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Abstract Regulation of codon optimality is an increasingly appreciated layer of cell- and tissue-specific protein expression control. Here, we use codon-modified reporters to show that differentiation of Drosophila neural stem cells into neurons enables protein expression from rare-codon-enriched genes. From a candidate screen, we identify the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein Orb2 as a positive regulator of rare-codon-dependent mRNA stability in neurons. Using RNA sequencing, we reveal that Orb2-upregulated mRNAs in the brain with abundant Orb2 binding sites have a rare-codon bias. From these Orb2-regulated mRNAs, we demonstrate that rare-codon enrichment is important for mRNA stability and social behavior function of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which neural stem cell differentiation shifts genetic code regulation to enable critical mRNA stability and protein expression.

AbstractBacteriophage integrase-directed insertion of transgenic constructs into specific genomic loci has been widely used by DrosophilaattP40attP40DrosophilaMsp300attP40ttP40Or47b-GAL4Msp300attP40attP40attP40

In Drosophila, 50 classes of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) connect to 50 class-specific and uniquely positioned glomeruli in the antennal lobe. Despite the identification of cell surface receptors regulating axon guidance, how ORN axons sort to form 50 stereotypical glomeruli remains unclear. Here we show that the heterophilic cell adhesion proteins, DIPs and Dprs, are expressed in ORNs during glomerular formation. Many ORN classes express a unique combination of DIPs/dprs, with neurons of the same class expressing interacting partners, suggesting a role in class-specific self-adhesion between ORN axons. Analysis of DIP/Dpr expression revealed that ORNs that target neighboring glomeruli have different combinations, and ORNs with very similar DIP/Dpr combinations can project to distant glomeruli in the antennal lobe. DIP/Dpr profiles are dynamic during development and correlate with sensilla type lineage for some ORN classes. Perturbations of DIP/dpr gene function result in local projection defects of ORN axons and glomerular positioning, without altering correct matching of ORNs with their target neurons. Our results suggest that context-dependent differential adhesion through DIP/Dpr combinations regulate self-adhesion and sort ORN axons into uniquely positioned glomeruli.

Critical to evolutionary fitness, animals regulate social behaviors by integrating signals from both their external environments and internal states. Here, we find that population density modulates the courtship behavior of male Drosophila melanogaster in an age-dependent manner. In a competitive mating assay, males reared in a social environment have a marked advantage in courting females when pitted against males reared in isolation. Group housing promotes courtship in mature (7-day) but not immature (2-day) males; this behavioral plasticity requires the Or47b pheromone receptor. Using single-sensillum recordings, we find that group housing increases the response of Or47b olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) only in mature males. The effect of group housing on olfactory response and behavior can be mimicked by chronically exposing single-housed males to an Or47b ligand. At the molecular level, group housing elevates Ca2+ levels in Or47b ORNs, likely leading to CaMKI-mediated activation of the histone-acetyl transferase CBP. This signaling event in turn enhances the efficacy of juvenile hormone, an age-related regulator of reproductive maturation in flies. Furthermore, the male-specific Fruitless isoform (FruM) is required for the sensory plasticity, suggesting that FruM functions as a downstream genomic coincidence detector in Or47b ORNs-integrating reproductive maturity, signaled by juvenile hormone, and population density, signaled by CBP. In all, we identify a neural substrate and activity-dependent mechanism by which social context can directly influence pheromone sensitivity, thereby modulating social behavior according to animals' life-history stage.

