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The phenomenon of fluctuating chili prices can be resolved in stages, one of which is through multiple crosses. However, this cross requires precise methods in the evaluation and selection process, especially regarding fruit characteristics. Image-based phenotyping 4.0 approaches can increase the potential precision of such evaluation genotypes, especially when this approach is combined with multivariate analysis. Therefore, both methods are needed to evaluate and select these cayenne multiple crosses. This research aims to identify the effectiveness of multivariate analysis and image-based explanatory characteristics of fruit phenotypes and to select multiple crosses that can continue to the F2 generation. The research was designed with a randomized complete block design of ten F1 multiple cross-genotypes and four check varieties. Each genotype was repeated three times, so there were 42 experimental units. Based on the results, multivariate was considered adequate in determining image explanatory characters based on fruit phenotype and genotype mapping of the population diversity of multiple crosses of cayenne pepper. The characteristics of fruit height, fruit area, and fruit Intden are image-based explanatory characters that can map the completeness of cayenne pepper fruit between multiple crosses well. This indicates that image-based phenotyping and multivariate analysis can provide more detailed image information of the potential of cayenne fruit from multiple crosses than just based on fruit weight. Therefore, both approaches are recommended for analyzing cayenne paper fruit potential, especially for multiple crosses. In addition, three crosses (MC4, MC8, and MC9) are optimal for the next generation to be recommended and continued.

The development of cayenne pepper varieties can be optimized by multiple crossings, transgressive segregant selection based on the selection index, and identification of potential anthocyanins. The study objectives were (1) to develop a transgressive segregation index, and (2) to select transgressive segregation cayenne peppers with high productivity and anthocyanins from F3 multiple cross-generation. The study conducted two experiments at the experimental field, Hasanuddin University, from November 2022 to November 2023. The first experiment implemented an augmented design with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) as an environmental design. The genotypes as treatment consisted of two types: 110 lines of cayenne pepper were not repeated, and the 4 older chili varieties as controls were repeated in each block. All genotypes were categorized and divided into five blocks. The second experiment was the validation of the first trial. There were 13 genotypes tested with RCBD design one factor and repeated three times. Based on the study, developing a semi-objective-based selection index with canopy width, fruit weight, and yield was an innovative and effective approach to selecting F3 transgressive segregants of cayenne pepper. High-yielding transgressive lines were identified as G3-2-7-3, G2.6.9–10, G5-12–1-8, and G4.5.2–12. The G3-2-7-3 line was suggested due to its high yield potential and anthocyanin content. However, the anthocyanin content must be examined more deeply, such as using an omics approach. Nevertheless, these lines are still recommended to be continued in yield testing or crossing to produce hybrid lines that have high yield potential and anthocyanin content.

The present study was initiated to determine whether isolates from soil and roots of paddy plants can affect the paddy plant’s growth and productivity. The study was conducted to answer the question, “Can paddy rice be grown when the NPK doze is reduced?” This study aims to apply the methanotroph bacteria on the growth and production of lowland rice. The research field was carried out in the rice fields of Amparita Village, TelluLimpoe District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi. This research was conducted from June to September 2020. The plants were arranged in a split plot Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), the main plot, namely, the NPK fertilizer dosage treatment (P) with 4 treatments, namely, without NPK fertilizer, 75 g/plot, 150 g/plot, and 360 g/plot. The subplots were methanotroph bacteria application with 4 treatments, namely: without bacteria, 106 CFU per ml of methanotroph, 107 CFU per ml of methanotroph, and 108 CFU per ml of methanotroph. The results showed that there was an interaction between the NPK fertilizer and methanotrophic bacteria. The best results were obtained on the combination of 360 g per plot of NPK fertilizer and methanotrophic bacteria with 106 CFU per ml on the observation of plant height (111.17 cm), and the combination of NPK fertilizer 0 g per plot and methanotrophic bacteria with 0 CFU per ml on the observation of fresh weight of grain was the highest (70.44 g), whereas the combination of NPK fertilizer treatment 360 g/plot and bacteria methanotroph 0 CFU per ml on the observation of dry weight of grain was 43.89 g. NPK fertilizer 360 g/plot and bacteria methanotroph 106 CFU per ml at an observation weight of 100 grains was the highest number (3.53 g).