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In this study, the emission and performance characteristics of single-cylinder diesel engines were tested using various biodiesel blends prepared by mixing diesel with mango seed oil biodiesel (MSOB). Furthermore, the effect of n-amyl and n-hexanol alcohol additions on the performance and emission results of manufactured biodiesel blends is investigated and compared with diesel fuel. On the other hand, a hybrid deep neural network (DNN) based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) method is developed to forecast ideal biodiesel blends in order to reduce emissions from diesel engines while improving performance. The optimal brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) for this study were 32.3916 % for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel and 0.0453 kg/kWh for 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-amyl fuel, respectively. The optimal emissions from the test engine were 0.1034 % CO from 60 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 20 % n-hexanol and 28.886 ppm HC from 75 % diesel + 20 % MSOB + 5 % n-hexanol fuel. The optimal smoke and NOx levels are achieved with a blend of 60 % diesel, 20 % MSOB, 5 % n-amyl, and 5 % n-hexane. Moreover, the developed DNN-MRFO achieved 0.9979, 0.9992 and 0.9975 overall regression coefficients during training, validation and testing. The root mean square error (RMSE) of DNN-MRFO also ranges from 0.019 to 0.032. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to investigate the compatibility of n-Amyl alcohol in a mini-truck common rail direct injection (CRDI) compression ignition (CI) engine with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) as a DeNOx technique. The n-Amyl alcohol is a renewable biofuel it effectively mitigates the demand for fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emission. Palladium and Rhodium coated SCR catalyst was used to reduce the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission. For SCR of NOx ammonia was used as a reductant. From the experimental results, it was noted that with an increase in the percentage of alcohol in the blends, a slight drop in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and higher brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was observed. Both NOx and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions could be reduced with the use of n-Amyl alcohol and a combination of SCR and EGR techniques. The maximum reduction of NOx can be successfully achieved with the use of 40N60D (40% n-Amyl alcohol & 60% Diesel v/v) blend with SCR and 20% EGR at the slight cost of BTE. The engine can be successfully worked up to 40% of n-Amyl alcohol/diesel blends without causing any visible damage to the engine, with less NOx emissions. It is concluded that n-Amyl alcohol will be a sustainable next-generation biofuel for commercial vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of esterification of salicylic acid with amyl alcohol has been studied batchwise in the presence of Lewatit MonoPlus S-100 as heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetic behavior of the reaction has been tested by three different models: the quasi-homogeneous model, the Eley-Rideal model and the Langmuir-Hinselwood model. L-H model fits the experimental data best among the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on combustion and emissions characteristics of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in which in-cylinder directly injected n-heptane combined with port injection (PI) of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol are used in a single-cylinder engine. The results show that when the overall lower heating values (LHVs) per-cycle is constant, with the increase of premixed ratio (RP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions decrease. When in high overall LHVs per-cycle, NOx and soot emissions of ethanol, n-butanol and n-amyl alcohol RCCI are also high. Meanwhile, compared to n-heptane/n-butanol and n-heptane/n-amyl alcohol, the combustion phases of ethanol RCCI are strongly delayed at high premixed ratio. For certain premixed ratios and overall LHVs per-cycle, low NOx and soot emissions can be realized when fueled with ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depletion of fossil fuel resources along with surge in pollution levels were jointly contributing to the era of quest for novel fuel source in recent years. For the past two decades, the research in engines were vividly focused on alternative fuels based on alcohol and various vegetable oil sources. Binary fuels (diesel with alcohol and biodiesel with alcohol) and ternary fuels (diesel/biodiesel/alcohol) were much popular in present years because biodiesel helps in prevention of mixture/phase stratification. Hence, the current research work is focussed to analyse the performance, combustion and emission profiles of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. With increasing concentration of n-amyl alcohol (from 5% to 20%). Results were much interesting as the key performance indicators such as ID (Ignition delay), BTE and AFR were drastically improved. Simultaneous reductions in CO, HC and smoke opacity were found along with marginal improvements in NOx emissions. Maximum peak pressure, improved HRR and CHRR were found for biodiesel/diesel/n-amyl20 blend and higher MFB (Mass Fraction Burnt) is also reported for the same blend. Overall, an addition of 20% n-amyl alcohol in biodiesel diesel blends can be a possible substitute fuel for existing unmodified diesel engine. [Display omitted] • Novel study on analyzing the influence of n-amyl alcohol as additive. • Particle size diameter (PSD), Ignition delay and Mass fraction burnt (MFB) were analysed. • Maximum MFB is reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl20 blend. • The PSD profile of diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends is the least among the test fuels. • Significant drop in PM and PN emissions were reported for diesel/biodiesel/n-amyl alcohol blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]