Regulation of codon optimality is an increasingly appreciated layer of cell- and tissue-specific protein expression control. Here, we use codon-modified reporters to show that differentiation of Drosophila neural stem cells into neurons enables protein expression from rare-codon-enriched genes. From a candidate screen, we identify the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein Orb2 as a positive regulator of rare-codon-dependent mRNA stability in neurons. Using RNA sequencing, we reveal that Orb2-upregulated mRNAs in the brain with abundant Orb2 binding sites have a rare-codon bias. From these Orb2-regulated mRNAs, we demonstrate that rare-codon enrichment is important for mRNA stability and social behavior function of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which neural stem cell differentiation shifts genetic code regulation to enable critical mRNA stability and protein expression. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) harboring rare codons are upregulated in the Drosophila brain. In this study, the authors demonstrate that such rare codon mRNAs are present in Drosophila neurons but not in neuroblast cells, and that Orb2 positively regulates rare-codon-dependent mRNA stability in neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) is a promising translational therapy in several brain injury models, including the neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) model in mice. However, the neuroprotective effect of 7,8-DHF was only observed in female, but not male, neonatal mice with HI brain injury. It is unknown whether HI-induced physiological changes affect brain distribution of 7,8-DHF differently for male versus female mice. We aimed to evaluate the impact of sex on the pharmacokinetics of 7,8-DHF in plasma and brain neonatal mice following experimentally induced HI brain injury.MethodsLeft-sided HI brain injury was induced in postnatal day 9 (P9) mice, followed by a 5 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of 7,8-DHF. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantitate the drug concentration in plasma samples, as well as in samples from the left and right brain hemispheres. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the plasma and brain concentration-time data. A semi-quantitative approach was used to evaluate the concentrations of two active O-methylated metabolites of 7,8-DHF (8H7M-flavone and 7H8M-flavone) in both plasma and brain samples.ResultsOur PK analyses show that plasma 7,8-DHF concentrations followed a two-compartment PK model, with more than 95% eliminated by 3 h after the IP injection. Sex was not significantly associated with the PK of 7,8-DHF; however, HI brain injury was associated with a 21% reduction in clearance (p < 0.01). The distribution of 7,8-DHF to the brain was rapid; however, the extent of brain distribution was low with the right and left brain-to-plasma partition coefficients being 8.6% and 9.9%, respectively. Additionally, both O-methylated metabolites of 7,8-DHF were detected in the plasma and brain.ConclusionThe plasma and brain PK of 7,8-DHF in neonatal mice were similar between males and females. The low extent of 7,8-DHF brain distribution and the potential effects of the active metabolites should be considered in future studies evaluating the therapeutic effects of 7,8-DHF.

INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) can be complicated with metastatic foci as a result of seeding to any body site. It is very important to detect metastatic infections for determining the appropriate treatment modality and duration. Here, we presented a S. aureus bacteremia patient complicated with multiple paravertebral and psoas abscess diagnosed with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in combination with computed tomography (FDG PET/CT). CASE PRESENTATION: A sixty nine year-old male patient presented to the emergency department with hip pain, fever and septic clinical findings. His temperature was 390C, pulse rate was 110 beats/min, blood pressure was 100/70 mmHg. Methicilline sensitive S. aureus growth was detected on all blood cultures. Ceftriaxone treatment started in the emergency room was discontinued and cefazolin was started. Transthoracic, transesophageal echocardiography and abdominal ultrasonography was normal. FDG PET-CT scan was planned to investigate the etiology of fever and identify any metastatic infectious foci. PET-CT imaging revealed that increased metabolic activity in the paraspinal regions at the level of thoraco-lumbar vertebrae, psoas muscle and pubic symphisis. Further imaging directed at the areas identified on PET-CT confirmed the presence of a broad paravertebral abscess and psoas. These abcsess were partially drained by neurosurgery specialists because of multiple and wide area involvement. The patient's treatment was continued with oral amoxicillin clavulonic asit until resolution of abcesses. CONCLUSION: Previous studies had shown that 18F-FDG PET/CT had a positive impact on outcome and the management of SAB. Diagnostic PET-CT imaging plays a crucial role in targeted management and timely intervention for SAB.

Highlights Following in vitro ischemia, the nerve growth factor receptor TrkB is activated in the presence of the TrkB agonist 7,8-DHF only in female and not in male cultured hippocampal neurons, leading to increased neuronal survival. Expression of ERα is increased following in vitro ischemia in female but not male hippocampal neurons. The female hippocampal neuronal specific responses to in vitro ischemia are blocked by pre-treatment with testosterone. The data support a model for a female-specific a neuroprotective pathway in hippocampal neurons. The pathway is activated by a TrkB agonist, dependent on ERα and blocked by testosterone.

