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By recording parameters such as velocity and volume fraction by contour plots or plane, a CFD model enables to analyse flow patterns in the model, such as free-surface vortices A free-surface vortex, a common problem may indeed be observed in a variety of submerged water intakes, notably shallow basins and low head intakes. These FSVs are likely to form an air-core vortex, eventually entrapping detritus and air pockets in the water intake system and causing further vibration and damage to the downstream turbine. When paired with a high velocity, the formation of vortices in the system been known to produce hydraulic transients, which cause unwanted operation or pressure changes. The model of the 1:100 scale dam reservoir was generated, computationally meshed, and modelled in FLUENT under ANSYS 2019 R3 at two different water levels to observe the FSV formations. To mitigate those FSV formations, anti-vortex plates with two distinct plates—square and wedge—were used. From the findings square plates outperform wedge plates because square it lowers the speed of a fast-flowing fluid and reduces it into a laminar flow rather of a turbulent flow, which benefits vortex class deterioration. Data from the simulation and experimental shows a strong agreement in terms of velocity at outlet 1 from both water levels with relative errors of 3.0% and 14.1% respectively

Dam failure is undeniably catastrophic and one of its major causes is the soil erosion near the dam structure. In this paper, the characteristics and compositions of soil sediment in dam spillway structure were investigated to determine its impact on the occurrence of erosion. Four suspended samples were taken from the vicinity of Ogee dam spillway. Sediment analysis using scanning electron microscope revealed that the soils consist of relative high metal contents of aluminium, iron and magnesium. These metals will attribute to the erosion of dam wall, which subsequently reduce the durability of wall against high hydrostatic pressure exerted by the reservoir. Nonetheless, as the average sizing of suspended particles at each sampling location were capped at 4.55 μm, the damages incurred to the dam were minimal. Additionally, the suspended particles around the dam spillway was numerically simulated with the inclusion of discrete phase model. The numerical data were in great consensus with the corresponding finding attained from the particle image velocimetry experimental of a scaled-down dam model, with the discrepancy not more than 4.89 %. The movement of suspended particles due to the water flow can be tracked numerically and it is found the sediment prone to accumulate at the vicinity of dam spillway.

Water flowing over a spillway has a very high kinetic energy because of the conversion of the entire potential energy to kinetic energy. This circumstance results in damage or significant erosion at the toes of the spillways, weir bed, and downstream of a river. To solve this problem, the water flow velocity must be minimised. Physical modelling was implemented to this conundrum in order to modify the current energy dissipating structure, the stilling basin, to enhance energy dissipation as much as achievable by downstream velocity reduction. Baffle blocks were adopted as the modification in this study because these are widely used to stabilize the jumps, shorten its length, and maximize energy dissipation. A selection of baffle arrangements was evaluated by positioning them in the stilling basin’s mid-span to identify the most effective outcome in minimizing downstream velocity. From the findings, it was clearly shown the arrangement of baffles blocks at the stilling basin impacts velocity reduction in various discharge cases. The formation of cross-waves was also assessed at the discharge channel at every discharge value with its relative distance from the sump and the width of the channel prior to the site. For discharge situations of 70.0 L/s and 100.0 L/s, modifications to the Type II stilling basin were recommended. Furthermore, constriction, expansion, or curvature should be avoided in chute spillways identical to the dam spillway to limit cross-wave generation and other unfavourable flow behaviours

One of foremost issue arise in the dam management and dam reliability assessment is the sedimentation of suspended particles. Sedimentation affected the energy production and efficiency, storage, discharge capacity, and flood attenuation capabilities. In this paper, the sediment transport and scouring in the dam spillway structure was modelled using finite volume method (FVM) based software, ANSYS. The trajectory of suspended particles in the water flow was formulated based on the discrete phase model (DPM). To access the simulation model, particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment using scaled-down dam spillway model was conducted. The discrepancy between the findings attained from simulation and PIV experiment is less than 4.89%, inferred the numerical model was acceptable. It was found that the maximum scouring rate and maximum deposition rate are respectively 4.20×10−9 kg/s and 2.00×10−6 kg/s. As such, it was empirically approximated the dam maintenance should be scheduled once every 8.9 years, based on sole consideration on resolving the scouring and deposition of suspended particles. This work demonstrated the viability of DPM based numerical simulation in study the fluid-particle interaction of sediment transport problem, particularly for the application of dam reliability.

