids (SS)·ind−1·d−1). Increase in water temperature significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and oxyradical-absorbance capacity (ORAC), leading to lipid peroxidation (i.e., oxidative damage). Salinity activated or inhibited these biochemical markers. Food availability supported a detoxification mechanism against oxidative stress. Principal-components and cluster analyses revealed that a total of eight experimental conditions fell into three groups related to water temperature and/or salinity. The shift from Group I (20 °C water temperature) to Group II (25 °C water temperature and 5-psu salinity) demonstrated that the condition index, SOD, CAT, and ORAC had significantly decreased. With the further shift to Group III (25 °C water temperature and 20-psu salinity), we found a prominent increase in ORAC, which led to oxidative damage but no mortality. We conclude that future habitat changes driven by global warming should be closely watched, particularly given that local anthropogenic disturbances further add to natural ones.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between leadership behaviors for sports of women's volleyball club managers and sport psychology for teams in junior high schools. The subjects were 124 managers of junior high school women's volleyball clubs in Japan. The data for analysis were gathered by mailing questionnaire surveys, conducted between September and October 2018. 7 factors of "training and instruction", "democratic behavior", "autocratic behavior", "social support", "positive feedback", "abilities of volleyball" and "mental care of volleyball" composed manager's leadership behaviors. 3 factors of "team competence", "trust in coach" and "member relations" composed sport psychology for teams. The captain of the member evaluated manager's leadership behaviors with Likert five scales and evaluated sport psychology for teams with Likert seven scales. In addition, the actual situation of personal attributes of managers, achievements in sports events and recreational activities were investigated. The results were picked out as follows. 1) It was admitted that the total score of leadership behaviors were significantly higher in woman managers in charge of health and physical education than woman managers in charge of subjects expect health and PE. 2) It was admitted that the total score of leadership behaviors were significantly higher in the managers who had experience as volleyball club manager for 5 years or more than them who had the experience for under 5 years. 3) There was a significant correlation between the total score of leadership behaviors for sports and the total score of sport psychology for teams. 4) It was admitted that "training and instruction", "abilities of volleyball" and "mental care of volleyball" had a high correlation with sport psychology for teams. 5) The relevance was not recognized between leadership behaviors for sports and achievements in sports events. 6) The total score of sport psychology for teams was significantly higher in the clubs that performed recreational activities than the clubs that did not perform recreational activities.

Purpose This paper aims to propose a homogenization method considering magnetic anisotropy for a magnetic field analysis of a turbine generator. To verify the validity of the proposed method, the effects of magnetic anisotropy and a space factor on a no-load saturation curve and no-load iron loss of the turbine generator are discussed. Design/methodology/approach The proposed method was derived from the combination of the homogenization of microscopic fields in a laminated iron core with the modelling of two-dimensional magnetic properties based on free energy. To verify the validity, the proposed method was applied to a finite-element analysis of a simple ring core model. Finally, a no-load saturation curve and iron loss of the turbine generator was investigated by using the proposed method. Findings The computational accuracy of the homogenization method considering magnetic anisotropy is almost the same as that of the detailed modelling of the laminated structure in the magnetic field analysis of the laminated iron core. Furthermore, it is clarified that magnetic anisotropy does not have a large influence on the no-load saturation curve of the turbine generator because of the large air gap. On the other hand, the space factor affects the shape of the no-load saturation curve. Originality/value This paper verifies the validity of the homogenization method considering magnetic anisotropy method and elucidates the effects of magnetic anisotropy and a space factor on no-load characteristics of the turbine generator.

This study investigates whether a novel estimation method based on machine learning can feasibly predict the readily biodegradable chemical oxygen demand (RB-COD) and slowly biodegradable COD (SB-COD) in municipal wastewater from the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) data of anoxic batch experiments. Anoxic batch experiments were conducted with highly mixed liquor volatile suspended solids under different RB-COD and SB-COD conditions. As the RB-COD increased, the ORP breakpoint appeared earlier, and fermentation occurred in the interior of the activated sludge, even under anoxic conditions. Therefore, the ORP decline rates before and after the breakpoint were significantly correlated with the RB-COD and SB-COD, respectively (p 0.05). The two biodegradable CODs were estimated separately using six machine learning models: an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector regression (SVR), an ANN-based AdaBoost, a SVR-based AdaBoost, decision tree, and random forest. Against the ORP dataset, the RB-COD and SB-COD estimation correlation coefficients of SVR-based AdaBoost were 0.96 and 0.88, respectively. To identify which ORP data are useful for estimations, the ORP decline rates before and after the breakpoint were separately input as datasets to the estimation methods. All six machine learning models successfully estimated the two biodegradable CODs simultaneously with accuracies of ≥0.80 from only ORP time-series data. Sensitivity analysis using the Shapley additive explanation method demonstrated that the ORP decline rates before and after the breakpoint obviously contributed to the estimation of RB-COD and SB-COD, respectively, indicating that acquiring the ORP data with various decline rates before and after the breakpoint improved the estimations of RB-COD and SB-COD, respectively. This novel estimation method for RB-COD and SB-COD can assist the rapid control of biological wastewater treatment when the biodegradable organic matter concentration dynamically changes in influent wastewater.