Backround: The aim of this study is to evaluate how competent family medicine residents see themselves in the interventional competency goals targeted in emergency medicine rotation and the factors associated with their competency levels. Methods: The study is a methodological and cross-sectional study carried out between 01 May-31 October 2022. 138 family medicine residents who completed their emergency medicine rotation and agreed to participate in the study were included in the study. In the questionnaire used to collect data in the study, there were the Emergency Medicine Rotation Interventional Competence Scale (EMRICS) developed by the researchers based on the family medicine specialty training curriculum and sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The mean ages of the study group 29.71±4.27 (Mean±SD) years, and 60.10% (n:83) were women. The mean scores obtained from the scale in the study group were 59.86±11.72 (Mean±SD). While the interventional competence in which family physician residents had the highest proficiency was arterial blood gas with 97.80% (n:135), the lowest was tracheostomy with 15.20% (n:21). Evaluation of BLS (p:0.037), intubation (p:0.028), tracheostomy (p:0.034), trauma patient assessment (p:0.004) in the study group who applied five or more applications received higher EMRICS than those who did not apply at all. Conclusion: In order to achieve the desired competence in interventional competency goals, it is recommended to be repeated at least 5 times.

Summary: The process of how neuronal identity confers circuit organization is intricately related to the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and neuropathologies. Modeling this process, the olfactory circuit builds a functionally organized topographic map, which requires widely dispersed neurons with the same identity to converge their axons into one a class-specific neuropil, a glomerulus. In this article, we identified Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) as a regulator of class-specific axon organization. In fat2 mutants, axons belonging to the highest fat2-expressing classes present with a more severe phenotype compared to axons belonging to low fat2-expressing classes. In extreme cases, mutations lead to neural degeneration. Lastly, we found that Fat2 intracellular domain interactors, APC1/2 (Adenomatous polyposis coli) and dop (Drop out), likely orchestrate the cytoskeletal remodeling required for axon condensation. Altogether, we provide a potential mechanism for how cell surface proteins’ regulation of cytoskeletal remodeling necessitates identity specific circuit organization.

Abstract Background Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) related brain injury is one of the major causes of life-long neurological morbidities that result in learning and memory impairments. Evidence suggests that male neonates are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of HI, yet the mechanisms mediating these sex-specific responses to neural injury in neonates remain poorly understood. We previously tested the effects of treatment with a small molecule agonist of the tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB), 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) following neonatal HI and determined that females, but not males exhibit increased phosphorylation of TrkB and reduced apoptosis in their hippocampi. Moreover, these female-specific effects of the TrkB agonist were found to be dependent upon the expression of $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α . These findings demonstrated that TrkB activation in the presence of $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α comprises one pathway by which neuroprotection may be conferred in a female-specific manner. The goal of this study was to determine the role of $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α -dependent TrkB-mediated neuroprotection in memory and anxiety in young adult mice exposed to HI during the neonatal period. Methods In this study, we used a unilateral hypoxic ischemic (HI) mouse model. $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α +/+ or $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α −/− mice were subjected to HI on postnatal day (P) 9 and mice were treated with either vehicle control or the TrkB agonist, DHF, for 7 days following HI. When mice reached young adulthood, we used the novel object recognition, novel object location and open field tests to assess long-term memory and anxiety-like behavior. The brains were then assessed for tissue damage using immunohistochemistry. Results Neonatal DHF treatment prevented HI-induced decrements in recognition and location memory in adulthood in females, but not in males. This protective effect was absent in female mice lacking $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α . The female-specific improved recognition and location memory outcomes in adulthood conferred by DHF therapy after neonatal HI tended to be or were $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α -dependent, respectively. Interestingly, DHF triggered anxiety-like behavior in both sexes only in the mice that lacked $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α . When we assessed the severity of injury, we found that DHF therapy did not decrease the percent tissue loss in proportion to functional recovery. We additionally observed that the presence of $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α significantly reduced overall HI-associated mortality in both sexes. Conclusions These observations provide evidence for a therapeutic role for DHF in which TrkB-mediated sustained recovery of recognition and location memories in females are $$\text{ER}\alpha$$ ER α -associated and dependent, respectively. However, the beneficial effects of DHF therapy did not include reduction of gross tissue loss but may be derived from the enhanced functioning of residual tissues in a cell-specific manner.