The formation of vortex and swirling in any flow structures of the hydropower dam is undesirable, as it reduced the performance of turbine as well as lowered the efficiency of hydroelectric power generation. Furthermore, it could lead to the hydraulic losses at the entrance of power intakes, the blockage at the trash racks due to entrain debris and the reduction of the working life of turbines. This paper studied penstocks flows in the dam intake section numerically. The dynamics of penstocks flows at different operating conditions were analyzed to determine the vortex formation. To access the veracity of the current proposed numerical model, a validating study based on the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiment was conducted. It was found the discrepancy between both numerical and experimental flow velocities is 12%, implying the numerical model is well-validated and the corresponding findings are acceptable. It was found that the vortex was formed in the penstock that located at the lowest level relative to other penstocks. Furthermore, the highest pressure of 4 MPa was recorded at the bottom section of the penstock which observed vortex. This numerical work provided useful insights for the future dam reliability analysis, particularly involving penstocks and intake section.

Pultruded glass-fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites are classified as lightweight material, which exhibit high strength-to-weight ratio for structural usage. This composite material has been applied as cross-arm members in transmission towers due to its ability in thermal and electrical insulation. However, the influence of the stacking sequence of pGFRP composite on its mechanical performance has not been fully covered in the literature to explain the long-term durability of the current cross-arm designs. The study expected to evaluate five fiber layers with various stacking sequences in terms of quasi-static and creep tests in a four-point bending mode. The creep test was performed for 1440 h (60 days). These composites were fabricated using the pultrusion process in the form of a square hollow structure. Later, it was cut into composite coupons with various sizes depending on the test conducted. The results showed that nine layers with 0°/45°/0°/−45°/0°/−45°/0°/45°/0° had the ultimate flexural strength. This stacking sequence configurations seemed to be optimally manufactured in continuous roving fibre by alternating between 0° and ±45° fiber orientations. Additionally, the S-9 pGFRP composite sample showed that it had a low-creep deflection with high elastic and apparent creep moduli in 1440 h. In terms of strength reduction factor, this configuration was recorded as the highest. The findings showed that the nine layers of pGFRP composites with alternation of 0° and ±45° fiber orientations were highly suitable for structural application at transmission towers for a long-term operation.

This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.

This paper reviews the difference between glazed and unglazed ceramic and porcelain tiles, other than the fact that glazed tiles undergo an additional phase in the firing process. Both tiles are made of clay and burned in a kiln, but porcelain is a particular sort of ceramic. Porcelain clays have a greater density and are burnt at a higher temperature for a longer period time than ceramic clays. This makes it denser and more durable than ceramic tile. The variation in components and production process results in tiles with distinct properties. Although glazed ceramic and porcelain tiles are a little less robust in terms of density and thickness than their unglazed counterpart, they allow for a wider range of styles and colours. Some varieties of glazed tile are fired at higher temperatures than others, and therefore are harder as well. Unglazed tiles are denser and thicker than glazed tiles due to their unfinished appearance. In addition to safety, ceramic and unglazed ceramic tiles are scratch resistant. Because they have the colour of the mineral deposits from which the clay was originally mined, these tiles have a natural aesthetic. The major difference between ceramic and porcelain tiles is how it’s made. In conclusion, porcelain tiles are superior to ceramic tiles based on these reviews.

