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There are different models and methods for technology acquisition, but making the right choice and optimal use of models and methods plays an important role in success technology acquisition. In this research different methods and models are both introduced and criticized. In addition, a three dimensional model resulting from the interaction of factors related to owner, receiver, and nature of technology was chosen to survey technology acquisition methods in Iran's missile industry. Based on this model, Iran used a combination of "Optimal methods" (such as Human Exchange and Hiring method, Joint research and development method, Education method and Reverse engineering)," Possible but not Optimal methods" (such as Turnkey method) and "Methods not conforming to the selected model" (such as training and internal R&D method) for acquiring different missile technologies. Based on this, Iran has used a wide range of technology acquisition methods simultaneously and in parallel to develop its missile capabilities.

The current digital revolution has given rise to a new organizational form, the Platform company. Today, the most valuable companies in the world and the first ones with a market value of more than a trillion dollars are platform companies. The Platform Economy is developing at an exponential rate and has become a top priority for governments across the world.The present study aims to provide a framework for evaluating the Digital Platform Economy at the international level. Utilizing a systematic review and meta-synthesis approach, the Platform Economy dimensions are identified as Digital Users, Digital Entrepreneurs, Digital Platforms, Digital Infrastructure, Innovation Capacity, and Institutional Environment and by extracting relevant indicators from international reports, the Platform Economy Composite Index is developed.Using the Partial Least Squares-Path Modelling (PLS-PM) method and specifically the Higher-Order Construct model, the measurement model is validated, and by employing a non-compensatory aggregation method, the Platform Economy Composite Index ranks 128 countries. The study is concluded by scrutinizing Iran’s current status regarding the enabling factors of the platform economy and identifying its strengths and weaknesses and providing recommendations for improvement. The results indicate that although Iran’s current status in terms of demand-side enablers is relatively good, it faces serious issues in terms of supply-side enablers.

Platform businesses formed new types of economic activities based on information and communication technology. Although governments encourage these businesses, they create challenges in the economic environment that indicate a failure in the efficiency of market mechanism and economic laws, especially Competition Law. This study aims to clarify the effects of business platform features on the Competition law and its Authority. For this purpose, a selected list of (anti) competition cases in Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (Brics), and Iran has been selected based on a multi-case study. The results show five characteristics of platform businesses age, including a) two-sided markets and network effect b) access instead of ownership c) revenue model and pricing d) innovation in business model and new economic segmentation, and e) data, its ownership, and privacy affect the three instances of the cartel, abuse dominance, and merger principles; Such as new examples of horizontal contracts, hub role-playing, vertical contracts (cartel/collusion), self-preferences, discrimination, denial of access through gateways, exploitation, assimilation of goods and services and aggressive/predatory pricing (abuse dominance) and changing corporate turnover and market structure (Merger). Second, these characteristics affect how the relevant market is defined (relevant product and relevant geography) and recognize the apparent market power. In addition, this study highlights the importance of designing a competition law authority concerning the sectoral regulator.

Government supportive policies play a significant role in technological learning and catching up in developing countries. In the last two decades, a number of laws have been passed in Iran that has targeted technology development and filling of the technological gap with leading countries. The present study employed a qualitative approach and documentary analysis method to compare the existing policies in the above-mentioned laws and policies in the successful experiences of technological catch-up in developing countries. Findings of the research indicate that: Firstly, the diversity of policies in these laws is similar to the policies that affect technological learning and catch-up in developing countries; secondly, as in the experiences of other developing countries, non-financial policies are far apart from financial policies; and thirdly, similar to the experience of developing countries, in Iran, the balance sheet is on the side of the supply side policies, and the demand side policies have been received less attention. Despite the presence of numerous and various laws and policies, Iran's failure in technological learning and catch-up can be attributed to the horizontal and non sector-specific nature of policy tools, as well as the challenges that emerge at the policy implementation stage.

Undertaking innovation in developing countries and transition towards knowledge-based economy is difficult without government intervention; necessity of balance between supply- and demand-side policies, the need for holistic view and the interconnections between government policy instruments has increased the complexity of interventions. Globally, statistics on scientific growth and outcomes of innovation show that there has been no balanced improvement in various dimensions of STI policies in Iran. Leading countries have been able to put this balance in place with a concept called policy mix. This paper tries to propose a policy mix to overcome these complexities and suggests suitable policy instruments via integration policy mix, system failures and multi-criteria decision-making methods. Our results indicate that the most important pragmatic policy actions for development and use of knowledge-based products in each category of system failure are issues such as establishing the necessary infrastructure and setting standards for quality assurance, transparency of government knowledge-based demand, designing and implementing a technology learning system, increasing investment of large firms in R&D, diversification of financial services for funding knowledge-based firms, using foreign investment in favor of improving local technological capabilities of big domestic firms. To implement these actions, 15 tools are proposed in a policy mix which were discussed and finalized by focus group method and semi-structures interviews.