In the context of the E-TEST Interreg project, Fraunhofer ILT develops high stability, narrow linewidth laser seed sources and amplifiers at a wavelength of approx. 2 μm for potential usage in a third-generation gravitational wave detector: the Einstein telescope. While for such an application, there are highest demands on laser parameters such as linewidth, spectral purity, and polarization, especially stability properties such as the relative intensity noise must be optimized. To achieve highest output power stabilities, we develop a multi-stage low-noise holmium-doped fiber amplifier at a wavelength of 2095 nm, which is core-pumped by low-noise thulium-doped fiber lasers at a wavelength of approx. 1950 nm. In this article, we present the concept of the full laser system, and the achieved results for the pre-amplifier section, which perfectly fulfills the E-TEST pre-amplifier requirements. Our pump source, a thulium-doped fiber amplifier, achieves approx. 2 W output power at a wavelength of 1950 nm with 5 MHz linewidth and a polarization extinction ratio of 28 dB. With our holmium-doped fiber amplifier, we demonstrate an output power of approx. 400 mW at a wavelength of approx. 2095 nm with a linewidth of 2 MHz and a polarization extinction ratio of 18 dB. For both currently free-running systems we analyze the relative intensity noise (RIN) and obtained for example RINs of approx. 10−6 Hz−0.5 at a frequency of 100 Hz, which shows the suitability of the concept to achieve highest stabilities. To evaluate our system, we perform a system performance analysis, where we present the influence of signal and pump wavelength, and signal and pump power on the achievable optical-optical efficiencies.

This paper introduces a new privacy-preserving transfer learning framework for the classification of kidney diseases. In the proposed framework, transfer learning is employed for feature extraction, and differential privacy is used to obtain noisy gradients. A variety of CNN architectures, including Xception, ResNet50, InceptionResNetV2, MobileNet, DenseNet201, InceptionV3, and VGG19 are utilized to evaluate the proposed framework. Analysis of a large dataset of 12,400 labeled kidney CT images shows that transfer learning architectures based on the proposed framework achieve excellent accuracy ratios in privacy-preserving classification. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in enabling transfer learning models to classify kidney diseases while ensuring privacy. The MobileNet architecture stands out for its exceptional performance, with an impressive accuracy of 99.83% in privacy-preserving classification. Considering the findings of this study, it is evident that the proposed framework is appropriate for the early and private diagnosis of kidney diseases and promotes the achievement of promising results in this field.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of regular book reading activity applied to the older adults who receive institutional care on their mental health. Method and Materi-als: The study included 43 conscious older adults, who stayed in different institutions in Sivas, had a mini-mental test of 17 points and above, had no hearing and communication disabilities and volunteered to participate in the study. Data were collected with, data collection form and Stand-ardized Mini Mental Test scale. The obtained study data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0. The signif-icance level was determined as 0.05 at the 95% confidence interval. Findings: While the average age of the older adults participating in the study was determined as 69.58 ± 6.58, it is seen that their distribution by gender is very close to each other. It is seen that the female participants (51.2%, N=22) are in the ratio of male participants (48.8%, N=21), most of them are primary school graduates (39.5%) and the rate of continuous drug use is quite high (90.7%). In the form in which the presence of chronic disease was also questioned, it was not included in the rate because all of the participants stated that they had at least one chronic disease. While the pre-activity mean SMMT score of the participants was determined as 21.39 ± 2.44, the post-activity mean SMMT score was 23.32 ± 2.10. The difference is statistically significant (p