This study was developed using Arduino Nano that act as main brain of this system. Together with the android application that was developed use to allowed user to unlock and lock their bicycle easily by tapping the green and red button inside the application. A high security should be applied because this bicycle lock can be hack or stolen by anyone. Therefore, this project has an addition of vibration sensor and alarm to prevent theft from happening. To compare this study with top keyless bicycle company maker is far way to achieved but it is something that is not impossible to do. In this study, the objective that had to develop a keyless way to secure the bicycle lock. The software development of the keyless bicycle lock is to be based on simple yet powerful programming languages such as Arduino coding or Raspberry Pi 3 processor coding. The Bluetooth in the lock system are to be connected with the mobile phone Bluetooth software for the locking mechanism.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the suitable design to develop a prototype of keyless anti-theft bicycle lock system. Student bicycle commuters are not satisfied with the present selection of bicycle locks accessible. Many express that locking their bicycle isn’t a simple procedure. User contemplates showed that u-locks are seen to be the strongest and rent powerless to breaking; anyway they are inconvenient and badly designed to utilize. Cable locks are light weight; however, they are can get effortlessly cut. Different methods are costly and require significant modifications to the bicycle. These regular locks are not by any means effective in theft anticipation and this is an outstanding issue. The attempts to tackle this issue included either designing brand new locking system or enhancing the current locks by adding features.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry one of the most popular photogrammetry technique due to short period of time for data acquisition and low costs compared to the use of classical manned aircrafts. This technique widely been used in many kind of application that related to aerial mapping. This paper review the UAV photogrammetry used for aerial mapping applications. The previous results by others researchers showed the capability of the UAV photogrammetry captures the complex shape and topography. The application for the image processing uses a sequence of 2-dimensional (2D) images to recreate a scene and built it in 3-dimensional (3D) model. The study will utilize the software for 3D models reconstruction which are open source tools and commercial software packages. The study also describe the brief idea to enchance the uses of the UAV photogrammetry in research. End user will have ideas using of the software for photogrammetry.

Student bicycle commuters are not satisfied with the present selection of bicycle locks accessible. Many express that locking their bicycle isn’t a simple procedure. User contemplates showed that u-locks are seen to be the strongest and rent powerless to breaking, anyway they are inconvenient and badly designed to utilize. Based on the literature review, benchmarking, type of lock review and survey, an idea of the market demand and also improvements that needed to be done on the existing systems to meet the needs and demands of the customer is obtained. The survey gave a clear view of the preferences and priorities of the user when it comes to lock purchasing and utilizing. Customer requirements define the qualities in the end product or system which customers seek, which in most cases is not quantifiable. Despite the case, these qualities can be translated into technical parameters or quantitative attributes via the House of Quality (HoQ).

Natural fibre composite (NFC) displays a rapid development in the study and innovation sector due to the increasing benefits of the material compared to other types of fibre such as synthetic fibre composites, which includes low price and low environmental impacts. These composites can be explored through various variables and can be tested through various factors such as fibre interfacial adhesion, fibre orientation and fibre strength. However, this thesis focuses only on the testing on the vertical (90°) and horizontal (0°) of fibre orientation as it is still not well investigated, yet. The main objective of this research is to investigate the performance of mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced epoxy resins for 90° and 0° of fibre orientation and analyse the effect of changing the orientation on the material. For the fabrication of the material, manual preparation method has been used and several mechanical testing has been and alkali treatment of kenaf fibre prior fabrication process. For hardness test, the 90° of fibre orientation produced 31.6% higher of hardness strength than 0° of fibre orientation while for impact test, 90° of fibre orientation resulted 39.5% greater of impact energy than 0° of fibre orientation. 6% of kenaf fibre composition with 90° of fibre orientation generated the highest stress to breaks while 2% of kenaf fibre composition with 0° of fibre orientation has the lowest stress to fracture. By conducting the SEM tests, it can be seen clearly that 6% of kenaf fibre composition with 90° of fibre orientation has the smallest gap between the fibres and 2% of kenaf fibre composition with 0° of fibre orientation has the largest gap between fibres. Thus, the performance of mechanical of vertical (90°) of fibre orientation produced better performance in mechanical testing compared to horizontal (0°) of fibre orientation.

Modern vehicles require good performance of braking system as well as having a safe environment of the surrounding. The use of asbestos as conventional brake pad has been causing harmful effects to the environment due to its dust that has been released by the frictional contact between the disc rotor and the brake pad during braking. Alternative materials to replace asbestos as conventional brake pad have been conducted over recent years for a safer environment and better braking performance of the modern vehicles. As a method to test the potential of alternative materials, modern simulation software has been put to use. This study focuses the use of a modelling software known as PTC Creo Parametric and a simulation software known as ANSYS to test the properties of natural fibres, which are kenaf, coconut, palm and asbestos, to determine the potential of replacing asbestos as conventional brake pad. The materials considered for this thesis are kenaf, coconut, palm and asbestos. Factors that affect the material potentials have been taken into consideration which includes design of disc rotor and brake pad, material properties and thermal and mechanical effects. Technical setup has been obeyed to conduct the simulation task. In conclusion, the factors stated do affect the braking material potentials and kenaf is the most suitable material to replace asbestos as conventional brake pad among all materials stated.

