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Ilona Merikanto,1– 3 Anu-Katriina Pesonen,4 Tiina Paunio,2,5 Timo Partonen2 1SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 2Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; 3Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; 4Department of Psychology and Logopedics and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 5Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandCorrespondence: Ilona Merikanto, SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL21, Helsinki, 00014, Finland, Email ilona.merikanto@helsinki.fiBackground: Circadian phenotype has a crucial role in determining wellbeing and health prospective. Evening-types have higher risk for sleep and mental health problems, which is also reflected in work wellbeing. However, there are no population-based studies examining the association of working ability and circadian typology at different working-age-groups. Also, the role of predisposing factors, ie, sleep-related differences between circadian types, has not been studied in relation to working ability among circadian types in a population-based sample.Methods: In this population-based sample of 13,114 working-age Finnish adults from 18 to 64 years of age, we examined the associations between circadian type, exhaustion and working ability and the roles of sleep-wake rhythm misalignment and insufficient sleep on these associations in 10-years-wide age-groups. Circadian type was assessed with the widely-used single item for self-assessed morningness/eveningness from the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ).Results: Evening-types, especially definite evening-types, were more exhausted and had poorer working ability than morning-types. Higher exhaustion among evening-types was apparent in all working ages with a peak at ages 45 to 54 years. Poorer working ability in definite evening-types as compared to definite morning-types was found only at ages 35 to 54 years. Evening-types, especially definite-evening-types, had also more social jet lag and they reported more insufficient sleep than definite morning-types. More frequent insufficient sleep associated with poorer working ability and partly mediated the association between circadian type and working ability.Conclusion: Circadian phenotypes were found to differ in risk for exhaustion and in working ability, and this association was partly mediated by insufficient sleep. Our findings emphasize the importance to improve sleep especially among evening-types to ensure better work wellbeing.Keywords: burnout, chronotype, circadian rhythms, epidemiology, sleep, work wellbeing

Evidence on the importance of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) in processing emotions is accumulating. The focus of this systematic review is the outcomes of experimental REMS deprivation (REMSD), which is the most common method in animal models and human studies on REMSD. This review revealed that variations in the applied REMSD methods were substantial. Animal models used longer deprivation protocols compared with studies in humans, which mostly reported acute deprivation effects after one night. Studies on animal models showed that REMSD causes aggressive behavior, increased pain sensitivity, reduced sexual behavior, and compromised consolidation of fear memories. Animal models also revealed that REMSD during critical developmental periods elicits lasting consequences on affective-related behavior. The few human studies revealed increases in pain sensitivity and suggest stronger consolidation of emotional memories after REMSD. As pharmacological interventions (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs]) may suppress REMS for long periods, there is a clear gap in knowledge regarding the effects and mechanisms of chronic REMS suppression in humans., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Sleep's contribution to affective regulation is insufficiently understood. Previous human research has focused on memorizing or rating affective pictures and less on physiological affective responsivity. This may result in overlapping definitions of affective and declarative memories and inconsistent deductions for how rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and slow-wave sleep (SWS) are involved. Literature associates REMS theta (4-8 Hz) activity with emotional memory processing, but its contribution to social stress habituation is unknown. Applying selective sleep stage suppression and oscillatory analyses, we investigated how sleep modulated affective adaptation toward social stress and retention of neutral declarative memories. Native Finnish participants ( N  = 29; age, M  = 25.8 years) were allocated to REMS or SWS suppression conditions. We measured physiological (skin conductance response, SCR) and subjective stress response and declarative memory retrieval thrice: before laboratory night, the next morning, and after 3 d. Linear mixed models were applied to test the effects of condition and sleep parameters on emotional responsivity and memory retrieval. Greater overnight increase in SCR toward the stressor emerged after suppressed SWS (intact REMS) relative to suppressed REMS (20.1% vs 6.1%; p  = 0.016). The overnight SCR increase was positively associated with accumulated REMS theta energy irrespective of the condition ( r  = 0.601; p  = 0.002). Subjectively rated affective response and declarative memory recall were comparable between the conditions. The contributions of REMS and SWS to habituation of social stress are distinct. REMS theta activity proposedly facilitates the consolidation of autonomic affective responses. Declarative memory consolidation may not have greater dependence on intact SWS relative to intact REMS., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 Halonen et al.)

