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Excavations at Hacımusalar Höyük in southwestern Turkey have uncovered thousands of years of occupation history, from the Early Bronze Age through the Late Byzantine era. This article offers a general survey of the Bronze Age occupation levels so far explored on the northern and western slopes of the mound, with particular focus on two well-preserved Early Bronze II destruction levels, closely superimposed. We present selected finds and architectural features from each stratigraphic level in sequence and discuss their significance for current theories of cultural interaction and social organization in West Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age. This new evidence indicates that Hacımusalar Höyük and the Elmalı plain were more connected with other parts of Anatolia than recent studies of Early Bronze Age cultural zones suggest but still maintained a distinctive regional character.

We report additional fossil evidence for pygoscelid penguins breeding on King George (25 de Mayo) Island, South Shetland Islands, in the Holocene beginning at ~7000 cal. yr BP. This evidence comes from a raised marine beach deposit formerly studied and described as Pingfo I at Stranger Point, Potter Peninsula. We relocated and exposed deposits at this site and recovered additional samples of penguin bones from five stratigraphic beds that are redescribed here. Most of these bones are from juvenile penguins and exhibit little or no wear indicating minimal transport to the beach deposits. Some of the bones are developed enough to be identifiable to Adélie ( Pygoscelis adeliae), Gentoo ( Pygoscelis papua), and Chinstrap ( Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins, indicating that all three species were breeding at Stranger Point from ~7320 to 4865 cal. yr BP. This breeding occupation corresponds with the first warming and deglaciation that occurred in the northern Antarctic Peninsula by this time and ends with the onset of reglaciation of the Peninsula. At least 31 abandoned penguin mounds and ornithogenic soils also were located and sampled at Stranger Point and indicate that the current occupation of this area by all three pygoscelid penguins dates no older than ~535 cal. yr BP. The absence of ornithogenic soils from earlier Holocene breeding was probably due to glacial activity and soil solifluction during periods of warming in the mid to late Holocene.

A região central do estado de Minas Gerais, especificamente o Quadrilátero Ferrífero e a Serra do Espinhaço Meridional, é marcada pela ocupação em busca de riquezas minerais tais como diamante e ouro. Possui, ainda, relevância ecológica, o que levou a declaração desta região, pela Unesco em 2005, como Reserva da Biosfera da Serra do Espinhaço. Vislumbrou-se, nesse artigo, a caracterização e análise de processos de degradação ambiental em literatura de viagem de naturalistas estrangeiros que percorreram esta região no século XIX. Trabalhos de campo ocorreram em roteiros estabelecidos a partir da leitura das obras, com enfoque no entendimento da paisagem. Evidências de degradação ambiental pelo extrativismo mineral do ouro e diamante, apresentadas nas narrativas em áreas dos caminhos da Estrada Real, caracterizam-se pela supressão da vegetação nativa por meio de queimadas, mudança/desvio de cursos fluviais, uso de mercúrio para beneficiamento mineral além de ocorrência significativa de espécimes monotípicas invasoras, como o capim-gordura e a samambaia. O estudo, pela descrição analítica em relatos de naturalistas viajantes analisados no território da reserva da biosfera, permite um resgate memorial que vincula o ser humano à natureza, como parte de sua história ambiental.Palavras-chave: relatos de viajantes, mineração, mercúrio, queimadas, capim-gordura.AbstractThe central region of Minas Gerais state, specifically the Iron Quadrangle and the Southern Espinhaço Range, has a unique occupation history due to mineral riches such as diamond and gold. Furthermore, it has significant ecological relevance, which has led to the declaration of the Espinhaço Range Biosphere Reserve by Unesco in 2005. To characterise and analyse the historical processes of environmental degradation of this region, the travel literature of foreign naturalists who travelled throughout the region in the 19th century was investigated. The research involved studying scripts produced from reading works, with a focus on the understanding of the landscape. Evidence of environmental degradation by gold and diamond extractivism is presented in several areas of the Estrada Real, characterised by the suppression of native vegetation by anthropic burning, change of river courses and use of mercury for mineral processing, in addition to a significant occurrence of invasive monotypic species, such as molasses grass and fern. From the analytical description in reports of travelling naturalists, the analysis of the reserve territory of the present study allows the recovery of part of a memory that binds human to nature as part of its environmental history.Keywords: travellers’ accounts, mining, mercury, burning, molasses grass.