Understanding the nature of the vortex formation is important to research that needs to be cover in order to develop a mitigation plan to avoid or reduce its formation that may cause serious damage to the hydropower mechanical machines. This paper presents a review of significant cases of vortex formation in the hydraulic intake that has been adopted Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) as a method of the research. The focus of this review is to provide a solid basis for the efficiency of the PIV measurement to study the vortex formation in the hydraulic intake. As a new innovative approach to the vortex study, it stated that PIV is a method that able to find a good agreement and can be validated together with another method.

In the present work, a numerical study was carry out to study the existence of strong vortices in the flow behavior of dam reservoir. The occurence of vortex breakdown is extremely complex and quite difficult to acquire enough details experimentally. To fully understand and comprehend the mechanisms that involved, numerical study is required. With the evolution of computer devices and numerical techniques, a computational approach seemed very appealing to get the additional information regarding the structure of the breakdown. Besides, the identifying of the various parameters affecting its occurrence and development can be obtained to. Getting supplementary insight into the physics itself of the circumstance has been another ambition. This paper reviews recent published works on CFD (computational fluid dynamic) simulations of vortex in hydraulic intake.

This study assesses the structural analysis on the sector gate in dam spillway with 5 m gap opening. The parameters determined on this study are equivalent stress and total deformation. The structure analysis on the spillway structure is due to the impact of water discharge. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling is applied to assess the water flow that affect stress and deformation occurred using computational aided program using ANSYS. Result of the transient structure model show that the highest stress value is at the radial gate which is 29.69 MPa and the lowest stress value is at stilling basin which is 0.037 x 10−9 MPa. All the deformation values are relatively low especially at the stilling basin which is 1.021 x 10−9 m and the largest deformation value is at the radial gate which is 10.47 x 10-6 m. It can be concluded that the stress and deformation give different result due to different materials. Stress and deformation values at mild steel material parts are higher than concrete material parts due to the high impact of water pressure. Future mitigation measures have to take to ensure the sustainability of the structural integrity.

New product development review article aims to consolidate the principles and current literature on design for sustainability to seek the field’s future direction. In this point of view, the design for sustainability methods can be established under the idea of sustainability in dimensions of ecology, economy and social pillars. Design for sustainability concept is implemented in concurrent engineering, including concept, embodiment and detail design processes. Integrating sustainability in engineering designs is crucial to producing greener products, system innovation, and services aligned with current market demand. Currently, many concurrent engineering studies related to natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites associated with sustainability enhance the application of design for sustainability techniques by professional designers. However, the current literature is scarce in bridging the design for sustainability concept with concurrent engineering during the design development stage, and these areas should be further developed. Several other future research directions, such as the need for aligning with principles and applications, along with exploring the relationships between the design for sustainability techniques and views of sustainability, are presented in this review paper.

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) is becoming an increasingly popular method of building and protecting dam embankments. Numerous RCC spillways have been built worldwide and Murum Dam is one of the RCC spillways that have been built in Sarawak, Malaysia. This paper will discuss on analysis of different flow regime that occur at stepped spillways in Murum Dam using numerical simulation. This study consists of creating the three-dimensional model of the spillway and run a simulation by inserting different velocity for different type of flow. Flow regime in stepped are divided into three type which is nappe, transitional and skimming flow. The simulation shows that nappe, transitional and skimming flow occur in both laminar and turbulent flow even different input in velocity. The results show turbulence model have the highest velocity of 361.38 m/s and highest pressure 6.5 × 107 Pa.