Background: Sleep and circadian rhythm problems intertwine with affective disorders. Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to developing sleep and affective problems. Yet, the temporal pathways between circadian rhythm, depression and anxiety in the transition phase from adolescence to early adulthood are not fully understood., Methods: 233 adolescents (76 % females) participated at two time points (T1 and T2) at an interval of 19-months (aged 16.8 and 18.4 years). We used The Beck Depression Inventory-II, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment, GENEActiv actigraphy across 8 days (delayed sleep phase (DSP), sleep duration, midpoint, and regularity), and iButton 1922L thermologgers across 3 days (intrinsic circadian period length, amplitude, and mesor)., Results: A shorter sleep duration at T1 associated with an increase in affective problems at T2, and affective problems at T1 associated with an increase in sleep irregularity at T2. A longer circadian period at T1 associated with an increase in males' affective problems at T2. Moderate to severe depression and anxiety at T1 associated with a 2.69-fold risk (95 % CI 1.38-5.26, p = 0.004) and 2.11-fold risk (95 % CI 1.04-4.25, p = 0.038) of poor sleep quality at T2. Moderate to severe generalized anxiety associated with a 3.17-fold risk (95 % CI 1.35-7.41, p = 0.008) of DSP at T2., Limitations: The follow-up period is short., Conclusions: The results revealed bidirectional temporal links between sleep and affective problems. Novel observations include a heightened risk of future DSP following a current anxiety disorder and a heightened risk of affective problems following a longer circadian period measured from the 24-hour temperature variation in males., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Evidence of the impact of chronic stress on sleep is abundant, yet experimental sleep studies with a focus on acute stress are scarce and the results are mixed. Our study aimed to fill this gap by experimentally investigating the effects of pre-sleep social stress on sleep dynamics during the subsequent night, as measured with polysomnography (PSG)., Methods: Thirty-four healthy individuals (65% females, M age  = 25.76 years SD = 3.35) underwent a stress-inducing (SC) or neutral control condition (CC) in virtual reality (VR). We used overnight EEG measurements to analyze the basic sleep parameters and power spectral density (PSD) across the sleep cycles, and measured heart rate and its variability (HRV), skin electrodermal activity (EDA), and salivary cortisol to capture physiological arousal during the VR task and the pre-sleep period., Results: Following acute stress (SC), the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) was higher and N2 sleep lower relative to CC, specifically in the first sleep cycle. In SC, PSD was elevated in the beta-low (16-24 Hz) and beta-high (25-35 Hz) frequency ranges during both stages N2 and SWS over the entire night., Conclusions: Sleep promoted adaptation to acute social stress by a longer duration of SWS in the subsequent sleep period, especially in early sleep. A similar homeostatic effect towards restorative sleep is well-evidenced in animal model stress studies but has not been previously reported in experimental human studies. Whether the high-frequency PSD activity during stages N2 and SWS also serves in the resolution of transient stress, remains open., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Thomas Wolbers reports a relationship with neomento GmbH that includes: equity or stocks. Philipp Stepnicka reports a relationship with neomento GmbH that includes: equity or stocks. T.W. and P.S. are stakeholders of neomento GmbH, that develops and sells virtual reality -based psychotherapy applications. They were not involved in data collection, analysis or interpretation of the results at any stage of the study. Their relationship regarding the study is limited to methodology and revision of the final manuscript., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Sleep is especially important for emotional memories, although the mechanisms for prioritizing emotional content are insufficiently known. As during waking, emotional processing during sleep may be hemispherically asymmetric; right-lateralized rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep theta (~4-7 Hz) is reportedly associated with emotional memory retention. No research exists on lateralized non-REM sleep oscillations. However, sleep spindles, especially when coupled with slow oscillations (SOs), facilitate off-line memory consolidation.Our primary goal was to examine how the lateralization (right-to-left contrast) of REM theta, sleep spindles, and SO-spindle coupling is associated with overnight recognition memory in a task consisting of neutral and emotionally aversive pictures. Thirty-two healthy adults encoded 150 target pictures before overnight sleep. The recognition of target pictures among foils (discriminability, d') was tested immediately, 12 hours, and 24 hours after encoding.Recognition discriminability between targets and foils was similar for neutral and emotional pictures in immediate and 12-h retrievals. After 24 hours, emotional pictures were less accurately discriminated (p < 0.001). Emotional difference at 24-h retrieval was associated with right-to-left contrast in frontal fast spindle density (p < 0.001). The lateralization of SO-spindle coupling was associated with higher neutral versus emotional difference across all retrievals (p = 0.004).Our findings contribute to a largely unstudied area in sleep-related memory research. Hemispheric asymmetry in non-REM sleep oscillations may contribute to how neutral versus emotional information is processed. This is presumably underlain by both mechanistic offline memory consolidation and a trait-like cognitive/affective bias that influences memory encoding and retrieval. Methodological choices and participants' affective traits are likely involved., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

