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Using multiple parallel sequencing on Illumina platform, we identified eight microRNAs that showed significant opposite changes of gene expression in cells of the hormone-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and in cells of the hormone-resistant DU-145 cell line, in comparison to the microRNA expression in the normal prostate tissue cells. We found that the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) gene is a target of five microRNAs whose expression is increased in LNCaP cells and reduced in DU-145 cells.

Aim: To identify markers for predicting aggressive forms of prostate cancer., Materials and Methods: The study retrospectively evaluated expression of angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2-R) in prostate needle biopsy tissue from patients with and without biochemical recurrence after combined hormone and radiation therapy., Results: The study findings showed that low expression of AT2-R in prostate tissue was associated with a high risk of biochemical recurrence. The data on the nature of AT2-R expression in prostate tissue of prostate cancer patients may be considered as a tool for predicting biochemical recurrence after combined hormone and radiation therapy. The test has a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 85.71%.

The dependence of expression of miRNAs and their precursors (pre-miRNAs) on the DNA methylation level in HeLa cells 8 days after mitomycin C treatment was studied. A massive parallel DNA sequencing method was applied to analyze miRNA expression. 5-Azacytidine (DNA methylation inhibitor) was added to the medium 6 days after mutagenic agent exposure. The results indicated that the change in expression for some mature miRNAs (39 of 61) was accompanied by the change in the expression of their pre-miRNAs, while there were no significant changes in the expression of pre-miRNA for other mature miRNAs (22 of 61). The aberrant expression was maintained by 8 of 61 mature miRNAs and 6 of 55 pre-miRNAs in the induced HeLa cells after 5-azacytidine treatment. In addition, the expression of more than 90% of miRNAs, which indicated a significant change in expression after mitomycin C treatment, does not depend or depends slightly on the DNA methylation level in HeLa cells without mitomycin C treatment. The results suggest that mitomycin C induces aberrant DNA methylation which affects maintenance of changes in the miRNA expression in cell generations after mutagen treatment.

It was first shown that DNA damage induction in mitomycin C-treated HeLa cells leads to a change in the selection of 5p and 3p microRNA duplex strands in the formation of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).

The aim of the study was to analyze the role of the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems in the molecular mechanisms of prostate cancer (PCa) and use the findings for identification of new markers of the disease. Analysis of proteolytic disturbances in the prostatic secretions in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer based on the identification of key indicators of the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin system in the prostate secretion showed that kallikrein activity in prostate cancer is higher and the activity of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE), by contrast, is lower than in BPH, apparently reflecting the reduction of angiotensin II and increase of the bradykinin content. A characteristic feature of prostate cancer is a dramatic increase in the inhibitory capacity of prostate secretion. It was found that in BPH patients, expression of B1 receptors in the prostate tissue is completely absent. The specific response with anti-B1 antibodies in the glandular epithelium was observed in malignant foci acini and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. In contrast, expression of the B2 receptors occurs in the stroma of both BPH and prostate cancer independent of stage and Gleason score. Indicators of kallikrein and ACE activity in prostate secretion and expression of the B1 receptors in prostate tissue may be utilized for prostate cancer diagnosis.