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Acute mental fatigue, characterized by a transient decline in cognitive efficiency during or following prolonged cognitive tasks, can be managed through adaptive effort deployment. In response to mental fatigue, individuals can employ two main behavioral patterns: engaging a compensatory effort to limit performance decrements, or disengaging effort, leading to performance deterioration. This study investigated the behavioral pattern used by participants in mental fatigue conditions. Fifty participants underwent a sequential-task protocol with counterbalanced sessions who took place in two separate sessions: a 30-min incongruent Stroop task (fatiguing session) or a 30-min documentary viewing task (control session), followed by a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) handgrip task at 13 % of maximal voluntary contraction. Psychophysiological measures included the preejection period, heart rate variability, blood pressure, and respiration. Behavioral results showed deteriorated TTE handgrip performance after the Stroop task compared to after the documentary viewing task. During the Stroop task participants were more conservative and prioritized accuracy over speed. Self-reported fatigue was greater after the Stroop task. Psychophysiological data revealed a gradual decrease in sympathetic activity over time in both tasks, with the Stroop task showing a more pronounced decrease. Taken together, these findings suggest a disengagement of effort for a large proportion of participants (49 %) that could be partly attributed to a habituation to the demands of the Stroop task. This study illustrates the interplay of behavioral patterns of effort investment in the context of mental fatigue and underscores the role of disengagement as a dominant response to this phenomenon among healthy participants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Mental fatigue can be studied by using either the time-on-task protocol or the sequential task protocol. In the time-on-task protocol, participants perform a long and effortful task and a decrease in performance in this task is generally observed over time. In the sequential task protocol, a first effortful or control task is followed by a second effortful task. The performance in the second task is generally worse after the effortful task than after the control task. The principal aim of the present experiment is to examine the relationship between these two decrements in performance while concomitantly using a sequential task protocol and assessing the performance of the first effortful task as a function of time-on-task. We expect a positive correlation between these two decrements in performance. A total of 83 participants performed a 30-min fatiguing mental task (i.e., a modified Stroop task) or a control task followed by a time-to-exhaustion handgrip task. As expected, this protocol combining the time-on-task and sequential task protocols allowed us to observe (1) a decrease in performance over time during the Stroop task, (2) a worst performance in the handgrip task after the Stroop task by comparison to the control task, (3) a positive correlation between these two effects. The decrease in performance during the Stroop task also correlated with the subjective measures of boredom and fatigue, whereas the detrimental effect observed in the handgrip task did not. Our findings suggest that the two fatigue-related phenomena share a common mechanism but are not completely equivalent., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Mangin, Audiffren, Lorcery, Mirabelli, Benraiss and André.)