The natural world is under unprecedented and accelerating pressure. Much work on understanding resilience to local and global environmental change has, so far, focussed on ecosystems. However, understanding a system's behaviour requires knowledge of its component parts and their interactions. Here we call for increased efforts to understand 'biological resilience', or the processes that enable components across biological levels, from genes to communities, to resist or recover from perturbations. Although ecologists and evolutionary biologists have the tool-boxes to examine form and function, efforts to integrate this knowledge across biological levels and take advantage of big data (e.g. ecological and genomic) are only just beginning. We argue that combining eco-evolutionary knowledge with ecosystem-level concepts of resilience will provide the mechanistic basis necessary to improve management of human, natural and agricultural ecosystems, and outline some of the challenges in achieving an understanding of biological resilience., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Circadian rhythms relate to multiple aspects of health and wellbeing, including physical activity patterns. Susceptible circadian regulation predisposes to circadian misalignment, poor sleep, sleep deprivation, increased sleepiness, and thereby sedentary behavior. Adolescents' circadian regulation is particularly vulnerable, and may lead to sedentary behavior. To investigate which factors associate strongest between physical activity (PA) and circadian behavior, we conducted multimodal circadian rhythm analyses. We investigate how individual characteristics of habitual circadian patterns associate with objectively measured PA. We studied 312 adolescents [70% females) (56% with delayed sleep phase (DSP)], mean age 16.9 years. Circadian period length, temperature mesor (estimated 24 h midline) and amplitude (difference between mesor and peak) were measured using distally attached thermologgers (ibutton 1922L, 3-day-measurement). We additionally utilized algorithm-formed clusters of circadian rhythmicity. Sleep duration, timing, DSP, and PA were measured using actigraphs (GeneActiv Original, 10-day-measurement). We found that continuous circadian period length was not associated with PA, but lower mesor and higher amplitude were consistently associated with higher levels of PA as indicated by mean Metabolic Equivalent (MET mean ) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), even when controlling for sleep duration. Separate circadian clusters formed by an algorithm also reflected distinct patterns of PA accordingly. Late sleepers and those with DSP were less likely to engage in MVPA compared to non-DSP and had more sedentary behavior. Adolescents who engage in higher levels or high-intensity PA have better circadian regulation, as measured by different objective methods including distal temperature measurements as well as actigraphy-measured sleep-wake behavior., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kuula, Lipsanen, Partonen, Kauramäki, Halonen and Pesonen.)

During sleep, memories are consolidated via oscillatory events that occur in temporal and phasic synchrony. Several studies show that sleep spindles peaking close to the depolarized positive peaks of slow oscillations (SO) associate with better retention of memories. The exact timing of this synchrony presumably depends on the properties of the related neural network that, in turn, is affected by certain genetic variants associated with brain development and function. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met are repeatedly reported to implicate the structure and function of prefrontal and hippocampal areas as well as molecular events promoting synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examined with a community-based sample of 153 adolescents (~17 years) whether these variants (1) affected the coupling properties between frontal SOs and spindles and (2) moderated the association between SO-spindle coupling and overnight recognition accuracy. We found SO-upstate-coupled fast (> 13 Hz) sleep spindles to associate with better recognition in the whole sample. Additionally, Val66Met moderated this association such that SO-spindle coupling was predictive of memory outcome only in those homozygous to Val BDNF alleles but not in Met BDNF carriers. Memory outcome was not associated with the SO-coupling properties of slow spindles nor affected by the interaction between Val158Met and coupling measures. Finally, in the whole sample we found that SO-upstate-coupled fast spindles were more strongly associated with the recognition of positive, relative to neutral, pictures. In conclusion, precise coupling of SOs and fast spindles associates with overnight recognition accuracy and this association is moderated by BDNF Val66Met., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: The day-to-next day predictions between physical activity (PA) and sleep are not well known, although they are crucial for advancing public health by delivering valid sleep and physical activity recommendations. We used Big Data to examine cross-lagged time-series of sleep and PA over 14 days and nights., Methods: Bi-directional cross-lagged autoregressive pathways over 153,154 days and nights from 12,638 Polar watch users aged 18-60 years (M = 40.1 SD = 10.1; 44.5% female) were analyzed with cross-lagged panel data modeling (RI-CPL). We tested the effects of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) vs. high intensity PA (vigorous, VPA) on sleep duration and quality, and vice versa., Results: Within-subject results showed that more minutes spent in VPA the previous day was associated with shorter sleep duration the next night, whereas no effect was observed for MVPA. Longer sleep duration the previous night was associated with less MVPA but more VPA the next day. Neither MVPA nor VPA were associated with subsequent night's sleep quality, but better quality of sleep predicted more MVPA and VPA the next day., Conclusions: Sleep duration and PA are bi-directionally linked, but only for vigorous physical activity. More time spent in VPA shortens sleep the next night, yet longer sleep duration increases VPA the next day. The results imply that a 24-h framing for the interrelations of sleep and physical activity is not sufficient - the dynamics can even extend beyond, and are activated specifically for the links between sleep duration and vigorous activity. The results challenge the view that sleep quality can be improved by increasing the amount of PA. Yet, better sleep quality can result in more PA the next day., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: This study explores whether the quality of parent-child interaction is associated with language abilities cross-sectionally and longitudinally up to preschool-age among children with developmental language disorder (DLD)., Method: Participants were 97 monolingual children with DLD and their parents from the Helsinki Longitudinal SLI study, HelSLI (baseline, age in years;months, M = 4;3, SD = 0;10), of which 71 pairs were followed longitudinally (age in years;months, M = 6;6, SD = 0;5). Video recordings from three play sessions were scored for child, parent, and dyadic behavior using Erickson's sensitivity scale protocol and mutually responsive orientation at baseline. Children's expressive and receptive language and language reasoning ability were assessed at baseline, and expressive and receptive language were assessed at follow-up., Results: At baseline, engaged child behavior, parent's supportive guidance, and fluent and attuned dyadic behavior were associated with better receptive language ability, and engaged child behavior and dyadic synchrony were positively associated with language reasoning ability in 3- to 6-year-olds. The child's positive engagement and fluent and attuned dyadic behavior at baseline were associated with better expressive and receptive language abilities at follow-up in 6- to 7-year-olds, respectively., Conclusions: Fluent and attuned dyadic behavior is associated with better receptive language ability in preschool-age children. Parent behavior alone was not associated with language ability. A connected and mutually attuned parent-child relationship could be a protective factor for language development for children with DLD.