IntroductionClassification of thyroid eye disease (TED) is largely based on guidelines developed in Europe and North America. Few studies have investigated the presentation and treatment of TED in Black populations. The objective is to examine the manifestations of TED in secondary and tertiary care center-based populations with a significant proportion of Black patients.Materials and methodsRetrospective chart review identifying patients with a reported race/ethnicity and a presenting clinical diagnosis of TED at Kings County Hospital and SUNY Downstate Medical Center and affiliated clinics from January 1, 2010 through July 31, 2021. Main outcome measures include age of disease onset, sex, smoking status, insurance status, postal code of residence, clinical exam features, number of follow-up visits, length of follow-up, and treatments received.ResultsOf the 80 patients analyzed, 49 were Black (61.2%) and 31 were White (38.8%). Between Black and White patients, there were differences in the mean age of presentation (48.1 [range 21-76] vs 56.8 [range 28-87] years, P=0.03), insurance status (51.0% vs 77.4% private insurance, P=0.02), and mean follow up length among those with multiple visits (21.6 [range 2-88] vs 9.7 [range 1-48] months, P=0.02). The distribution of EUGOGO scores were not significantly different between Black and White patients. On initial presentation, fewer Black patients had chemosis (OR 0.21, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.57, P=0.002), and caruncular swelling (OR 0.19, 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.59, P=0.002) compared to White patients. During the overall disease course, fewer Black patients had subjective diplopia (OR 0.20, 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.56, P=0.002), chemosis (OR 0.24, 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.63, P=0.004), and caruncular swelling (OR 0.18, 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.51, P=0.001) compared to White patients. Black patients received oral steroids (42.9% vs 67.7%, P=0.03), intravenous steroids (18.4% vs 16.1%, P=0.8), orbital decompression surgery (16.7% vs 6.5%, P=0.19), and teprotumumab (22.9% vs 22.6%, P=0.99) at similar rates.DiscussionBlack patients presented with fewer external exam findings suggestive of active TED compared to White patients, but the rate of compressive optic neuropathy and decompression surgery were similar in the two groups. These differences may be due to disease phenotypes, which warrant further study.

Abstract Background Extrahepatic disease progression limits clinical efficacy of Yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization (TARE) for patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Trifluridine and tipiracil (TAS-102) has overall survival benefit for patients with refractory mCRC and may be a radiosensitizer. Methods Sequential lobar TARE using 90Y resin microspheres in combination with TAS-102 in 28-day cycles were used to treat adult patients with bilobar liver-dominant chemo-refractory mCRC according to 3 + 3 dose escalation design with a 12-patient dose expansion cohort. Study objectives were to establish safety and determine maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of TAS-102 in combination with TARE. Results A total of 21 patients (14 women, 7 men) with median age of 60 years were enrolled. No dose limiting toxicities were observed. Treatment related severe adverse events included cytopenias (10 patients, 48%) and radioembolization-induced liver disease (2 patients, 10%). Disease control rate in the liver lobes treated with TARE was 100%. Best observed radiographic responses were partial response for 4 patients (19%) and stable disease for 12 patients (57%). Conclusions The combination of TAS-102 and TARE for patients with liver-dominant mCRC is safe and consistently achieves disease control within the liver. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02602327 (first posted 11/11/2015).

Objective: The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains unclear. The study aims to evaluate the relationship between ASD and preventable nutritional risk factors as iron, vitamin D, and B12 deficiency. Method: Medical records of ASD-diagnosed children, ages 1.5-4 years old, were retrospectively reviewed. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Htc), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), red cell distribution width (RDW), ferritin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin B12 levels at diagnosis were compared with age and sex-matched typically developing control group. Results: Eighty-five ASD-diagnosed and 63 typically developing children were included. Mean Hb, Htc, B12, and median MCV, RDW, ferritin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were similar between the groups (p>0.05). Iron deficiency (ID) was in 39.5% and 35.5% of the children in the study and control groups, respectively (p>0.05). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) prevalence in the study and control groups were 6.1% and 4.8% (p>0.05). Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were 15.1% and 16.4% in the study group, and 23.4% and 10.6% in the control group, respectively (p>0.05). B12 deficiency was detected in 20.2% and in 8.9% of the children in the study and control groups respectively, without significance (p>0.05). No relationship was observed between the severity of ASD symptoms and Hb, ferritin, B12, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Young children with ASD did not at greater risk for ID, IDA, vitamin D and vitamin B12 deficiency than typically developing controls. But, our results support the necessity of evaluating children with ASD in terms of iron parameters, vitamin D and B12 levels.