Investigating the joint exposure to several risk factors is becoming a key component of epidemiologic studies. Individuals are exposed to multiple factors, often simultaneously, and evaluating patterns of exposures and high-dimension interactions may allow for a better understanding of health risks at the individual level. When jointly evaluating high-dimensional exposures, common statistical methods should be integrated with machine learning techniques that may better account for complex settings. Among these, Logic regression was developed to investigate a large number of binary exposures as they relate to a given outcome. This method may be of interest in several public health settings, yet has never been presented to an epidemiologic audience. In this paper, we review and discuss Logic regression as a potential tool for epidemiological studies, using an example of occupation history (68 binary exposures of primary occupations) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a population-based Danish cohort. Logic regression identifies predictors that are Boolean combinations of the original (binary) exposures, fully operating within the regression framework of interest (e. g. linear, logistic). Combinations of exposures are graphically presented as Logic trees, and techniques for selecting the best Logic model are available and of high importance. While highlighting several advantages of the method, we also discuss specific drawbacks and practical issues that should be considered when using Logic regression in population-based studies. With this paper, we encourage researchers to explore the use of machine learning techniques when evaluating large-dimensional epidemiologic data, as well as advocate the need of further methodological work in the area.

Umhlatuzana rockshelter has an occupation sequence spanning the last 70,000 years. It is one of the few sites with deposits covering the Middle to Later Stone Age transition (~40,000–30,000 years BP) in southern Africa. Comprehending the site’s depositional history and occupation sequence is thus important for the broader understanding of the development of Homo sapiens’ behavior. The rockshelter was first excavated in the 1980s by Jonathan Kaplan. He suggested that the integrity of the late Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age sediments was compromised by large-scale sediment movement. In 2018, we initiated a high-resolution geoarchaeological study of the site to clarify the site formation processes. Here, we present the results of the excavation and propose a revised stratigraphic division of the Pleistocene sequence based on field observations, sedimentological (particle size) analyses, and cluster analysis. The taphonomy of the site is assessed through phytolith and geochemical (pH, loss on ignition, stable carbon isotope) analyses. The results indicate a consistent sedimentological environment characterized by in situ weathering. The analysis of the piece-plotted finds demonstrates semihorizontal layering of archaeologically dense zones and more sterile ones. There was no indication of large-scale postdepositional sediment movement. We show that the low-density archaeological horizons in the upper part of the Pleistocene sequence are best explained by the changing patterns of sedimentation rate.

The article deals with the work of A. V. Nemenko, devoted to the period of occupation of the Crimea in 1941–1944 by the German-Romanian troops. The author analyzes the content of German, Romanian and Soviet archival sources related to the military actions on the peninsula, with the course of organization and conduct of the guerrilla war, the Nazi occupation system of governance and ethnic policy. By conducting a comparative analysis of various sources on the partisan movement, the author exposes the myth of the “Tatar issue”, created in the postwar period to justify the total deportation of the Crimean Tatars.

This paper presents a series of 25 previously unpublished radiocarbon dates from the oppidum of San Cibran de Las, one of the most important and thoroughly excavated Iron Age sites in the NW Iberian Peninsula. These 14C dates are discussed on the basis of a Bayesian analysis. The results reveal a much longer occupation history of the site than previously thought. Moreover, the data offer new light into the much-debated question of the origin of the large fortified sites known as oppida in the region. The evidence from San Cibran de Las clearly suggests a pre-Roman origin for at least some of the oppida, thus challenging traditional interpretations about the origins of urbanism in northern Iberia.

Recently a cremation cemetery was excavated at the site of Wijnegem where 29 cremation graves and 9 funerary monuments were uncovered. Thirty radiocarbon (14C) dates were carried out, mostly on cremated bone but also 10 charcoal samples were dated. Twenty-four cremations were studied. Four ring ditches were dated by charcoal samples from the infill of the ditch. The 14C dates showed an interesting long-term occupation of the cemetery. Different phases were ascertained. The history of the cemetery starts in the northern part of the site around a circular funerary monument. Two cremations were dated at the transition of the Early to Middle Bronze Ages. Two other graves represent the transition from the Middle to the Late Bronze Ages. The main occupation period dates between the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. Finally, an isolated cremation grave marks the definite abandonment of the site during the Late Iron Age.

