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The purpose of this paper is to indicate a possible measure of resilience of a local society. The concepts of resilience versus vulnerability are discussed. Two dimensions of resilience are considered: the first one, related to a security system organized by local authority and defined in the paper as systemic barriers and the second one, connected with a subjective possible reaction of population to a hazardous event defined as supplementary barriers. In the research of features of supplementary barriers their effectiveness was estimated in a questionnaire fulfilled by the crisis management staff in thirty regions in Poland. Employing the probability of success or failure, calculations of effectiveness of systemic and supplementary barriers were summarized giving the measure of strengthened or weakened entire safety system at the local level. A matrix of resilience was constructed.

As one of the objectives of the CASCADE project is to carry out a cost-benefit analysis to enhance resilience, in order to develop the CCRA (Climate Change Risk Assessment) methodology, the guidelines include a capacity analysis. The ability to adapt to change or to respond in the event of a disaster, as well as the ability to recover from damage within a specified timeframe, are key elements of resilience. Because changes are inevitable, the investment in these three elements is necessary. This is due to the fact that disaster scenarios are uncertain and the question arises as to how to invest in risk reduction to reach a satisfactory goal. The proposal comprised by the CCRA guidelines is to use the game theory. Actually, this proposal is a part of game theory, namely Game with Nature where Nature is not interested in benefit and probability of Nature State in future is unknown. As there are many possibilities of Nature State a probability that a correct investment decision would be made is low. To a much greater extent the decision will be wrong or almost wrong in the case of an optimised decision. The only thing the decision maker can do is randomly select investments or apply the game theory to minimise his sense of loss.

Objective of the study is to research peculiarities of phytogenic fields formation of natural and artificial plantations of shrub and ruderal vegetation on coal mining waste heaps within the Novovolynsk mining area (Ukraine). The biometric analysis of the growth of artificial plantations on tailings has been carried out applying forest inventory methodology, which involves laying temporary experimental areas, measuring the diameter of tree species at a height of 1.3 m, the total height of trees and the parameters of crowns. Variation was applied to study the spatial structure of vegetation on reclaimed and damped waste heaps. The models of artificial phytocenoses and ameliorants on waste heaps of coal mines, which are formed during forest reclamation, have been described. The paper presents an analysis of forest inventory characteristics of the crops phytocenosis on waste heaps. The spatial structure of phytogenic fields basing on variation of the most common species in natural and artificial plantations on waste heaps has been established. This allows us to select an assortment of species to conduct effective vegetative reclamation on the surface of tailings. The article presents result of studies on the formation of phytogenic fields on waste heaps of coal mines, which presuppose formation of aggregations. It has been proved that formation of phytogenic fields is inextricably connected with vegetative reclamation. The conducted research of the origin and distribution of phytogenic fields makes it possible to assess the degree of suitability of tailings for afforestation, regardless of the country in which they are formed. Research of phytogenic fields on tailings and waste heaps of coal mines will improve bioindication research methodology for studying forest crops on their surface and suggest innovative methods of handling. In particular, it is possible to raise the level of environmental safety and aesthetics of the devastated territories, and to reduce cost of vegetative reclamation.

The heat resistance of vegetation at landfills is worth investigating for the determination of the optimal species for the biological reclamation phase. Insufficiency of experimental data on comparative stability of the stems and roots make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the heat resistance of the organs of the plants. It should be noted that many scientific works are devoted to the thermal stability of cultivated and agricultural plants. The reason is that the temperature conditions should be taken into account when growing vegetables, fruits and mushrooms. However, the heat resistance of weeds, specifically in landfills, has not been investigated thoroughly enough. Increased substrate temperatures at the landfill site, which are caused by the burning of waste, alter the microclimate, cause the greenhouse effect, and contribute to the climate change. The aim of the work was to investigate the heat resistance of 5 most common plant species that have evolved in the landfills of the Western Ukrainian Forest-Steppe District (Ukraine). The plant specimens were collected at the Lviv, Rava-Ruska and Chervonograd landfills. The heat resistance of landfill vegetation was determined according to the Matskov method during 2015-2018. The following materials, reagents and equipment were used for the experiments: green leaves of 5 species of the investigated plants (weeds) – wormwood (Artemisia vulgaris), absinthium (Artemisia absinthium), city goosefoot (Chenopodium urbicum), common burdock (Arctium lappa), dooryard plantain (Plantago major); 0.2 N hydrochloric acid; heated bath, thermometers, pipettes, petri dishes, crystallizers, electric hot plate, marker. The experiments were conducted in triplicate. During the investigation of the heat resistance of the landfill vegetation, it was found that the most stable species are wormwoods (Artemisia) in all areas of the landfill, and the least heat-resistant is city goosefoot. The temperature of +70-80°C is detrimental to all of the tested plants. It was found that the lowest heat resistance is characteristic of the plants that develop at the foot of landfills.

Mamy zaszczyt zaprosić Państwa do zapoznania się z monografiąpt. Bezpieczeństwo, zarządzanie, medycyna i kultura fizyczna. Perspektywa 40 latSłupskiego WOPR (Tom 1).Oddajemy w Państwa ręce publikację, która ukazuje, jak szeroko przenikająsię nawzajem obszary będące pomostem między różnymi dziedzinami nauki –bezpieczeństwem, zarządzaniem, medycyną i kulturą fizyczną, stanowiącymikwintesencję nauki i realnie oddziałującymi na najistotniejsze obszary życia współczesnegoczłowieka, zapewniając realizację najważniejszych potrzeb każdego członkaspołeczeństwa. Jest to publikacja potrzebna na rynku i długo wyczekiwana, łącząca w sobiezagadnienia będące inspiracją dla wszystkich naukowców i studentów. Jest to pracao charakterze problemowo-utylitarnym. Niniejsza monografia powstała przy okazji jubileuszu 40-lecia Słupskiego Wodnego Ochotniczego Pogotowia Ratunkowego.W monografii zaprezentowano znaczenie czterdziestoletniego istnienia SłupskiegoWOPR, a także dotychczasowe oddziaływanie w perspektywie regionalnej i międzyregionalnejwspółpracy.

The results of studies of peat located in the impact zone of municipal landfill are presented. It is established that according to the peat genetic horizons profile the distribution of the mobile fractions of heavy metals is manifested in a gradual decrease with depth. The content of heavy metals (manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, mercury) in the peat does not exceed the MAC, except for cadmium, which is spread by waste from the landfill. The source of cadmium in landfills is waste containing lacquers and paints, fluorescent lamps, batteries etc. Cadmium sulfide is the basis for yellow paints used in vehicle dyeing, textile production, soap making. Peat is characterized as very poor in micromycetes distribution. Some micromycetes detected are indicators of high mineral content and low heavy metal content. Analysis of peat micromycetes by growth rate showed that the slowest growing micromycetes owns the largest proportion - 70%. The distribution by color showed that dark-colored micromycetes of the Moniliaceae, characterized by toxicity, predominate. According to the humus reserve, peat is slightly humus. It is not recommended to use such peat for crop cultivation. Instead, peat can be a source of fuel under conditions of industrial development and compliance with existing rules and state standards.