INTRODUCTION: It is seen that there are changes in the number and profile of patients who applied to the emergency services during the pandemic period. This study was carried out to examine the patient burden who applied to the emergency department before and during the pandemic, and to determine the demographic characteristics of the patients and their complaints. METHODS: Patient applications to the Emergency Department between April 1, 2019 and April 30, 2019 and between April 1 and April 30, 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic characteristics of the patients and complaints of admission to the emergency department were evaluated. RESULTS: While the number of patients admitted to the emergency department was 36617 in the pre-pandemic period, it was 10907 during the pandemic period. When the pandemic period and the pre-pandemic period are compared; It was determined that there was a significant decrease in the number of patients followed in the green area, trauma patients, total inpatients, inpatients in the cardiology service, inpatients in the neurology service, inpatients in the chest diseases service, and patients admitted to the emergency service by ambulance during the pandemic period. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: During the pandemic period, compared to the pre-pandemic period, the total number of patients in the emergency room and the number of patients receiving it (green, yellow) decreased significantly. This may lead to increased mortality and morbidity. For this reason, it is very important to inform the public in detail about emergency diseases that require hospitalization.

Objective:This study aimed to examine perioperative complication risks in elderly patients stratified by age.Method:Elderly patients (youngest-old, ages 65 to 74 years; middle-old, 75 to 84 years; and oldest-old, ≥85 years) and controls (20-30 years) who underwent surgical intervention under general anesthesia were included in this prospective observational study.Results:Two-hundred-sixty patients were included. Different age subgroups showed a different course in terms of perioperative complications. For any combined end-point of any perioperative complication, having a body mass index>28 [odds ratio (OR): 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-4.6; p=0.012] and being on multi-pharmacy regimen at baseline (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.5; p=0.029) emerged as significant independent predictors. In reference to controls, each elderly age group emerged as a significant independent predictor: youngest-olds (OR: 4.9; 95% CI: 2.2-10.8; p

AbstractSocial experience and pheromone signaling in olfactory neurons affect neuronal responses and male courtship behaviors in Drosophila. We previously showed that social experience and pheromone signaling modulate chromatin around behavioral switch gene fruitlessfruitlessfruitless

Endüstri 4.0 ile birlikte makinelerin birbiriyle haberleştiği bir sürece girilmiş bulunmaktadır. Bu süreç, makinelerin otonom kararlar vereceği ve bu kararlar ile insanların hayatına önemli etkilerde bulunacağı Endüstri 5.0 döneminin de ilk adımlarını oluşturmaktadır. Endüstride meydana gelen bu gelişmelerin temelinde Yapay Zeka algoritmaları ile birçok alanda elde edilen yüksek başarılar yer almaktadır. Geliştikçe başarısı ve karmaşıklığı artarken anlaşılabilirliği azalan zeki sistemlerin insanları etkileyen önemli kararların alınmasında kullanılacak olması birçok şüpheyi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu şüpheler sadece son kullanıcı tarafında değil aynı zamanda sosyal ve ekonomik dönüşümlerle de ilgilidir. Endüstri 5.0’ın önündeki engellerin başında geliştirilecek zeki topluluğa karşı toplumsal önyargılar bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple, Zeki Otonom makinelerin etik ve ahlaki sorumlulukların bilincinde makineler olmaları ve bu özelliklerin topluma açıklanabilir olması gerekmektedir. Açıklama Hakkı, yapay zeka destekli otonom sistemlerin kararlarını hangi etik ve ahlaki mekanizmalara göre belirlediklerinin bu süreçten etkilenen kişilere açıklanması gerekliliğini ortaya koyar. Bu çalışmada, otonom makinelerin üretim ve geliştirme aşamalarında dikkate alınması gereken etik ve ahlaki sorumlulukların neler olduğu, bu sorumluluklara neden ihtiyaç duyulduğu ve bu sorumlulukların karşılanması için sunulan mevcut yaklaşımlar değerlendirilmiştir.