We analysed (A) the association of short-term as well as long-term cumulative exposure to natural light, and (B) the association of detailed temporal patterns of natural light exposure history with three indicators of sleep: sleep duration, sleep problems, and diurnal preference. Data (N = 1,962; 55% women; mean age 41.4 years) were from the prospective Young Finns Study, which we linked to daily meteorological data on each participant's neighbourhood natural light exposure using residential postal codes. Sleep outcomes were self-reported in 2011. We first examined associations of the sleep outcomes with cumulative light exposure of 5-year, 2-year, 1-year, and 2-month periods prior to the sleep assessment using linear and Poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders. We then used a data-driven time series approach to detect clusters of participants with different light exposure histories and assessed the associations of these clusters with the sleep outcomes using linear and Poisson regression analyses. A greater cumulative light exposure over ≥1 year was associated with a shorter sleep duration (β = -0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.15 to -0.04), more sleep problems (incident rate ratio [IRR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.0-1.07) and diurnal preference towards eveningness (β = -0.09, 95% CI -0.14 to -0.03). The data-driven exposure pattern of "slowly increasing" light exposure was associated with fewer overall sleep problems (IRR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98) compared to a "recently declining" light exposure group representing the "average-exposure" group. These findings suggest that living in an area with relatively more intense light exposure for a longer period of time influences sleep., (© 2021 European Sleep Research Society.)

Circadian rhythms orchestrate brain function and mental wellbeing. We compared circadian patterns derived from continuous measurements of body temperature, sleep actigraphy and self-reported circadian preference in relation to different psychiatric disorders. 342 adolescents (70% females) aged 17.4y underwent M.I.N.I. psychiatric interviews, wore Ibutton 1922L skin temperature loggers (n = 281; 3 days), completed one-week GeneActiv Original actigraphy measurements (n = 306) and responded to Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ; n = 330). We derived circadian period length and amplitude from the temperature loggers. Actigraphy measures included sleep duration, midpoint, efficiency, and irregularity as well as Delayed Sleep Phase (DSP) characteristics (bedtime after 1 a.m. 3 times/week). M.I.N.I. psychiatric interviews suggested that 36% of participants had one or more psychiatric problem, with 21% suffering from comorbidity. Severe depression was associated with longer circadian period (p = 0.002). Suicidality was associated with later midpoint (p = 0.007) and more irregular sleep (p = 0.007). Those with agoraphobia slept longer (p = 0.013). Manic episodes and psychotic disorders were associated with irregular sleep (p-values <0.02). DSP was related to suicidality (p = 0.026), panic disorder (p = 0.022), and greater comorbidity (p = 0.026). Preference for eveningness was similarly related to higher prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (p = 0.014), social anxiety (p = 0.03), agoraphobia (p = 0.026), panic disorder (p = 0.004), suicidality (p = 0.018), severe depression (p < 0.001), and comorbidity (p < 0.001). Deviations in circadian rhythms were widely associated with psychiatric problems, whereas sleep duration was not. Especially suicidality linked with several markers of circadian disruption: later sleep midpoint, irregular sleep, and DSP characteristics. Longer circadian period length was associated with severe depression., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

The neurophysiological properties of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) are believed to tune down stressor-related emotional responses. While prior experimental findings are controversial, evidence suggests that affective habituation is hindered if REMS is fragmented. To elucidate the topic, we evoked self-conscious negative affect in the participants ( N = 32) by exposing them to their own out-of-tune singing in the evening. Affective response to the stressor was measured with skin conductance response and subjectively reported embarrassment. To address possible inter-individual variance toward the stressor, we measured the shame-proneness of participants with an established questionnaire. The stressor was paired with a sound cue to pilot a targeted memory reactivation (TMR) protocol during the subsequent night's sleep. The sample was divided into three conditions: control (no TMR), TMR during slow-wave sleep, and TMR during REMS. We found that pre- to post-sleep change in affective response was not influenced by TMR. However, REMS percentage was associated negatively with overnight skin conductance response habituation, especially in those individuals whose REMS was fragmented. Moreover, shame-proneness interacted with REM fragmentation such that the higher the shame-proneness, the more the affective habituation was dependent on non-fragmented REMS. In summary, the potential of REMS in affective processing may depend on the quality of REMS as well as on individual vulnerability toward the stressor type., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Halonen, Kuula, Makkonen, Kauramäki and Pesonen.)