This paper reports on the typological and archaeometallurgical studies of an assemblage of long forgotten but often misidentified metallurgical crucibles and moulds from Great Zimbabwe's century old archive. It exposes that specialised crucibles, non-specialised crucibles (common pottery), as well as an eclectic assortment of moulds, were primarily used to hold the melt and to form ingots during non-ferrous metallurgical operations, throughout the site's occupation history (1000–1700 CE). The moulds appear in different types, some elongated but others more circular as if they were used to produce small gold ‘buttons’. Available records indicate that the various types of metallurgical ceramics were often found in the same stratigraphic contexts as domestic debris. The characterisation of the crucible fabrics and attached slags suggest that while the two types of crucibles were made using local granitic clays, they were also used to process similar metals and alloys, but sometimes representing different stages in the chaine operatoire . This raises significant questions relating to the techno-cultural choices behind the typological variation, if the intention of their producers and users, was to work the same metals and alloys.

Til tross for at det norske bokmarkedet vitnet om en konstant sterk interesse for temaet Norge under den andre verdenskrig, var faghistorikeres bidrag til historiografien heller fåtallige. Og slik fortsatte det til inn på 1970-tallet. Okkupasjonstidens fangehistorie var nærmest utelukkende et domene for populærhistoriske tilnærminger, der mange av utgivelsene var erindringsbaserte, gjerne også skrevet av menn som hadde vært fanger selv. Da var det norske fangers historier som ble skildret. Det store mindretallet fanger fra utlandet, hentet til Norge for å arbeide for den tyske okkupasjonsmakten, ble bare gjenstand for sporadisk interesse og da ikke fra faghistorikerne, et forhold som dels knytter seg til et vanskelig tilgjengelig kildetilfang. Oversiktsverkene om Norges krigsår gjenspeilte marginaliseringen av dem. Først på 1980-tallet begynte de første større arbeidene om sovjetiske krigsfanger og jugoslaviske fanger å materialisere seg, men disse var signert utenlandske historikere. I det påfølgende tiåret, på en tid da en rekke marginaliserte grupper i det tyskokkuperte Norge ble løftet frem i lyset, kunne bare en beskjeden interesse blant historikere for å studere de utenlandske fangene spores. Heller ikke et par tyngre studier av jugoslaviske fanger og polske tvangsarbeidere ble oversatt til norsk. Det store gjennombruddet fant først sted på 2000-tallet, i etterkant av en forsterket internasjonal forskningsinteresse for Nazi-Tysklands tvangsarbeidshistorie. På 2010-tallet fulgte norske universiteter opp med større forskningsprosjekter der okkupasjonsmaktens forhold til fanger og tvangsarbeidere ble belyst. Flere faghistoriske bøker som tar for seg norske fanger i Norge har de to siste tiårene sett dagens lys, selv om et samlende oversiktsverk om denne gruppen stadig mangler.

Recent excavations at the site of Barcın Höyük provide a detailed view of a settlement founded and inhabited during the early stages of the Neolithic of the Marmara Region of northwestern Anatolia. The occupation history of the site complements and extends further back in time the regional sequence as it had been established for the eastern Marmara Region on the basis of excavations at nearby Mentese, Aktopraklık and Ilıpınar, and Fikirtepe and Pendik in the Istanbul environs. The site of Barcın Höyük is therefore of critical importance for our understanding of the initial neolithisation of northwestern Anatolia. This paper summarizes some of the main findings of the Barcın Höyük excavations with regard to the Neolithic occupation phases.

Palaeoecological and geoarchaeological investigations which cover the Anglo-Saxon period are rare, particularly in chalk downland landscapes which are considered to have limited palaeoenvironmental potential. The present study explores a sequence which can be directly related to the occupation history of the major Anglo-Saxon settlement at Lyminge, Kent. This work demonstrated a sequence of palaeochannels and organic deposits associated with the latter part of an archaeological sequence which spans the 5th to the 11th centuries AD. A range of evidence for the environment and economic activity is presented which suggests landscape continuity, possibly stretching back as far as the Romano-British period. The sequence revealed worked wood and evidence for livestock management and cereal cultivation, some of which is contemporary with the final phases of occupation of a 7th century ‘great hall complex’ and its subsequent transformation into a royal monastery. Agricultural activity following the abando...