Changes in natural estuarine environment and anthropogenic disturbances are becoming significant threats to organisms, particularly bivalves. A deeper understanding of the relationship between biochemical- and individual-level responses is necessary to assess the combined effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on bivalves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study where the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and carbon-based scope for growth (C-SFG) were applied as biomarkers to evaluate the response of the brackish water clam Corbicula japonica to four spatiotemporally varying environmental factors. High water temperature and food availability supported C-SFG while high salinity inhibited it. Most of wastewater (WW) treatments resulted in negative C-SFG values because of a reduced clearance rate and increased excretion rate. In particular, high food availability with WW treatment resulted in the lowest C-SFG value of -114 μg C·ind

This paper presents a topology optimization of hydroelectric generator. The present optimization is based on evolutional method to easily consider multiple features, such as iron loss and waveform distortion. The machine shape is determined through the weighted sum of Gaussian functions, and their connection weights are optimized using covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). The rotor shape of a hydroelectric generator is optimized using CMA-ES to maximize the output voltage and to minimize the iron loss. Numerical results show that the iron loss can be reduced with keeping the output voltage. In addition, its reasons are investigated.

In the characteristic evaluation of large rotating machines such as turbine generators, modeling of complex structure, small sized parts or local physical behavior leads to ill-conditioned and/or large number of elements. In this paper, analysis modeling for the evaluation of the electromagnetic behavior with nonconforming mesh connection technique and the analysis results are described.

Previous studies have shown that enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) performance under continuous aerobic conditions always eventually deteriorates; however, the speed at which this happens depends on the carbon source supplied. The published data suggest that propionate is a better carbon source than acetate is for maintaining operational stability, although it is not clear why. A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor was run initially under conventional anaerobic/aerobic conditions with either acetate or propionate as the carbon source. Chemical and microbiological analyses revealed that both sources performed as expected for such systems. When continuous aerobic conditions were imposed on both these established communities, marked shifts of the "Candidatus Accumulibacter" clades were recorded for both carbon sources. Here, we discuss whether this shift could explain the prolonged EBPR stability observed with propionate.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of high school baseball manager's talks to players who participated in the KOSHIEN tournament (national high school baseball championship)． The subjects were 73 managers of high school baseball clubs in Japan. The investigations were performed from October to December in 2014. Manager's talks were classified by 2 categories, "affirmative" and "negative". The details of manager's talks were classified by 13 categories, "praise", "raise the morale", "cheer up", "advise", "give thanks", "change player's feelings", "praise", "appreciate the pains", "admit", "run down", "abuse", "blame" and "the others". The 7 situations, "hard training", "meetings before games", "the pinch with playing games", "the chance for coming from behind", "the poor fielding in a pinch", "the strikeout in a big chance" and "meetings after games" in which managers talked to players were set up. The results were picked out as follows. 1) Most of managers talked affirmatively to players on all of the situations (82.5％～100％)． 2) Many managers raised the morale on "hard training" (51.9％) and "meetings before games" (57.1％) ． 3) Many managers raised the morale (42.0％) and advised on the pitching and defense (31.4％) on "the pinch with playing games". 4) Many managers advised on the batting (50.0％) and raised the morale (31.8％) on "the chance for coming from behind". 5) Many managers changed player's feelings (63.5％) on "the poor fielding in a pinch". 6) Many managers changed player's feelings (40.0％) and advised on the batting (22.0％) on "the strikeout in a big chance". 7) Managers talked diversely to players in "meetings after games". They raised the morale (18.9％)，cheered up (16.2％)，advised (13.5％)，changed player's feelings (13.5％)，praised (13.5％) in the scene.

Stator coils of large rotating machines are divided into strands which are transposed to reduce the inter-strand circulating current loss. To evaluate the effect of transposition, circulating current analysis is required but full 3D analysis is difficult because of the complicated configuration of the transposed coils. In this paper, magnetic field analysis model using 3D multi-layer finite element method is proposed to calculate the inter-strand circulating current in the stator coil with transposition in the coil end region especially with non-transposed region. Then circulating currents are analyzed considering the magnetic flux in the end region and some transposition patterns are compared.