Every organization that is involved with the construction industry undoubtedly has delayed progress at some phase in their project or development. Delay in construction project become a common situation that contractor, client, or consultant might face. Construction delay can bring bad impacts to the organization itself or the overall development of a nation. From the previous studies, there are many researchers mentioned about the causes and impacts of the construction in Malaysia. However, little effort has been made to reduce this phenomenon in housing projects. Therefore, this research is to determine the delay factors involved in housing projects and rank the delay factors and delay impacts for housing projects. The qualitative method has been used to collect the data by distributing the questionnaire survey which contains 3 sections, the first section was demographic questions, the second section was the delay factors and lastly the delay impacts. The questionnaire was distributed to 30 experts to validate the delay factors that was obtained from the literature reviews and the second stage was targeted to 151 respondents who are involved in the construction industry. Total of sixty-three delay factors were identified with a total of eight groups meanwhile, the impact of delays in construction determined were twelve. Relative Importance Index (RII) method was used to rank those delay factors and impacts. The outcome of the study highlighted the most significant delay factors which are;(1) weather condition; (2) shortage in skilled laborers due to remoteness of site location; (3) progress payment delay by client; (4) award project to lowest bid price and (5) political interference.

Treated water is an improved water quality and very essential for aquaculture or for domestic usage at remote area. One of the process to treat water is by filtration. A solar powered water treatment device (SWAD) prototype was built to cater this demand. SWAD is basically a floating water filter which operates in a self-sustainable way on calm water body such as lake or pond. Solar panel is used to generates electricity to power the pumps to suck water into the filter. This paper discusses the filtering performance of the prototype by taking UNITEN Lake as the venue for the test. The tests show significant results on the activated carbon filter where the contaminants are removed effectively. The activated carbon is able to filter water in an effective and efficient way.

Water is the most essential element for life, there are still some remote areas in Malaysia where clean freshwater is not accessible, this problem had troubled the locals for decades. Solar powered water treatment device is basically a floating water filter which operates in a self-sustainable way on calm water body such as lake. The pumps used for the device will obtain the energy from the solar panel to pump water into the filter. For this project, the device is being tested at the UNITEN lake. The main objective of development solar powered treatment device prototyope (SWAD) is to improve the water quality by selecting a suitable water filter while the device is supported by a stable structure. The project undergoes preliminary design, CAD drawings with simulation, prototype fabrication and prototype testing. The structure of the device is made of combination aluminium which is light weight, sturdy and not reactive to water. The solar panel that has been selected is rated at 250W and it is sufficient to power four pumps rated at 30W.

The air pollutants and meteorological parameters are sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM10). The selected locations are Melaka (Station 1), Kelang, Nilai, Shah Alam, Melaka (Station 2) and Putrajaya for year 2009 until 2015. This study is to analyze the air pollutant sources using descriptive analysis and determine the relationship between the air pollutants parameters. The data was obtained from the Department of Environment Malaysia (DOE). The software used was Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) in order to do the analysis which are the descriptive analysis, correlation and principle component analysis. The function of descriptive analysis is to find the value of minimum, maximum, range, mean, standard deviation and variance of the air pollutant parameters.

Coal bottom ash (CBA) is a coal combustion by-products produced by coal-fired power plants. It is an alternative for cement material whilst reducing greenhouse effect. This research aims to investigate immobilization of heavy metal in concrete mortar contained of CBA. The solidification/stabilization (S/S) method was applied for the immobilization purpose. Chemical bonding and the functional group of the CBA mortar were comparable to the OPC cement mortar as negative control. Thus, CBA has good potential as eco-friendly cement binder for a better environment.

The automated sprinkler system is developed to reduce human effort to water their plant in their backyard. The objectives of the project is to design, develop and analyse the water sprinkler system. The water sprinkler head was designed in solid works. The created design is then optimised using ANSYS FLUENT which the outlet of the water sprinkler head varies. The velocity and pressure is observed from the simulation through ANSYS FLUENT. Based on the result found that 1mm diameter outlet has highest velocity 2.07 m/s and highest pressure 105.64 Pa. The fabricated prototype then tested with developed automated system in UNITEN. The result of the test shows that the sprinkler height of 0.6 m from the ground projects the water the furthest at 0.35 m.