The settlement of high-altitude uplands by early agropastoralists demanded specific kinds of social and economic adaptation. Upland valley systems in north-west Argentina were used extensively during the Formative period (200 BC to AD 850). New investigations of the alluvial fans of the Tafi Valley show how the occupation history of the region developed across time and space, demonstrating remarkable stability over 1000 years of agropastoral exploitation. The dense but scattered distribution of early farmers across this landscape highlights household continuity through a period of regional population growth.

Este artigo apresenta a metodologia de salvamento arqueológico empregada no resgate de sítios localizados em área de floresta tropical situada no sudeste do estado do Pará, município de Marabá. A delimitação sistemática através de tradagens em malha com intervalos equidistantes entre 10 m e 1 m, aliada a escavações por níveis naturais nas áreas centrais e periféricas dos sítios arqueológicos, possibilitaram a observação de processos de continuidade e descontinuidade na ocupação dos assentamentos e da formação da Terra Preta Arqueológica, aqui relacionada a áreas de atividade dentro das aldeias. A metodologia aplicada demonstrou a viabilidade de pesquisas sistemáticas em áreas com densa cobertura vegetal, assim como a análise crítica de seus alcances e limites. Os 22 sítios arqueológicos pesquisados forneceram informações que auxiliaram no entendimento da história de ocupação desta área, iniciada há 6.000 anos. Essas informações abrangem dados sobre a implantação dos sítios na paisagem, tipologia funcional dos assentamentos (habitação e acampamento) e cronologias de ocupação (inter e intra-sítios). Este trabalho contribuirá ainda na construção do conhecimento da ocupação pré-história local e regional.

Книга Сариуш-Вольской и Лабентц, появившаяся в результате многолетних исследований в Польской академии наук и в Германии, несомненно представляет собой одну из наиболее интересных новейших работ в области визуальной истории и истории оккупационного периода. Авторы поставили себе задачу анализа формирования, развития и дискурсивных процессов внутри визуального пространства четырёх оккупационных зон в Германии, разделив свой объект исследования на несколько фундаментальных областей, определявших жизнь немецкого общества после поражения Третьего рейха и сопутствовавшей ему экономической и социальной катастрофы. Таковыми стали роль женщин и формы женской социализации; инфекционные и паразитарные заболевания, приобретавшие эпидемический характер в первые послевоенные годы; венерические заболевания и попытки регулирования сферы сексуальности внутри немецкого общества, а также в контексте присутствия больших оккупационных контингентов; питание, продукты питания и адаптация рецептов к условиях нехватки даже элементарных средств в первые послевоенные годы; наконец, ведение домашнего хозяйства и появление новых технических устройств на кухне и в доме., The book of Saryusz-Wolska and Labentz, which appeared as a result of many years of research in the Polish Academy of Sciences and in Germany, undoubtedly represents one of the most interesting recent works in the field of visual history and the history of the occupation period. The authors set themselves the task of analyzing the formation, development and discursive processes within the visual space of the four occupation zones in Germany, dividing their research object into several fundamental areas that determined the life of German society after the defeat of the Third Reich and the economic and social catastrophe that accompanied it. Such were the role of women and the form of women's socialization; infectious and parasitic diseases, which acquired epidemic character in the first post-war years; venereal diseases and attempts to regulate the sphere of sexuality within German society, as well as in the context of the presence of large occupational contingents; food, food and adaptation of recipes to conditions of shortage of even basic means in the first post-war years; finally, housekeeping and the emergence of new technical devices in the kitchen and in the house.

This chapter explores some of the complex issues concerning French historiography and the Occupation raised by the treatment of the Raymond and Lucie Aubrac in the 1990s. It focuses on how French historians and crucial witnesses construct the relationship between history and memory, written sources and oral testimony, past events and their present rememoration. The treatment of the Aubracs highlights the increasingly important influence of two other constituencies on the making of Occupation history: the justice system and the media. The place accorded to historical research at the Papon trial is revealing because a number of those present at the Aubrac round table demonstrated similar misconceptions of the work of the historian. The treatment of the Aubracs as historical witnesses could therefore be said to reveal a deep-seated ambivalence about witness testimony on the part of the French historical community.