Large benthic foraminifers (LBFs) are significant contributors to coral island formation in the Pacific Ocean. In recent years, the population of LBFs has decreased because of the increase in anthropogenic influences, such as wastewater (WW) discharge. To implement efficient mitigation measures, pollution tolerance in LBFs should be understood. However, the effects of WW on LBFs and their symbionts have not yet been demonstrated. This study examined the changes in the photosynthetic efficiency (Y[II]) of Calcarina gaudichaudii and Baculogypsina sphaerulata in response to WW by using a pulse-amplitude-modulation fluorometer. These LBFs were exposed to WW with different dilution levels for 22 days. The Y(II) values of the LBFs were found to deteriorate within 1–2 days. However, the Y(II) values both deteriorated and were enhanced in the experiments, thus indicating that WW contains both harmful and beneficial components. Baculogypsina sphaerulata showed an earlier response and greater sensitivity to WW and a higher epibiont infestation than C. gaudichaudii. This result can be attributed to the differences in the physiological and morphological responses of distinct LBFs. A sequencing analysis of 18S rDNA confirmed that the dominant eukaryotic symbionts in the two LBFs studied were Ochrophyta and Labyrinthulomycetes. These eukaryotic symbionts were released and attached as epibionts onto LBFs that were exposed to WW, thus leading to an increase in inactive LBFs. The Shannon–Weaver and Simpson diversity indices revealed that eukaryotic symbiont communities decreased in biodiversity after exposure to WW because of the abundance of algal symbionts. On the basis of these results, we conclude that WW, even with 10,000 × dilution, causes a decrease in active LBF populations owing to the release of eukaryotic symbionts, the decrease in biodiversity, and the infestation of epibionts even though Y(II) is temporarily enhanced. These responses are more significant in B. sphaerulata than in C. gaudichaudii.

The effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contain various anthropogenic pollutants that produce negative effects in river ecosystems. Although the oxidative stress responses in aquatic organisms are useful tools for assessing such effects, the responses of aquatic insects to WWTP effluents are poorly understood. This work investigated the responses of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and oxy-radical absorbance capacity), oxidative damage (lipid peroxidation), and energy reserves in caddisfly (Stenopsyche marmorata) larvae caused by the WWTP effluent in two parts of the Chikumagawa River during different seasons. It was found that effluent strongly influenced the antioxidants and oxidative damage and depleted the energy reserves. Hence, both the oxidative stress biomarkers and energy reserves in aquatic insects can be used for assessing the impacts of wastewater effluents. Lipid peroxidation proceeded more intensely at some reference sites than at the effluent-impacted sites, indicating that the use of a single biomarker could lead to a misunderstanding of the effect of pollutant mixtures in field studies. To mitigate this issue, a new reference-impacted approach based on the integrated biomarker response (IBRRI) method has been developed to assess anthropogenic impacts while considering spatiotemporal fluctuations due to the natural variations in a river system. This approach produced larger IBRRI values at higher concentrations of anthropogenic pollutants, which correlated with higher ammonium and nitrate concentrations. Therefore, IBRRI is a potentially useful tool for assessing the impact of WWTP effluents under variable spatiotemporal conditions.

Natural and anthropogenic effects cause low dissolved oxygen conditions (hypoxia) and subsequent reoxygenated conditions (normoxia) in river systems. However, oxidative stress responses to hypoxia–normoxia shift in aquatic insects are still poorly understood. Here, we exposed caddisfly Stenopsyche marmorata larvae to 30-min hypoxic followed by 1-d normoxic exposure, with experiments being repeated at 14 °C (Exp.1) and 20 °C (Exp.2), respectively. Exp.1 was conducted in December 2016 using overwintering larvae, and Exp.2 was conducted in June 2016 using non-wintering larvae. The responses of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and energy reserves were investigated. The hypoxia–normoxia shift considerably inhibited CAT and ORAC in Exp.1. In addition, the energy reserves were decreased in response to exposure to severe hypoxia–normoxia. However, LPO was not induced under these conditions. It is conceivable that regulating antioxidant defense enzymes and utilizing energy reserves may suppress the expected increases in LPO. In contrast, the hypoxia–normoxia shift in Exp.2 had almost no effect on oxidative stress response, with only ORAC being induced. Exp.1 had a lower dissolved oxygen partial pressure and a larger difference in the oxygen partial pressure between hypoxia and normoxia than Exp.2. The severity of hypoxia–normoxia shift and the differences in the life cycles (overwintering or non-wintering) may cause the difference in the response of ORAC in Exp.1 and Exp.2. This study revealed that the effect of the hypoxia–normoxia shift on oxidative stress response in aquatic insects and the strength of the impact of the shift on oxidative stress response may be influenced by water temperature and life cycles.