Professional and colloquial sleep hygiene guidelines advise against evening physical activity, despite meta-analyses of laboratory studies concluding that evening exercise does not impair sleep. This study is the first to investigate the association between objectively measured evening physical activity and sleep within a real-world big-data sample. A total of 153,154 nights from 12,638 individuals aged 18-60 years ( M = 40.1 SD = 10.1; 44.5% female) were analyzed. Nighttime sleep and minutes of physical activity were assessed using Polar wearable devices for 14 consecutive days. Thirty minutes or more of moderate-to-near maximal physical activity during the 3 h before sleep onset were recorded in 12.4% of evenings, and were more frequent on weekdays than weekends (13.3 vs. 10.2% respectively, p < 0.001). Linear mixed modeling revealed that sleep efficiency was not significantly associated with evening physical activity, and that sleep duration was 3.4 min longer on average on nights following evenings in which participants engaged in 30 min or more of moderate-intense physical activity. Effects were found for sleep timing metrics, as evening physical activity was linked with earlier sleep onset and offset times (-13.7 and -9.3 min, respectively). Overall, these effects were greater- but still very small- on weekdays compared to weekends. The present study provides further evidence for the lack of meaningful links between sleep duration or quality and physical activity in the hours preceding sleep. Taken together with recent meta-analytic findings, these findings suggest that changes in public health recommendations are warranted regarding evening physical activity and its relation to sleep., Competing Interests: TK, LL, and KM were employees of Polar at the time of data collection and analysis. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Kahn, Korhonen, Leinonen, Martinmaki, Kuula, Pesonen and Gradisar.)

How sleep regulates physiological stress in healthy individuals is not well understood. We explored the associations between naturally occurring pre-sleep physiological arousal and EEG power spectral density together with rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) continuity. One hundred and fifty-four individuals (mean age 16.9, SD 0.1 years) collected five samples of saliva between the evening (mean time 18:20) and bedtime (mean 23:00) by using swabs, and underwent an overnight in-home polysomnography. We calculated spectral density for REMS and non-rapid eye movement sleep (non-REMS), and the number and duration of REMS arousals (<15 s) during sleep. An observational design allowed for measurement of natural variation in physiological and sleep arousal. Increasing cortisol levels toward bedtime were associated with higher EEG power spectral density at all frequency ranges in frontal locations, the highest association being for the beta1 frequency band. In central locations, the associations were pronounced for beta1 and beta2 bands. Higher overall cortisol levels in the evening were associated with less fragmented REMS. Presleep arousal was not associated with sleep staging. Physiological arousal toward bedtime was associated with EEG power spectral density values during sleep specifically at high EEG frequencies. This may represent a compensatory mechanism that serves as an adaptation to stress, since the REMS was more continuous along a higher physiological arousal level in the evening. Although causality cannot be inferred, a design with nonmanipulated physiological stress followed by naturally timed sleep at home provides new insights into stress regulation homeostasis.

Accumulating evidence emphasizes the relevance of oscillatory synchrony in memory consolidation during sleep. Sleep spindles promote memory retention, especially when occurring in the depolarized upstate of slow oscillation (SO). A less studied topic is the inter-spindle synchrony, i.e. the temporal overlap and phasic coherence between spindles perceived in different electroencephalography channels. In this study, we examined how synchrony between SOs and spindles, as well as between simultaneous spindles, is associated with the retention of novel verbal metaphors. Moreover, we combined the encoding of the metaphors with respiratory phase (inhalation/exhalation) with the aim of modulating the strength of memorized items, as previous studies have shown that inhalation entrains neural activity, thereby benefiting memory in a waking condition. In the current study, 27 young adults underwent a two-night mixed-design study with a 12-h delayed memory task during both sleep and waking conditions. As expected, we found better retention over the delay containing sleep, and this outcome was strongly associated with the timing of SO-spindle coupling. However, no associations were observed regarding inter-spindle synchrony or respiratory phase. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of SO-spindle coupling for memory. In contrast, the observed lack of association with inter-spindle synchrony may emphasize the local nature of spindle-related plasticity., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Halonen, Kuula, Antila and Pesonen.)

