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The study of ecological mechanisms influencing organisms' phenotypic variation is a central subject of evolutionary biology. In this study, we characterized morphological, plumage colour and acoustic variation in cactus wrens Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus throughout its distribution. We assessed whether Gloger's, Allen's and Bergmann's ecogeographical rules, and the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis relate to geographical trait variation. We analysed specimen coloration in belly and crown plumage, beak shape and structural song characteristics. We tested whether the subspecific classification or the peninsular/mainland groups mirrored the geographical variation in phenotypes and whether ecological factors were associated with patterns of trait variation. Our results suggest that colour, beak shape and acoustic traits varied across the range, in agreement with two lineages described by genetics. The simple versions of Gloger's and Allen's rules are related to variations in colour traits and morphology. Conversely, patterns of phenotypic variation did not support Bergmann's rule. The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis supported song divergence for frequency-related traits. Phenotypic variation supports the hypothesis of two taxa: C. affinis in the Baja California peninsula and C. brunneicapillus in the mainland. The ecological factors are associated with phenotypic trait adaptations, suggesting that divergence between lineages could result from ecological divergence.

The study of ecological mechanisms influencing organisms' phenotypic variation is a central subject of evolutionary biology. In this study, we characterized morphological, plumage colour and acoustic variation in cactus wrens Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus throughout its distribution. We assessed whether Gloger's, Allen's and Bergmann's ecogeographical rules, and the Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis relate to geographical trait variation. We analysed specimen coloration in belly and crown plumage, beak shape and structural song characteristics. We tested whether the subspecific classification or the peninsular/mainland groups mirrored the geographical variation in phenotypes and whether ecological factors were associated with patterns of trait variation. Our results suggest that colour, beak shape and acoustic traits varied across the range, in agreement with two lineages described by genetics. The simple versions of Gloger's and Allen's rules are related to variations in colour traits and morphology. Conversely, patterns of phenotypic variation did not support Bergmann's rule. The Acoustic Adaptation Hypothesis supported song divergence for frequency-related traits. Phenotypic variation supports the hypothesis of two taxa: C. affinis in the Baja California peninsula and C. brunneicapillus in the mainland. The ecological factors are associated with phenotypic trait adaptations, suggesting that divergence between lineages could result from ecological divergence.

Finalizado FONDECYT FONDECYT

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Objective. To determine the epidemiological and clinic characteristics of gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains of the pandemic group in Peru. Material and methods. Clinical and laboratory records were searched in 100 cases of gastroenteritis caused by V parahaemolyticus, either of the pandemic or non pandemic group. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected and statistical analysis was done to evaluate if the severity of illness was associated with the pandemic group. Results. Epidemiological data were collected in 85% of cases, and clinical data were only available in 37% of cases, mainly on those hospitalized. Cases associated with the pandemic strains had a higher probability of liquid stools (96.3% vs. 62.5%, p

CNPq O Cálculo de Ordem Não inteira, tradicionalmente conhecido como cálculo fracionário é um ramo da análise matemática que estuda as possibilidades de usar potências de números reais ou potências de números complexos em operadores diferenciáis e o operador de integração. Há vários motivos para analisarmos esta questão. Um é que, deste modo o semigrupo das potências Dn na variável discreta n é vista como um semigrupo contínuo (espera-se) que os parâmetros a onde é um número real. Semigrupos contínuos pré-valentes em Matemática são de interesse teórico. Diz-se que fração é então o mesmo que o expoente, desde que precise ser um racional, mas que a expressão cálculo fracionário torne-se padrão por tradição. Utilizando ferramentas de Analise Funcional e Topologia, estudamos propiedades de limitação e periodicidade assintótica de soluções brandas para equações diferenciais fracionárias em espaços de Banach. Provamos que o conjunto das soluções brandas é compacto em certos espaços. Finalmente, aplicamos nossos resultados ao estudo de sistemas concretos que são modelados por equações de evolução fraccionaria. Fractional calculus is a branch of mathematical analysis that studies the several different possibilities of defining real number powers or complex number powers of the differentiation and of the integration operator and developing a calculus for such operators generalizing the classical one. This paper is devoted to the study of qualitative properties of solutions of fractional differential equations in Banach spaces. In the first part, we study the existence of Lp-bounded solutions. In the second part, we analyze the compactness of the set formed by the mild solutions of the equation. Finally, we apply our results to the study of some concrete systems which are modeled by fractional evolution equations as heat conduction problems and problems arising in the theory of viscoelastic materials. This work also deals with asymptotic periodicity and compactness for a class of composite fractional relaxation equation. Some difficulties arises when the effect of different kinds of nonhomogeneous terms are taken into consideration. To overcome these we use methods coming from regularized families and fixed point techniques, which are an important tool to study of nonlinear phenomena. We can cover a large class of nonlinearities.