Three laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to assess the oxidative stress responses of brackish water clam Corbicula japonica to feeding activity and salinity level. Natural brackish water from Lake Hinuma was used in experiments I and II, while experiment III used artificial brackish water with cultured diatoms as the food source. During experiment I, the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) varied greatly when the initial suspended solids (SS) concentration was 50 mg SS·L−1. As a result, no significant difference in ORAC was found between the initial SS concentrations of 5 and 50 mg SS·L−1 (p > 0.05). In contrast, during experiment II, ORAC decreased from 6.4 to 3.5 μmol Trolox Equivalent (TE)·mg protein−1 at the SS concentration of ~5 mg SS·L−1 (p

This study firstly introduced a silicone rubber membrane (SRM) into microbial fuel cell (MFC) for passive oxygen supply to simultaneously remove phenol and nitrogen from synthetic coke-oven wastewater diluted with seawater. Passive oxygen transport with biofilm on the membrane was improved by ~ 18-fold in comparison with the one without a biofilm. In addition, although the oxygen supply was passive, nitrification accounted for 34% of those aeration conditions. It was also found that silicone rubber membrane can control NO2−–N and/or NO3−–N production. A dual-chamber MFC treating the synthetic coke-oven wastewater achieved a maximum power density of 54 mW m−2 with a coulombic efficiency of 2.7%. We conclude that silicone rubber membrane is effective for sustainable coke-oven wastewater treatment in MFCs.

Yellow and red metal oxides are commonly found on deteriorated water pipes and it has been reported that their main component is iron. X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy is an effective method which can be used to measure the chemical form of metals. However, when the iron concentration in water samples is extremely low, XAFS measurement and analysis can be difficult due to so much noise in the spectra. In this study, we examined various conditions related to XAFS measurements to analyze the chemical form of iron in water taken from water pipes. To optimize the XAFS measurement conditions, the energy range in pattern fitting was set at 7,100–7,140 eV. Piling up multiple pieces of filter paper was effective for improving the accuracy in the analysis of the XAFS spectra. The XAFS measurement of actual water samples was conducted and a low R factor was obtained from pattern fitting analysis. Differences were observed in the XAFS spectra depending on the chemical form of iron. These results showed that the chemical form of the iron of the actual water samples taken from the water pipes was able to be detected from the XAFS measurement.

本研究の目的は，児童のスクール・モラールを高めるために有効な教師行動を明らかにすることである。本研究は，体育授業の指導場面における教師の相互作用行動について考察した。協力者は，２つの小学校の６名の教師と４年生１７２名である。スクール・モラール・テストを２０１３年の４月と７月に実施し，分析に必要なデータは，５月から６月にかけて実践されたマット運動の授業の指導場面において収集した。主な結果は，次の通りである。⑴児童のスクール・モラールを高めていたのは，Ｄ教諭だけであった。⑵Ｄ教諭は，体育授業の運動学習場面において，「共感を伴う肯定的フィードバック」「励まし」「分析的発問」を頻繁に行っていた。, The purpose of this study was to clarify the effective teacher behaviors for boosting pupils’ school morale. This study examined teacher’s interaction behaviors in instruction of physical education class. The participants consisted of 6 teachers and 172 fourth graders of 2 elementary schools. School morale test were done in April and July, and the data of analysis was collected in instruction of mat exercises class performed from May to June in 2013. The main results were as follows. (1) Only a D teacher boosted pupils’ school morale. (2) D teacher done “Positive feedback with sympathy”, “Encouragement”, “Analytical Questions” frequently for skill leaning in physical education class.

Anthropogenic water turbidity derived from suspended solids (SS) is caused by reservoir sediment management practices such as drawdown flushing. Turbid water induces stress in many aquatic organisms, but the effects of turbidity on oxidative stress responses in aquatic insects have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we examined antioxidant responses, oxidative damage, and energy reserves in caddisfly (Stenopsyche marmorata) larvae exposed to turbid water (0 mg SS L−1, 500 mg SS L−1, and 2000 mg SS L−1) at different temperatures. We evaluated the combined effects of turbid water and temperature by measuring oxidative stress and using metabolic biomarkers. No turbidity level was significantly lethal to S. marmorata larvae. Moreover, there were no significant differences in antioxidant response or oxidative damage between the control and turbid water treatments at a low temperature (10 °C). However, at a high temperature (25 °C), turbid water modulated the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity as an indicator of the redox state of the insect larvae. Antioxidant defenses require energy, and high temperature was associated with low energy reserves, which might limit the capability of organisms to counteract reactive oxygen species. Moreover, co-exposure to turbid water and high temperature caused fluctuation of antioxidant defenses and increased the oxidative damage caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, the combined effect of high temperature and turbid water on antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage was larger than the individual effects. Therefore, our results demonstrate that exposure to both turbid water and high temperature generates additive and synergistic interactions causing oxidative stress in this aquatic insect species.