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Background: According to scientific literature, some 99% of patients affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs). In particular, agitation is one of the most difficult disorders to treat. States of agitation represent a very serious problem as they make these subjects dangerous for themselves and others and worsen as the disease advances. To date, there are no specific solutions for treating agitation. The only authorized drug is risperidone (as well as brexpiprazole, approved by the FDA on 11 May 2023), which can be used for no longer than 6–12 weeks because it increases the risk of death—owing to cardiocerebrovascular accidents—by 1.6–1.7 times. Methods: In order to address the latter noteworthy unmet medical need, NanoBEO was produced. The aim of the present work is to generate the health technology assessment (HTA) of this nanotechnological device. The latter consists of a controlled release system, based on solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with bergamot essential oil (BEO). Results: The results of the present research assessed the current evidence in the field of non-pharmacological treatments for this condition, including relevant primary preclinical and clinical data studies supporting the use of this device and the production of the operative plan for its launch on the market. The findings offer recommendations for decision-making on its implementation in dementia. Conclusions: NanoBEO represents a public-worth innovation in this neglected area, marking a significant advancement in the history of dementia, moving from academic research to product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An estimated 57.4 million people live with dementia worldwide, with the social burden of the disease steadily growing. Despite the approval of lecanemab and ongoing trials, there is still a lack of effective and safe treatments for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which affect 99% of patients. Agitation is one of the most disabling BPSD, with a crosssectional prevalence of =50% in nursing homes, and refers to help-seeking behavior in response to various sources of discomfort, among which pain is a crucial component. Methods: This pilot phase of the BRAINAID (NCT04321889) trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of the patented nanotechnological device NanoBEO in older (=65 years) people with severe dementia. This randomized placebo-controlled trial, with quadruple masking that involved all operators and participants, followed the SPIRIT and CONSORT statements. A total of 29 patients completed the trial. The patients were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the NanoBEO or placebo group, and the corresponding product was applied on both arms once daily for 4 weeks, with a 4-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was efficacy against agitation. The secondary endpoints were efficacy against agitation at follow-up and efficacy against pain. Any adverse events were reported, and biochemical analyses were performed. Results: The NanoBEO intervention reduced the frequency (28%) and level of disruptiveness of agitated behaviors. The effect on frequency was statistically significant after 2 weeks of treatment. The efficacy of NanoBEO on agitated behaviors lasted for the entire 4-week treatment period. No additional psychotropic drugs were prescribed throughout the study duration. The results after 1 week of treatment demonstrated that NanoBEO had statistically significant analgesic efficacy (45.46% improvement in pain intensity). The treatment was well tolerated. Discussion: This trial investigated the efficacy of NanoBEO therapy in managing agitation and pain in dementia. No need for rescue medications was recorded, strengthening the efficacy of NanoBEO in prolonged therapy for advanced-stage dementia and the usefulness of the intervention in the deprescription of potentially harmful drugs. This study provided a robust rationale for the application of NanoBEO in a subsequent large-scale pivotal trial to allow clinical translation of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAn estimated 57.4 million people live with dementia worldwide, with the social burden of the disease steadily growing. Despite the approval of lecanemab and ongoing trials, there is still a lack of effective and safe treatments for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), which affect 99% of patients. Agitation is one of the most disabling BPSD, with a cross-sectional prevalence of ≥50% in nursing homes, and refers to help-seeking behavior in response to various sources of discomfort, among which pain is a crucial component.MethodsThis pilot phase of the BRAINAID (NCT04321889) trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of the patented nanotechnological device NanoBEO in older (≥65 years) people with severe dementia. This randomized placebo-controlled trial, with quadruple masking that involved all operators and participants, followed the SPIRIT and CONSORT statements. A total of 29 patients completed the trial. The patients were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the NanoBEO or placebo group, and the corresponding product was applied on both arms once daily for 4 weeks, with a 4-week follow-up period. The primary endpoint was efficacy against agitation. The secondary endpoints were efficacy against agitation at follow-up and efficacy against pain. Any adverse events were reported, and biochemical analyses were performed.ResultsThe NanoBEO intervention reduced the frequency (28%) and level of disruptiveness of agitated behaviors. The effect on frequency was statistically significant after 2 weeks of treatment. The efficacy of NanoBEO on agitated behaviors lasted for the entire 4-week treatment period. No additional psychotropic drugs were prescribed throughout the study duration. The results after 1 week of treatment demonstrated that NanoBEO had statistically significant analgesic efficacy (45.46% improvement in pain intensity). The treatment was well tolerated.DiscussionThis trial investigated the efficacy of NanoBEO therapy in managing agitation and pain in dementia. No need for rescue medications was recorded, strengthening the efficacy of NanoBEO in prolonged therapy for advanced-stage dementia and the usefulness of the intervention in the deprescription of potentially harmful drugs. This study provided a robust rationale for the application of NanoBEO in a subsequent large-scale pivotal trial to allow clinical translation of the product.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04321889.

