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Exercise may increase the antioxidant capacity of plasma by stimulating antioxidant enzymes. The study aimed to measure the effect of three repetitions of acute exercise on arylesterase (ARE) activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme. Eleven average-trained men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) completed three treadmill runs. ARE activity in plasma was evaluated spectrophotometrically and compared with PON1 concentration (PON1c), paraoxonase (PON) activity, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at rest and after exercise. In all repetitions of the exercise, ARE activity remained stable, and ARE activity standardized for PON1c (ARE/PON1c) was lower post- than pre-exercise. The ARE/PON1c ratio changes returned to baseline levels during rest after each exercise session. Pre-exercise ARE activity correlated negatively with post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.049), white blood cell count (WBC) (ρ = −0.35, p = 0.048), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.037), and creatine kinase (CK) (ρ = −0.37, p = 0.036). ARE activity may be depleted under conditions of oxidative stress, as increases in PON1c during acute exercise did not result in parallel increases in ARE activity. No adaptation of the response of ARE activity to exercise was detected in subsequent exercise sessions. Individuals with lower pre-exercise ARE activity may develop a higher inflammatory response to strenuous exercise.

Objectives. Oxidative stress, induced by physical activity, may stimulate the expression, release, and activity of certain antioxidant enzymes. We investigated the effect of three repeated bouts of strenuous exercise on paraoxonase 1 concentration (PON1c) and paraoxonase activity (PON). Methods. Eleven average-trained healthy men (age 34.0 ± 5.2 years) performed three strenuous exercise tests on a treadmill separated by 72 hours periods of resting. PON1c, PON, ferric-reducing activity of plasma (FRAP), lipid profile, C-reactive protein concentration (CRP), and lactate concentration were determined in plasma. Results. Each exercise bout resulted in similar PON1c, PON, FRAP, and high-density lipoprotein concentration (HDL-C) increments, while PON/HDL-C ratio remained stable in all repetitions. Percentage increments at the bout of each exercise were higher for PON1c (by 64.82% at the first, by 92.9% at the second, and by 77.02% at the third exercise) than for PON (by 6.49% at the first, 10.06% at the second, and by 12.32% at the third exercise). Association was found between preexercise PON and PON1c ( r = 0.56 , p = 0.029 ), pre- ( r = 0.87 , p = 0.00003 ) and postexercise HDL-C ( r = 0.6 , p = 0.0002 ), preexercise PON and cardiovascular fitness level of participants measured as VO2max ( r = 0.39 , p = 0.026 ), and postexercise PON and lactate concentration ( r = 0.44 , p = 0.01 ). Conclusions. PON1c and PON increase during strenuous exercise, yet the effect of exercise on PON1 concentration is more pronounced. PON1 does not show tolerance to physical activity. The enzyme may provide short-term protection from oxidative stress in each exercise bout. PON may depend on exercise load. Cardiovascular fitness levels may be associated with PON1 activity.

This paper is a literature overview of the complex relationship between vitamin C and two opposing physiological states, physical activity and sleep. The evidence suggests a clinically important bidirectional association between these two phenomena mediated by different physiological mechanisms. With this in mind, and knowing that both states share a connection with oxidative stress, we discuss the existing body of evidence to answer the question of whether vitamin C supplementation can be beneficial in the context of sleep health and key aspects of physical activity, such as performance, metabolic changes, and antioxidant function. We analyze the effect of ascorbic acid on the main sleep components, sleep duration and quality, focusing on the most common disorders: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome. Deeper understanding of those interactions has implications for both public health and clinical practice.

Introduction: Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in the world. A wide knowledge of risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases is one of the main elements of primary prevention, while knowledge of stroke symptoms can significantly speed up treatment and reduce negative health effects. The aim: To assess the knowledge about stroke and risk factors of cerebrovascular diseases among the inhabitants of the randomly selected rural community (in Lodz Province).Material and methods: The study included 143 adult residents of Rzasnia. The research was carried out using a self-constructed questionnaire, prepared on the basis of available literature.Results: The average score obtained from the knowledge survey on stroke was 5.79 +/- 3.47 (maximum number of points - 14). The average number of points in people with a family history of stroke was statistically significantly higher (7.46±3.31) than in those with no stroke in the family (4.20±2.98 ) (p0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the average number of points and gender (women - 6.13±3.55 points, men - 5.64±3.55, NS) and age (R = -0.1, NS ). However, the positive correlation between educational level and the score obtained in our questionnaire was found (R =0.4, p0.05). The average number of correctly listed risk factors was: 0.6 ± 1.6. At least one risk factor was reported by only 34% of respondents. Respondents most often mentioned: excessive alcohol consumption (18%), smoking (18%), hypertension (14%), atherosclerosis (11%). The average number of correctly listed symptoms of stroke was: 1.2±1.3. At least one symptom of stroke was reported by only 58% of respondents. The respondents most often reported: headache (29%), speech disorders (22%), gait disturbances (13%), and sensory disorders (13%). If a stroke was suspected, the majority of respondents would call an ambulance (94%).Conclusions: Knowledge of the residents of the chosen rural commune about the stroke is not satisfactory and should be supplemented with an educational program that would include as many people as possible.

Asymmetric synthesis, in which chiral organocatalysts or metal complexes with chiral ligands are used, has become the most valuable methodology for the preparation of enantiomerically pure organic compounds. Among such catalysts/ligands, a growing number constitute various organosulfur compounds. This Review provides comprehensive and critical information on the plethora of sulfur-based chiral ligands and organocatalysts used in asymmetric synthesis, which have been published within the last 15 years. However, it is confined to the presentation of only those chiral catalysts/ligands that possess a stereogenic sulfur atom and includes sulfoxides, sulfinamides, N-sulfinyl ureas, sulfoximines, and some related S-chiral derivatives.

In the past decade the number of patients with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has increased rapidly. Treatment of the disease is focused on proper physical development and the prevention of complications. Aim of the study was to analyze changes in the treatment and clinical picture of type 1 diabetes in children over the years 2000 to 2010 with particular emphasis on the presence of autoimmune diseases and microangiopathy.The study included 567 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes under the care of outpatient diabetes clinic. We compared 251 children, diabetes outpatient clinic patients in 2000, with 316 children in 2010. Data were obtained from the outpatient and hospital records. We compared baseline demographic, anthropometric data, treatment regimen, type of insulin, metabolic control, prevalence of autoimmune diseases and microangipathy.In 2010 there was a reduction in the age of diagnosis of diabetes from 10 to 8 years (p=0.039). Significantly increased the proportion of children treated with CSII (up to 60.1%) and decreased the percentage of children using conventional insulin for the benefit of insulin analogs. The increase in HbA1c from 7.4 to 8.0% (p0.001) has been shown and increase in proportion of patients with HbA1c7.5% in 2010. The percentage of children with obesity increased from 5.2 to 13.7% (p=0.004) and there was a significant increase in SDS-BMI. The percentage of children with autoimmune diseases such as celiac (from 0,4 to 7,3%, p0,001) and thyroid (from 6.9 to 21.3%, p0.001) has increased. The incidence of retinopathy decreased from 6 to 1% (p=0.04), and albuminuria decreased insignificantly.Over the last decade, a significant change in the method of treatment in children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes has occurred. The deterioration of metabolic control, despite the frequent use in the treatment of CSII, may be due to increased frequency of obesity and additional autoimmune diseases in today´s patients. More similar to physiologic way of insulin infusion in nowadays treatment may influence the decrease in the prevalence of retinopathy.