Water quality monitoring is indispensable for the development of society and health. Water quality can be determined either by individual parameter of any specific interest or by selected a few important parameters to assess the overall quality. A study was conducted at one of hydropower dam station in Malaysia to identified the pattern of water quality distribution using Surfer software involving turbidity (Tur), total suspended solids (TSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS) on the upstream area of the dam. The parameters were measured at six different points on different depth. The pattern of distribution from upper stream to downstream dam spillway has been determine using colour contour mapping. The results of the analysis showed that the highest value for turbidity is >1000 NTU, for TSS is >1000 mg/l and for TDS is 39 mg/l.

Retention pond have been used widely to manage stormwater runoff to avoid flooding and downstream erosion and even improve water quality. It is an artificial pond that have vegetation around the perimeter and a permanent pool of water. This paper presents the study on water flow behaviours in UNITEN’s retention pond by using ANSYS Fluent. Findings shows that the velocity of water in wet condition is higher than the dry condition because of an additional inlet in wet condition to imitate the heavy rainfall phenomenon. It is also found that the water pressure in wet condition is higher compare to dry condition. Therefore, the conditions that have a higher movement of water can be determined through this simulation. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the wet condition have a high movement of water behaviour compare to dry condition.

In this paper, the effects of load with increasing factor of safety on the mechanical performance and intra-laminar damage formation of cross-arm structure made up of two different schemes are studied. The composite structure has been numerically modelled by a finite element (FE) model. Research was carried out using a VUMAT subroutine to model intra-laminary damage formation in the analysed composite structure, and Hashin’s failure criteria have been used. This investigation revealed that with a good combination of stacking sequence and ply properties as shown by scheme A which has combination of 90 and 45-degree plies at the both ends and much higher value of ply properties, a safety reserve can be obtained that provides a margin between actual load conditions and those leading to cross-arms structure failure.

In order to suggest for development of a better fluidized bed combustor designs, numerical simulations could be used to model the flow behavior inside the boilers. However, the complex nature of the multiphase flow of particles and combustion air makes the modelling very challenging. In this study the relatively recently introduced approaches for fly ash particles distribution model in CFD setting are studied. The applicability of the approaches is examined, and the computational requirements of the approaches are compared. Euler-Lagrange approach is used in order to track the particles in the simulation. The simulations results obtained are compared between different shape of simple models, square and cylindrical.

This study investigated the type of failure modes of different cross-arm designs under multi-axial static loading. The failure modes were numerically predicted from real-scale finite-element models of cross-arm integrated with a Hashin damage subroutine. Three finite-element models of cross-arm were considered; a model with standard cross-arm design, a standard design engaged with braces, and a standard design engaged with sleeves. The failure analysis of the composite cross-arm was focused on the location and type of failure of the structure upon its application. This investigation revealed that under the applied load, the cross-arm with installed sleeves exhibited the lowest total deflection of 0.21 m. Every cross-arm design exhibited fiber failure due to the tension and compression mode, regardless of the support system installed. Additionally, the installation of sleeves and braces on the cross-arm structure successfully reduced the number of areas associated to failure.

There are various sources of energy throughout the world, renewable as well as non-renewable through which renewable energy sources are considered more environmentally friendly. Encompassed by all the sources of renewable energy, hydropower is considered the most beneficial source of energy. Proper operation of hydropower plant is very important for generating maximum energy by utilizing the available. However, formation of vortices at power intake can cause number of problems. The stronger vortices have more negative effects on the performance of hydropower plant which can also, draw debris and air into an intake causing vibration and damage to turbines. The present study addresses the vortices formation at the intake dam, several types of vortices and anti-vortex applications in order to overcome the vortex formations.

Dam reliability analysis is conducted to access the integrity of dam structure and thus to prevent dam failure. This paper presents the numerical reliability study of reservoir banks of water dam by the mean of fluid/structure interaction (FSI) simulation. Through FSI, the hydrostatics effect of the water in reservoir on the wall of dam was successfully simulated and identified. From the current numerical work, relatively stagnant water on the dam bank was observed, with the increasing water pressure along the water depth. Subsequently, localized high stress and deformation on the dam structure was successfully identified, and suitable countermeasures were being recommended. For the current investigated dam bank structure, the highest deformation and stress detected are respectively 1.185 mm and 3.12 MPa. Therefore, at present operating configuration, it is concluded the bank would not exhibit any failures.