The individual variation in the circadian rhythms at the physiological level is not well understood. Albeit self-reported circadian preference profiles have been consolidated, their premises are grounded on human experience, not on physiology. We used data-driven, unsupervised time series modelling to characterize distinct profiles of the circadian rhythm measured from skin surface temperature in free-living conditions. We demonstrate the existence of three distinct clusters of individuals which differed in their circadian temperature profiles. The cluster with the highest temperature amplitude and the lowest midline estimating statistic of rhythm, or rhythm-adjusted mean, had the most regular and early-timed sleep-wake rhythm, and was the least probable for those with a concurrent delayed sleep phase, or eveningness chronotype. While the clusters associated with the observed sleep and circadian preference patterns, the entirely unsupervised modelling of physiological data provides a novel basis for modelling and understanding the human circadian functions in free-living conditions., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Objective: Associations of eveningness with health hazards benefit from analyzing to what extent the polygenic score for morningness correlates with the assessments of the behavioral trait of morningness-eveningness and chronotype., Methods: With a population-based sample of 17,243 Finnish adults, aged 25-74 years, this study examines the associations of four feasible assessment methods of chronotype, a) biological the genetic liability based on the polygenic score for morningness (PGS morn ), b) the widely-used single item for self-assessed morningness/eveningness (MEQ i19 ) of the original Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), c) the behavioral trait of morningness-eveningness as assessed with the score on the shortened version (sMEQ) of the original MEQ, and d) the phase of entrainment as assessed with the habitual midpoint of sleep based on the self-reported sleep-wake schedule during weekend (Sleep mid-wknd ) as well as the sleep debt corrected midpoint of sleep (Sleep mid-corr )., Results: All self-report measures correlated with each other, but very weakly with the PGS morn , which explained 1-2% of the variation in diurnal preference or habitual sleep-wake schedule. The influence of age was greater on Sleep mid-wknd and Sleep mid-corr than on the sMEQ or MEQ i19 , indicating that the diurnal preference might be a more stable indicator for morningness-eveningness than the sleep-wake schedule. Analyses of the discrepancies between sMEQ and MEQ i19 indicated that eveningness can be over-estimated when relying on only the single-item self-assessment., Conclusions: The current polygenic score for morningness explains only a small proportion of the variation in diurnal preference or habitual sleep-wake schedule. The molecular genetic basis for morningness-eveningness needs further elucidation., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Polysomnography (PSG) is considered the only reliable way to distinguish between different sleep stages. Wearable devices provide objective markers of sleep; however, these devices often rely only on accelerometer data, which do not enable reliable sleep stage detection. The alteration between sleep stages correlates with changes in physiological measures such as heart rate variability (HRV). Utilizing HRV measures may thus increase accuracy in wearable algorithms., Objective: We examined the validity of the Firstbeat sleep analysis method, which is based on HRV and accelerometer measurements. The Firstbeat method was compared against PSG in a sample of healthy adults. Our aim was to evaluate how well Firstbeat distinguishes sleep stages, and which stages are most accurately detected with this method., Methods: Twenty healthy adults (mean age 24.5 years, SD 3.5, range 20-37 years; 50% women) wore a Firstbeat Bodyguard 2 measurement device and a Geneactiv actigraph, along with taking ambulatory SomnoMedics PSG measurements for two consecutive nights, resulting in 40 nights of sleep comparisons. We compared the measures of sleep onset, wake, combined stage 1 and stage 2 (light sleep), stage 3 (slow wave sleep), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep between Firstbeat and PSG. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy from the 30-second epoch-by-epoch data., Results: In detecting wake, Firstbeat yielded good specificity (0.77), and excellent sensitivity (0.95) and accuracy (0.93) against PSG. Light sleep was detected with 0.69 specificity, 0.67 sensitivity, and 0.69 accuracy. Slow wave sleep was detected with 0.91 specificity, 0.72 sensitivity, and 0.87 accuracy. REM sleep was detected with 0.92 specificity, 0.60 sensitivity, and 0.84 accuracy. There were two measures that differed significantly between Firstbeat and PSG: Firstbeat underestimated REM sleep (mean 18 minutes, P=.03) and overestimated wake time (mean 14 minutes, P<.001)., Conclusions: This study supports utilizing HRV alongside an accelerometer as a means for distinguishing sleep from wake and for identifying sleep stages. The Firstbeat method was able to detect light sleep and slow wave sleep with no statistically significant difference to PSG. Firstbeat underestimated REM sleep and overestimated wake time. This study suggests that Firstbeat is a feasible method with sufficient validity to measure nocturnal sleep stage variation., (©Liisa Kuula, Anu-Katriina Pesonen. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 03.02.2021.)

Background: Depression even at the subclinical level is often accompanied by sleep disturbances, but little is known about the dynamics of the sleep stages in relation to depressive symptoms. We examined whether the amount, associations, and transition probabilities of various sleep stages were associated with depressive symptoms in a community sample of adolescents., Methods: The participants (N = 172, 59% girls, mean age 16.9 years) underwent overnight polysomnography and provided data on depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II). The association between depression status and total duration of each stage type was analyzed using ANOVA and survival analyses. The associations between the number of different sleep stage types were analyzed using graphical Gaussian models, mixed graphical models, and relative importance networks. A Markov chain algorithm was used to estimate the transition probabilities between each state and these probabilities were further compared between depression status groups., Results: The associations between N1 and N3 were significantly stronger in both directions of the association (p-values for interactions 0.012 and 0.006) in those with more depressive symptoms. Similarly, a stronger association was observed from N1 to wake stage in those with more depressive symptoms (p-value for interaction 0.002). In those with more depressive symptoms, it was more likely to transition from N2 to N3 and from REM to N2 compared to others., Conclusions: These findings indicate that changes in sleep architecture are not limited to clinical depression and that the transitional dynamics of sleep stages are an important marker of subclinical depression.