This paper attempts to provide an analysis of the trend of innovation in Iran's air combat regime, focusing on UAV technology and according to the changes of landscape and air combat regime-based on manned aircraft during the 1340-90 decades. For this purpose, the theory of social-technical systems and the strategic niche management approach is used. The research strategy is a case study, its purpose is descriptive, based on historical analysis of events and its qualitative approach. Data collection tools include studying documents, conducting interviews, and the writer's life experience in order to create a chain of observations. Analyzing the changes of this system in the five historical periods, it was discovered that the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution and then the imposed war and the limits of the air combat regime-based on manned aircraft in meeting the operational demands have led to the formation of a UAV niche and its development. At present, UAV technology is at the take-off phase, following the predevelopment phase (pre-Islamic revolution to the end of war) and development (from 1367-1388). The development of expectations, the expansion of the network of actors, the creation of a space for testing technological achievements, and the development of learning in the niche, has led to the development of UAV technology and its penetration and diffusion into the air power regime. However, deepening and embedding it in this system, as a complementary technology alongside manned aircraft, requires the adoption of policies and measures.

In recent years, and with the advent of information and communication technology, the realization of e-government by governments is an inevitable necessity to reduce costs, increase productivity and satisfaction of people and, ultimately, sustainable development. Regardless of this, unfortunately, the evidence and statistical reports indicate the inappropriate situation of Iran in the field of electronic government and electronic governance, and Iran is not well positioned in relation to related indicators. In this regard, the interactions and the lack of coherence and efficiency of the technological innovation system in the country are among the most important reasons for this. In this regard, due to the importance of the issue, in this research, the analysis of the functions and growth of technological sectors in the field of Iranian electronic governance based on the development of information technology and the formation of innovation system in the field of electronic governance in Iran is studied. The results of the presented questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis performed using the LISREL software indicate the impact of the components and indicators measured in the realization of the technological innovation system in the field of e-government in the country, and it can be considered in the macro planning.

Cognition is a mental activity for sensemaking based on acquiring and processing the environmental information. These mental structures and cognitive dimensions of the management are vital factors for the formulation and implementation of organizational strategic change. In this paper, a literature review of strategic cognition and its role in managerial dynamic capabilities and strategic planning has been conducted. In addition, respect to the importance of the cognitive aspects of management, Cognitive Mapping technique has been reviewed for elicitation and exploitation of change leader's mind structure.

This paper reports the synthesis of a new nitrogen-doped porous bio-graphene (NPBG) with a specific biomorphic structure, using Pistacia lentiscus as a natural carbon source containing nitrogen that also acts as a bio-template. The obtained NPBG demonstrated the unique feature of doped nitrogen with a 3D nanoporous structure. Next, a WO3/N-doped porous bio-graphene nanocomposite (WO3/NPBG-NC) was synthesized, and the products were characterized using XPS, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDX, XRD, and Raman analyses. The presence of nitrogen doped in the structure of the bio-graphene (BG) was confirmed to be pyridinic-N and pyrrolic-N with N1 peaks at 398.3 eV and 400.5 eV, respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of the anionic azo dyes and drugs was investigated, and the results indicated that the obtained NPBG with a high surface area (151.98 m2/g), unique electronic properties, and modified surface improved the adsorption and photocatalytic properties in combination with WO3 nanoparticles (WO3-NPs) as an effective visible-light-driven photocatalyst. The synthesized WO3/NPBG-NC with a surface area of 226.92 m2/g displayed lower bandgap and higher electron transfer compared with blank WO3-NPs, leading to an increase in the photocatalytic performance through the enhancement of the separation of charge and a reduction in the recombination rate. At the optimum conditions of 0.015 g of the nanocomposite, a contact time of 15 min, and 100 mg/L of dyes, the removal percentages were 100%, 99.8%, and 98% for methyl red (MR), Congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO), respectively. In the case of the drugs, 99% and 87% of tetracycline and acetaminophen, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mg/L, were removed after 20 min.

Abstract The present study aim to present a model of technological collaboration between university spin offs and ITC industries. Therefore, the authors of this study try to find the related factoes for proposing the model. Introduction Althogh technological collaboration between university spin offs and industries is an important issue nowadays, there is little attention given to research on the factors shaping the model of collaboration. Thus, proposing this model was the main reason to carry out this study. Case study This study is related to Information Technology and Communication industries. After finding the factors, we proposed them to 30 experts and asked for their suggestions about the same. Materials and Methods The methodology of this study is the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. First of all, we extracted the related factors by reviewing the literature and also by interviewing the experts. Then, we categorized the factors according to their similarities by thematic analysis. Then, we created a model of technological collaboration. We also used SPSS software and used Binomial test for analysis of data. Discussion and Results By reviewing the lelevant literature and interviewing with experts, we found 72 factors related to technological collaboration between university spin offs and industries. Then, we sorted these factors into 3 categories and proposed a model in this regards. Conclusion The proposed model of this study should be tested by future studies to be conformed or revised. Further, future studies can also expand the model of this study by proposing new factors which are effective on the technological collabortion between university spin offs and industries.