Since more than a century ago, there has been awareness of the connection between viral infections and the onset and exacerbation of urticaria. Our knowledge about the role of viral infection and vaccination in acute and chronic urticaria improved as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic but it has also highlighted knowledge gaps. Viral infections, especially respiratory tract infections like COVID-19, can trigger the onset of acute urticaria (AU) and the exacerbation of chronic urticaria (CU). Less frequently, vaccination against viruses including SARS-CoV-2 can also lead to new onset urticaria as well as worsening of CU in minority. Here, with a particular focus on COVID-19, we review what is known about the role of viral infections and vaccinations as triggers and causes of acute and chronic urticaria. We also discuss possible mechanistic pathways and outline the unmet needs in our knowledge. Although the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood, it is believed that viral signals, medications, and stress can activate skin mast cells (MCs). Further studies are needed to fully understand the relevance of viral infections and vaccinations in acute and chronic urticaria and to better clarify causal pathways.

Frailty syndrome is one of the most important problems of the aging population. Various pathophysiological factors constitute the pathophysiology of the syndrome, including dysregulation of inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular aging. Sociodemographic characteristics, psychological conditions, nutritional status, lack of physical activity, and existing comorbidities are factors that affect frailty. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is known to have beneficial effects in the elderly with acute or chronic diseases due to its anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this review is to examine and evaluate the evidence for the role of dietary or supplemental omega-3 PUFA in muscle mass and muscle strength, inflammatory biomarkers, and functional capacity in elderly individuals. Studies support that omega-3 PUFA may improve the course of the syndrome in pre-frailty older adults. The effects of dietary or supplemental omega-3 PUFA in frail elderly are controversial. All studies emphasize the importance of routinely controlling nutritional status and making the necessary dietary interventions to prevent the development of sarcopenia and frailty.

Abstract Background Recruitment of a diverse participant pool to cancer clinical trials is an essential component of clinical research as it improves the generalizability of findings. Investigating and piloting novel recruitment strategies that take advantage of ubiquitous digital technologies has become an important component of facilitating broad recruitment and addressing inequities in clinical trial participation. Equitable and inclusive recruitment improves generalizability of clinical trial outcomes, benefiting patients, clinicians, and the research community. The increasing prevalence of online connectivity in the USA and use of the Internet as a resource for medical information provides an opportunity for digital recruitment strategies in cancer clinical trials. This study aims to measure the acceptability, preliminary estimates of efficacy, and feasibility of the Trial Library intervention, an Internet-based cancer clinical trial matching tool. This study will also examine the extent to which the Trial Library website, designed to address the linguistic and literacy needs of broader patient populations, influences patient-initiated conversations with physicians about clinical trial participation. Methods This is a study protocol for a non-randomized, single-arm pilot study. This is a mixed methods study design that utilizes the statistical analysis of quantitative survey data and the qualitative analysis of interview data to assess the participant experience with the Trial Library intervention. This study will examine (1) acceptability as a measure of participant satisfaction with this intervention, (2) preliminary measure of efficacy as a measure of proportion of participants with documented clinical trial discussion in the electronic medical record, and (3) feasibility of the intervention as a measure of duration of clinical visit. Discussion The principles that informed the design of the Trial Library intervention aim to be generalizable to clinical trials across many disease contexts. From the ground up, this intervention is built to be inclusive of the linguistic, literacy, and technological needs of underrepresented patient populations. This study will collect essential preliminary data prior to a multi-site randomized clinical trial of the Trial Library intervention. Trial registration This study has received institutional approval from the Committee of Human Subjects Research at the University of California, San Francisco.

The study was conducted to determine the frequency of dysmenorrhea in young women and their coping methods. The study was conducted at 2014-2015 education year, spring semester of a university as descriptive. Total 3526 girl students consisted of the universe. Sample size table was used for sample choosing and sample size was determined as 600 participants with 0.03 sample error and p = 0.08. A questionnaire form that improved by the researcher and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used. It is determined that average age of the students was 20.58±1.73, 65.0% lived at hall of residence, 8.7% smoked and 3.5% used alcohol. Of them; average age of menarche was 13.45±1.17, 68% had 3-6 days for menstrual period, 48.5% had 28-33 days for menstrual cycle, 15.3% lived menstrual irregularity. Also, 93.3% lived dysmenorrhea, mean of severity of dysmenorrheal pain was 6.33±2.69 and 24.5% of them who lived pain applied to health institute. It is found that of the girls; 63.2% used analgesic, 67.8% had rest in bed, 63.7% applied hot for foot, 56.3% applied hot for abdomen, 26.0% applied massage to abdomen for coping with dysmenorrhea. Also, 66.4% of them stated that these methods make them relax.In the study, it is found that dysmenorrheal prevalence was high in young women and they used both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic methods for coping with it. It is suggested that informative education programs about complementary and holistic treatment approaches for young women. [Med-Science 2019; 8(2.000): 291-5]