Most of the world’s energy production is still mainly achieved by the combustion of coal in power stations. In Malaysia, seven power plants under Tenaga Nasional Berhad Malaysia (TNB) continuously produce around 790 tons of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) per day. These vast volumes pose a problem in the disposal of the CBA which conventionally is loaded onto ash landfills. Many of the metals and oxides contained by the CBA are environmentally hazardous. When the CBA is disposed in landfills, the metal oxides are leached out and find their way into potable water and into animal and plantations. Disposal of the unused CBA is costly and poses financial disadvantages to power station and to the environment. However, the metals contained inside the CBA may be valuable to various industry if there is a way to extract the metals out of the CBA. This study focused on investigating the extraction of iron from coal bottom ash by the carbon reduction method. The rationale for this process was that by removing and recovering these major constituent elements from the ash, it would be easier to concentrate and isolate the trace elements especially the rare earth elements that are present in the CBA. The chemical composition of the CBA is then determined by x-ray fluorescence. The main mineral phases in CBA were determined to be quartz, aluminium oxide and iron (III) oxide. The experimental results obtained from the carbon reduction method showed that the optimum time for the reduction of iron (III) oxide by carbon from CBA is 30 minutes and the optimum temperature for the reduction is 800°C.

This paper presents a case study of dam where computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modelling is applied to simulate the three-dimensional (3D) flow hydraulics using computational aided program using ANSYS in order to analyse the existing fluid dynamic from reservoir to spillway of the dam due to long exposure to high pressure of water and high velocity of discharge. The purpose of this study is to ensure efficiency, reliability and safety of the dam generally and specifically on the spillway. Based on the findings, a model that have a worst condition based on both analysis is a model that have bigger area of the opening gate. This is because of the huge amount of the water release from the upstream to the downstream and produce a high value of water velocity and high impact from the water that fall from upstream towards the dam spillway. In order to avoid any sudden huge amount of the water release, the water level of the reservoir need to be check frequently. The water release from the dam need to be control to avoid any disaster to the environment and the dam structure.

Gardening is an activity that requires fully care and time which two main factors of nowadays people lack of due to fast moving daily lifestyle. Growing a plant requires a person to monitor several parameters such as water, oxygen, nutrient, light, temperature and support for the plant. In conjunction to overcome the lack of commitment for the people to enjoy their hobby in gardening, an automatic plant pot is introduced. This paper discusses the studies of plant growth which later will be used as the criteria to design and develop a prototype of automatic plant pot. From the studies three outstanding elements were used as the main criteria to design a prototype of automatic plan pot which are water, nitrogen and temperature. These three elements need to be fully automated control to meet the objective that this prototype can help people to do gardening with less care and attention.

Active urbanisation and industrialisation in Malaysia causing massive waste generation. Depleting of landfills is pushing for a new effective approach to solid waste management which is equally important in ensuring the environment is taken care of and free from pollution. Recently the Malaysian government decides to step up in a new holistic approach to a better waste management system where the new implementation of sorting and separation of waste according to a waste composition such as recyclable waste, residual waste and bulky/garden waste at source. This implementation in which requires people to separate their waste and sort the recyclable waste according to categories such as plastic, metal, paper and others. The idea to design and build an automatic waste sorting recycle bin is to support the initiative to separate different kind of trash according to specific categories at the early stage which is at domestic user such as at home and office. This paper discuss the current problem of waste management and how a prototype of smart sorting recycle bin is being developed.

The cause of flooding is mainly attributed towards the clogging of drainage system. Gross Pollutant Trap (GPT) installed in the urban area larges helps in trapping the pollutants and litters present in the contacting water. But its efficiency is based on the installation site, and maintenance. Therefore it’s very necessary to determine the performance of GPT for different year (2015-2016), so that it will help in assisting the local authorities to make a precise decision in determining the result effectiveness of GPT. The current study was carried out under the River of Life project which is upper part Sungai Klang. The performance of GPT was determined based on wetload trap on GPT and frequencies of maintenance’s. The results shows that during raining season, there are no relationship with the total wetload trap into GPT. The results obtained from this study will help in making proper decision for installation and maintenance of GPTs as needed for the rehabilitation of river systems and for the efficient maintenance and operation of GPTs.