A wealth of studies supports the role of sleep in memory performance. Experimentally controlled studies indicate that prolonged wake after memory encoding is detrimental for memory outcome whereas sleep protects from wake-time interference and promotes memory consolidation. We examined how the natural distribution of wake and sleep between encoding and retrieval associated with overnight picture recognition accuracy among 161 adolescents following their typical sleep schedule with an in-home polysomnography. The memorized pictures varied in their level of arousal (calm to exciting) and valence (negative to positive). Suspecting genotypic influence on the sensitivity for sleep/wake dynamics, we also assessed if these associations were affected by known gene polymorphisms involved in neural plasticity and sleep homeostasis: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met and Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met. In the whole sample, overnight recognition accuracy was associated with the levels of arousal and valence of the pictures, but not with sleep percentage (i.e. the percentage of time spent asleep between memory encoding and retrieval). While the allelic status of BDNF or COMT did not have any main effect on recognition accuracy, a significant moderation by BDNF Val66Met was found (p = .004): the subgroup homozygous for valine allele showed positive association between sleep percentage and recognition accuracy. This was underlain by detrimental influence of wake, rather than by any memory benefit of sleep. Our results complement the mounting evidence that the relation between sleep and memory performance is moderated by BDNF Val66Met. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific mechanisms., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Very late sleep rhythms are risks for social adjustment problems in adolescence. Using ecological momentary assessment data, we quantified and visualized temporal and contemporaneous within-persons dynamical relations of sleepiness and emotions in adolescents with and without late sleep rhythms., Methods: We analyzed a temporal network via multilevel vector autoregression (mlVAR) modeling and a contemporaneous network through the partial associations between the residuals of temporal and the between-subject multilevel models. We tested whether these networks were different between those with a late circadian rhythm [concurrent delayed sleep phase (DSP) N = 172, 37% boys, 63% girls] and those without (N = 143, 22% boys, 78% girls)., Results: In adolescents without DSP, the temporal networks showed continuity only for low mood from the previous to the following time point. In adolescents with DSP, there were more predictable patterns of emotions. Feelings of depression led to a decrease of positive emotions and increase of irritation and anxiety. The contemporaneous networks showed clusters of positive and negative emotions in both groups and sleepiness decreased the experience of positive emotions concurrently., Limitations: DSP in our current study was based only on one out of three diagnostic criteria of the full disorder (DSM-5) and it was assessed only once., Conclusions: These findings indicate that the dynamic organization of emotions and sleepiness is different in adolescents with and without DSP. DSP adolescents have more predictable and maladaptive emotional patterns during the day. Results provide new insight about why individuals with DSP are at a heightened risk for decreased emotional adjustment., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We used crowdsourcing (CS) to examine how COVID-19 lockdown affects the content of dreams and nightmares. The CS took place on the sixth week of the lockdown. Over the course of 1 week, 4,275 respondents (mean age 43, SD = 14 years) assessed their sleep, and 811 reported their dream content. Overall, respondents slept substantially more (54.2%) but reported an average increase of awakenings (28.6%) and nightmares (26%) from the pre-pandemic situation. We transcribed the content of the dreams into word lists and performed unsupervised computational network and cluster analysis of word associations, which suggested 33 dream clusters including 20 bad dream clusters, of which 55% were pandemic-specific (e.g., Disease Management, Disregard of Distancing, Elderly in Trouble). The dream-association networks were more accentuated for those who reported an increase in perceived stress. This CS survey on dream-association networks and pandemic stress introduces novel, collectively shared COVID-19 bad dream contents., (Copyright © 2020 Pesonen, Lipsanen, Halonen, Elovainio, Sandman, Mäkelä, Antila, Béchard, Ollila and Kuula.)