Background: According to scientific literature, some 99% of patients affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) suffer from behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs). In particular, agitation is one of the most difficult disorders to treat. States of agitation represent a very serious problem as they make these subjects dangerous for themselves and others and worsen as the disease advances. To date, there are no specific solutions for treating agitation. The only authorized drug is risperidone (as well as brexpiprazole, approved by the FDA on 11 May 2023), which can be used for no longer than 6–12 weeks because it increases the risk of death—owing to cardiocerebrovascular accidents—by 1.6–1.7 times. Methods: In order to address the latter noteworthy unmet medical need, NanoBEO was produced. The aim of the present work is to generate the health technology assessment (HTA) of this nanotechnological device. The latter consists of a controlled release system, based on solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with bergamot essential oil (BEO). Results: The results of the present research assessed the current evidence in the field of non-pharmacological treatments for this condition, including relevant primary preclinical and clinical data studies supporting the use of this device and the production of the operative plan for its launch on the market. The findings offer recommendations for decision-making on its implementation in dementia. Conclusions: NanoBEO represents a public-worth innovation in this neglected area, marking a significant advancement in the history of dementia, moving from academic research to product development.

Chronic pain is one of the most common causes of the need for clinical evaluation, acquiring more importance in the elderly with cognitive impairment. Reduced self-reporting capabilities cause unrelieved pain contributing to the development of agitation. Safe and effective pain treatment can afford the management of agitation without the serious increase in death risk associated with neuroleptics. To this aim, the essential oil of bergamot (BEO), proven by rigorous evidence to have strong preclinical anti-nociceptive and anti-allodynic properties, has been engineered (NanoBEO, patent EP 4003294) to allow randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (BRAINAID, NCT04321889). The present study: (1) assesses the analgesic effects of a single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO, as supplied by an airless dispenser for clinical translation, in models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and sensitization types of pain relevant to clinic; (2) provides a dose–response analysis of the efficacy of NanoBEO on scratching behavior, a typical behavioral disturbance occurring in dementia. A single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO confirms efficacy following thirty minutes pre-treatment with capsaicin and on the central sensitization phase induced by formalin. Moreover, it has an ID50 of 0.6312 mg and it is efficacious on static and dynamic mechanical allodynia. Altogether, the gathered results strengthen the potential of NanoBEO for clinical management of pain and agitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for natural products is steadily increasing, and pharmacotechnological engineering is needed to allow rigorous investigation of their efficacy and safety in clinical conditions representing still unmet needs. Among aged patients affected by dementia, up to 80% of residents in nursing homes suffer from chronic pain and 97% from fluctuant neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), of which the most challenging is agitation. It is, at least in part, due to undertreated pain and treated with antipsychotics almost doubling the risk of death. In the frame of a scoping review assessing the existence of essential oils undergoing engineering pharmacotechnological processes using solid lipid nanoparticle delivery systems for clinical translation in pain and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), here we identified that the sole essential oil engineered to overcome the criticisms of aromatherapy clinical trials in pain and dementia is the essential oil of bergamot (BEO). Therefore, we present the process leading to the actually ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled NCT04321889 clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of intervention with bergamot in the management of agitation and pain in severe dementia to be followed also for the proof of concept of efficacy and safety of other essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain is one of the most common causes of the need for clinical evaluation, acquiring more importance in the elderly with cognitive impairment. Reduced self-reporting capabilities cause unrelieved pain contributing to the development of agitation. Safe and effective pain treatment can afford the management of agitation without the serious increase in death risk associated with neuroleptics. To this aim, the essential oil of bergamot (BEO), proven by rigorous evidence to have strong preclinical anti-nociceptive and anti-allodynic properties, has been engineered (NanoBEO, patent EP 4003294) to allow randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (BRAINAID, NCT04321889). The present study: (1) assesses the analgesic effects of a single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO, as supplied by an airless dispenser for clinical translation, in models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and sensitization types of pain relevant to clinic; (2) provides a dose–response analysis of the efficacy of NanoBEO on scratching behavior, a typical behavioral disturbance occurring in dementia. A single therapeutic dose of NanoBEO confirms efficacy following thirty minutes pre-treatment with capsaicin and on the central sensitization phase induced by formalin. Moreover, it has an ID50 of 0.6312 mg and it is efficacious on static and dynamic mechanical allodynia. Altogether, the gathered results strengthen the potential of NanoBEO for clinical management of pain and agitation.