Okupacyjno-wojenna historia Suwalk i Suwalszczyzny kojarzona jest wylącznie z agresją niemiecką i poźniejszą przynaleznością do III Rzeszy. Pierwotnie owe terytorium znalazlo sie jednak pod okupacją sowiecką. Tak stanowil pakt Ribbentrop-Molotow z 23 VIII 1939 r. Artykul opisuje dzialania militarne strony sowieckiej oraz postawy miejscowej ludności, zroznicowanej pod wzgledem etnicznym i konfesyjnym. W opisywanym regionie na początku wojny nie dochodzilo do konfliktow charakterystycznych dla polskich Kresow Wschodnich, co umozliwia przeprowadzenie badan bez poźniejszych nalecialości spowodowanych dlugotrwalą okupacją sowiecką. The war and occupation history of Suwalki and Suwalki region is associated almost exclusively with the German aggression and the later annexation of this territory to the Third Reich. Initially, however, the area was under the Soviet occupation, according to the provisions of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 23 August 1939. The article describes military operations of the Soviets and attitudes of the local population, diverse both in terms of ethnicity and religion. At the beginning of the war there were no conflicts in the analysed region, characteristic of the Polish Eastern Frontiers, which allows us to conduct research with no later influences resulting from the long Soviet occupation.

The University of Pennsylvania Museum's Tikal Project of 1958–1968 was one of the great Maya investigations of the twentieth century. It was the most ambitious study of a Maya city so far undertaken, with scores of staff, graduate students and local workers engaged in a range of activities from mapping the site core and its surrounding settlement, to stripping the tropical forest from the colossal temple-pyramids and restoring them, to establishing an occupation history that eventually showed an origin for Tikal in the mid-first millennium BC and abandonment more than sixteen centuries later at the end of the Classic period. The impact of the project's results, publications and cadre of trained Mayanists moving out into the academic world was substantial and led to several decades of a Tikal-centric view of ancient Maya civilisation.

Multiple periods of dune activation triggered by drought have occurred within the Nebraska Sand Hills, the most recent period occurred during the medieval climate anomaly (MCA; A.D. 900–1350). We present a pilot study where we have successfully adapted a standard chronology-building tool, optically stimulated luminescence dating, to investigate the effects of dune reactivation on human occupation history at two sites conventionally dated to the peri-MCA: Kelso (25HO23), a Plains Woodland site, and McIntosh (25BW15) a Central Plains tradition site. At both sites the maximum optical age of the cultural layer is congruent with radiocarbon ages of materials recovered. The optical ages yielded by samples collected near the Kelso and McIntosh sites, together with radiocarbon dated site materials, suggest that these sites were respectively occupied before and during the MCA sand dune migration. Both the Kelso and McIntosh sites are located near prominent water resources that may have acted as refuges during drought and dune migration.

O artigo apresenta alguns resultados do projeto Território e Memória dos Asurini do Xingu. Arqueologia Colaborativa na t.i. Koatinemo – Pará, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa projetada em parceria com os Asurini, com objetivo principal de compreender sua história na ocupação territorial da t.i. Koatinemo. Ao mesmo tempo, procura também identificar o potencial arqueológico dessa área do baixo-médio Xingu. Ao longo do texto, apresentarei os resultados da etapa de campo realizada em maio de 2013, quando foram localizados e georreferenciados antigos assentamentos asurini e outros sítios arqueológicos ao longo do igarapé Piranhaquara. Essa investigação situa-se no debate sobre as pesquisas colaborativas e aborda os efeitos do encontro entre arqueólogos e povos indígenas em relação aos diferentes modos de conhecer o registro arqueológico. The article presents some results of the project entitled Territory and Memory of the Asurini Xingu. Collaborative Archaeology at T.I Koatinemo - Pará, Brazil. The project took place within a research that was designed in partnership with this indigenous people and aimed at understanding their territorial occupation history in the T.I Koatinemo, and at the same time identifying the archaeological potential of the lower-middle Xingu area. Throughout the text, I will highlight the fieldwork held in May 2013, when Asurini's ancient settlements and other archaeological sites along the Piranhaquara creek were located. This research falls under the debate on collaborative researches and addresses the effects of the encounter between archaeologists and indigenous peoples in terms of their different ways of experiencing archaeological record