Search

CIES2020 - XVII Congresso Ibérico e XIII Congresso Ibero-americano de Energia Solar RESUMEN: La extinción atmosférica de la radiación solar es un fenómeno de gran importancia en las plantas solares de concentración de torre. Es necesario medir y controlar este parámetro para el correcto funcionamiento y rendimiento de este tipo de plantas. En este trabajo se desarrollan metodologías para determinar la extinción para distintos usos y casos de aplicación. Por un lado, es necesario conocer los niveles de extinción medios, máximos y mínimos anuales en la búsqueda de localizaciones óptimas para nuevas plantas. Para ello se ha desarrollado la metodología AOT que determina los niveles de extinción característicos de cualquier emplazamiento. Por otro lado, es necesario monitorizar los niveles de extinción en tiempo real para la operación diaria de una planta, junto con el resto de parámetros meteorológicos críticos. Con ese fin se ha desarrollado el sistema de medida CIEMAT que mide la extinción instantánea heliostato-torre con un error del 2% absoluto. Las metodologías han sido validadas en la PSA y pueden ser aplicadas en cualquier localización de interés para la energía solar de concentración. ABSTRACT: The atmospheric extinction of solar radiation is a phenomenon of great importance in concentrating solar tower plants. It is necessary to measure and control this parameter for the correct operation and performance of this type of plants. In this work, some methodologies are developed to determine the extinction for different uses and cases of application. On the one hand, it is necessary to know the average, maximum and minimum annual extinction levels in the search for optimal locations for new plants. For this purpose, the AOT methodology has been developed to determine the characteristic extinction levels of any site. On the other hand, it is necessary to monitor the extinction levels in real time for the daily operation of a plant, together with the rest of the critical meteorological parameters. For this purpose, the CIEMAT measurement system has been developed, which measures instantaneous heliostat-tower extinction with an error of 2% absolute. The methodologies have been validated at the PSA and can be applied at any location of interest for CSP. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

BackgroundCurrent evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in intercellular signaling, and in the regulation and amplification of neuroinflammation. We have previously shown that ethanol activates glial cells through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by triggering neuroinflammation. Here, we evaluate if ethanol and the TLR4 response change the release and inflammatory content of astrocyte-derived EVs, and whether these vesicles are capable of communicating with neurons by spreading neuroinflammation.MethodsCortical neurons and astrocytes in culture were used. EVs were isolated from the extracellular medium of the primary culture of the WT and TLR4-KO astrocytes treated with or without ethanol (40mM) for 24h. Flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis technology, combined with exosomal molecular markers (tetraspanins) along with electron microscopy, were used to characterize and quantify EVs. The content of EVs in inflammatory proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs was analyzed by Western blot and RT-PCR in both astrocyte-derived EVs and the neurons incubated or not with these EVs. Functional analyses of miRNAs were also performed.ResultsWe show that ethanol increases the number of secreted nanovesicles and their content by raising the levels of both inflammatory-related proteins (TLR4, NF kappa B-p65, IL-1R, caspase-1, NLRP3) and by changing miRNAs (mir-146a, mir-182, and mir-200b) in the EVs from the WT-astrocytes compared with those from the untreated WT cells. No changes were observed in either the number of isolated EVs or their content between the untreated and ethanol-treated TLR4-KO astrocytes. We also show that astrocyte-derived EVs could be internalized by naive cortical neurons to increase the neuronal levels of inflammatory protein (COX-2) and miRNAs (e.g., mir-146a) and to compromise their survival. The functional analysis of miRNAs revealed the regulatory role of the expressed miRNAs in some genes involved in several inflammatory pathways.ConclusionsThese results suggest that astrocyte-derived EVs could act as cellular transmitters of inflammation signaling by spreading and amplifying the neuroinflammatory response induced by ethanol through TLR4 activation.

36th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 1618-1620, This work resumes the early achievements of the ongoing collaborative Spanish R+D project PVCastSOIL, which addresses the characterization, modeling and prediction of the effect of soiling on the PV generation. The project has an experimental base, which is shared among the partners, and approaches the forecasting of the solar irradiance on the plane of array using both satellite and total sky imagery, with the final aim of incorporating the effect of soiling on a forecasting scheme of the PV production. In this context, this paper focuses on the experimental methodology used to characterize the soiling losses by comparing two current standard procedures, and presents the first achievements on the experimental characterization of the soiling losses in two different PV module technologies.