Purpose: More than 3.5 million Syrians came to Turkey seeking refuge and over 470,000 Syrian infants were born since the start of the civil war in 2011. Our aim is to compare the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) between Syrian refugees and Turkish citizens. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective study was conducted in Gaziantep University, Faculty of Medicine and Gaziantep Children's Hospital in Turkey. We included the data of patients who were screened for ROP between July 2015 and June 2017. Results: The above-mentioned data of 906 Turkish infants and 199 Syrian infants were included in this study. Mean gestational ages (GAs) were (32.9 ± 2.7) and (32.1 ± 2.8) weeks as well as mean birth weights (BWs) were (1937.5 ± 582.9) and (1696.8 ± 485.5) g, in Turkish and Syrian infants, respectively. GA and BW were significantly lower in Syrian infants while time spent in neonatal intensive care unit was significantly higher. The zone of ROP was lower in the Syrian infants in the first examination and for the most advanced ROP (P = 0.001). Any stage ROP was present in 392 (43.3%) and 81 (40.7%) patients in Turkish and Syrian population, respectively (P = 0.490). The number of patients who required treatment for ROP were 95 (10.5%) and 20 (10.1%) in Turkish and Syrian groups, respectively (P = 0.882). Conclusion: Our findings showed that refugee infants had lower BW and GA than native population but the incidence of ROP did not differ between them. Psychosocial stress is an important risk factor for women at reproductive age as it increases the incidence of prematurity. Additional care and psychological support must be given to refugees during perinatal period to decrease the risk of premature birth.

Carbon dioxide is an important environmental cue for many insects, regulating many behaviors including some that have direct human impacts. To further improve our understanding of how this system varies among closely related insect species, we examined both the behavioral response to CO2 as well as the transcriptional profile of key developmental regulators of CO2 sensory neurons in the olfactory system across the Drosophila genus. We found that CO2 generally evokes repulsive behavior across most of the Drosophilids we examined, but this behavior has been lost or reduced in several lineages. Comparisons of transcriptional profiles from the developing and adult antennae for subset these species suggest that behavioral differences in some species may be due to differences in the expression of the CO2 co-receptor Gr63a. Furthermore, these differences in Gr63a expression are correlated with changes in the expression of a few genes known to be involved in the development of the CO2 circuit, namely dac, an important regulator of sensilla fate for sensilla that house CO2 ORNs, and mip120, a member of the MMB/dREAM epigenetic regulatory complex that regulates CO2 receptor expression. In contrast, most of the other known structural, molecular, and developmental components of the peripheral Drosophila CO2 olfactory system seem to be well-conserved across all examined lineages. These findings suggest that certain components of CO2 sensory ORN development may be more evolutionarily labile, and may contribute to differences in CO2-evoked behavioral responses across species.

Abstract Organisms have evolved strikingly parallel phenotypes in response to similar selection pressures suggesting that there may be shared constraints limiting the possible evolutionary trajectories. For example, the behavioral adaptation of specialist Drosophila species to specific host plants can exhibit parallel changes in their adult olfactory neuroanatomy. We investigated the genetic basis of these parallel changes by comparing gene expression during the development of the olfactory system of two specialist Drosophila species to that of four other generalist species. Our results suggest that the parallelism observed in the adult olfactory neuroanatomy of ecological specialists extends more broadly to their developmental antennal expression profiles, and to the transcription factor combinations specifying olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) fates. Additionally, comparing general patterns of variation for the antennal transcriptional profiles in the adult and developing olfactory system of the six species suggest the possibility that specific, non-random components of the developmental programs underlying the Drosophila olfactory system harbor a disproportionate amount of interspecies variation. Further examination of these developmental components may be able to inform a deeper understanding of how traits evolve.