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Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease associated with substantial heterogeneity and varying outcomes. Significant bleeding, including intracranial hemorrhage, is a persistent risk for patients with ITP, along with cardiovascular disease. ITP has also been associated with decreased patient functionality and quality of life. The primary goal of ITP therapy is to lower the risk of bleeding and associated complications by raising platelet counts to levels that provide adequate hemostasis with minimal treatment-related toxicity. Current first-line treatments include corticosteroids, as well as intravenous and anti-D immunoglobulin. Despite the availability of several second-line options, the need for additional treatment options that can provide a stable, long-term response with few adverse effects is critical and ongoing. Fostamatinib disodium hexahydrate is an oral spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor that produces a rapid, durable response in patients who have failed one or other treatments. Additionally, fostamatinib is well tolerated, and adverse effects can be actively mitigated through dose reduction, dose interruption, or standard therapeutic approaches.

A polyclonal antibody against the quinolone drug pazufloxacin (PAZ) but with surprisingly broad specificity was raised to simultaneously detect 24 quinolones (QNs). The developed competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) exhibited limits of detection (LODs) for the 24 QNs ranging from 0.45 to 15.16 ng/mL, below the maximum residue levels (MRLs). To better understand the obtained broad specificity, a genetic algorithm with linear assignment of hypermolecular alignment of data sets (GALAHAD) was used to generate the desired pharmacophore model and superimpose the QNs, and then advanced comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and advanced comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models were employed to study the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) between QNs and the antibody. It was found that the QNs could interact with the antibody with different binding poses, and cross-reactivity was mainly positively correlated with the bulky substructure containing electronegative atom at the 7-position, while it was negatively associated with the large bulky substructure at the 1-position of QNs.

On the basis of the structural features of (fluoro)quinolones (FQs), pazufloxacin was first used as a generic immunizing hapten to raise a broad-specificity antibody. The obtained polyclonal antibody exhibited broad cross-reactivity ranging from 5.19% to 478.77% with 21 FQs. Furthermore, the antibody was able to recognize these FQs below their maximum residue limits (MRLs) in an indirect competitive chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (ic-CLEIA), with the limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.10 to 33.83 ng/mL. For simply pretreated milk samples with spiked FQs, the ic-CLEIA exhibited an excellent recovery with a range of 84.6-106.9% and an acceptable coefficient of variation below 15%, suggesting its suitability and reliability for the use of a promising tool to detect FQs. Meanwhile, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models, with statistically significant correlation coefficients (q(2)CoMFA = 0.559, r(2)CoMFA = 0.999; q(2)CoMSIA = 0.559, r(2)CoMSIA = 0.994), were established to investigate the antibody recognition mechanism. These two models revealed that in the antibody, the active cavity binding FQs' 7-position substituents worked together with another cavity (binding FQs' 1-position groups) to crucially endow the high cross-reactivity. This investigation will be significant for better exploring the recognition mechanism and for designing new haptens.