Objective: Adolescence is often associated with decline in physical activity (PA) and a circadian shift towards eveningness, but it is not known whether these transitions are intertwined. We explored longitudinally and in cross-section how chronotype and genetic liability for morningness associate with PA as self-reported and measured by actigraphy in early and late adolescence., Methods: Our sample comes from a longitudinal Finnish community-cohort born in 1998 with information on actigraph-based PA and objectively measured sleep-wake rhythm based on midpoint of sleep at ages 12 (N = 353, girls = 187) and 17 (N = 171, girls = 98). Information on self-reported circadian preference and subjective PA was available at age 17. The summarized genetic effects of multiple single nucleotide polymorphism for morningness was assessed by calculating polygenic score (PGS) based on the results on a recent genome-wide association study (GWAS)., Results: PA declined by 40% (p < 0.0001) in boys and by 32% in girls (p < 0.0001) from age 12 to 17. Later midpoint of sleep correlated significantly with lower level of general, light and moderate to vigorous PA only at age 12 (all p < 0.05) but not at age 17 (all p ≥ 0.36). However, those with circadian preference more towards eveningness at age 17 had more sedentary behavior (p < 0.01) and a lower level of general (p = 0.01), light (p < 0.01) and moderate to vigorous PA (p < 0.05). They also had poorer subjective assessment of their fitness level (p < 0.01) and they exercised less (all p ≤ 0.05). The decline in objectively measured PA and increase in sedentary behavior from age 12 to 17 was emphasized among those with circadian preference towards eveningness (p < 0.05). PGS for morningness was not significantly associated with PA in adolescence (all p ≥ 0.13)., Conclusions: Findings of this study highlighted the influence of circadian preference on physical activity behavior in adolescence. Self-assessed circadian preference towards eveningness associated with lower PA and greater decline of it during adolescence. Furthermore, PA declined significantly especially among boys from early to late adolescence. Interventions encouraging physical activity should target specifically evening-oriented adolescents., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Knowledge on efficient ways to reduce presleep arousal and, therefore, improve sleep, is scanty. We explored the effects of presleep slow breathing and music listening conditions on sleep quality and EEG power spectral density in young adults in a randomized, controlled trial with a crossover design. Participants' (N = 20, 50% females) sleep was measured on two consecutive nights with polysomnography (40 nights), the other night serving as the control condition. The intervention condition was either a 30-minute slow breathing exercise or music listening (music by Max Richter: Sleep). The intervention and control conditions were placed in a random order. We measured heart rate variability prior to, during and after the intervention condition, and found that both interventions increased immediate heart rate variability. Music listening resulted in decreased N2 sleep, increased frontal beta1 power spectral density, and a trend towards increased N3 sleep was detected. In the slow breathing condition higher central delta power during N3 was observed. While some indices pointed to improved sleep quality in both intervention groups, neither condition had robust effects on sleep quality. These explorative findings warrant further replication in different populations.

Objective: Early-stage romantic involvement may resemble hypomania in its manifestation on behavioral, physiological, and psychological levels. Previous research suggests that self-reported sleep duration may diminish as a result of falling in love during adolescence. We investigated how feelings of infatuation are related to subjective and objective measures of sleep duration, quality, and timing., Methods: 1374 adolescents (66% girls; mean age: 16.9, SD=0.6 years) selected from the population register responded to online questionnaires regarding romantic love, mental well-being, and sleep behavior. A subsample (n=309) underwent a week-long actigraphy measurement (GENEActiv Original). We compared the sleep duration, quality, and timing of those who reported being in the early stages of love to those who were not., Results: 11% of all participants reported being in the early stages of romantic love. Those girls and boys who were in love had higher scores of depression and anxiety than others. Girls who were in love reported poorer sleep quality, later sleep timing, and shorter sleep duration both on weekdays (mean difference: 32 minutes, p≤0.001) and at weekends (15 minutes, p=0.037) than those who were not in love. Actigraphy measurements were similar (sleep duration mean difference: 27 minutes, p=0.04)., Conclusions: We conclude that romantic love is one further cause for short or poor quality sleep in girls and may relate to symptoms of depression and anxiety in both sexes. However, feelings of infatuation contain important developmental lessons., (Copyright © 2020 National Sleep Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations that contribute to sleep maintenance and sleep-related brain plasticity. The current study is an explorative study of the circadian dynamics of sleep spindles in relation to a polygenic score (PGS) for circadian preference towards morningness. The participants represent the 17-year follow-up of a birth cohort having both genome-wide data and an ambulatory sleep electroencephalography measurement available ( N = 154, Mean age = 16.9, SD = 0.1 years, 57% girls). Based on a recent genome-wide association study, we calculated a PGS for circadian preference towards morningness across the whole genome, including 354 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Stage 2 slow (9-12.5 Hz, N = 186 739) and fast (12.5-16 Hz, N = 135 504) sleep spindles were detected using an automated algorithm with individual time tags and amplitudes for each spindle. There was a significant interaction of PGS for morningness and timing of sleep spindles across the night. These growth curve models showed a curvilinear trajectory of spindle amplitudes: those with a higher PGS for morningness showed higher slow spindle amplitudes in frontal derivations, and a faster dissipation of spindle amplitude in central derivations. Overall, the findings provide new evidence on how individual sleep spindle trajectories are influenced by genetic factors associated with circadian type. The finding may lead to new hypotheses on the associations previously observed between circadian types, psychiatric problems and spindle activity., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.)

Background: Synthetic glucocorticoids, to enhance fetal maturation, are a standard treatment when preterm birth before 34 gestational weeks is imminent. While morbidity- and mortality-related benefits may outweigh potential neurodevelopmental harms in children born preterm (<37 gestational weeks), this may not hold true when pregnancy continues to term (⩾37 gestational weeks). We studied the association of antenatal betamethasone exposure on child mental health in preterm and term children., Methods: We included 4708 women and their children, born 2006-2010, from the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction Study with information on both antenatal betamethasone treatment and child mental and behavioral disorders from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register from the child's birth to 31 December 2016. Additional follow-up data on mother-reported psychiatric problems and developmental milestones were available for 2640 children at 3.5 (s.d. = 0.07) years-of-age., Results: Of the children, 187 were born preterm (61 betamethasone-exposed) and 4521 at term (56 betamethasone-exposed). The prevalence of any mental and behavioral, psychological development, emotional and behavioral, and comorbid disorders was higher in the betamethasone-exposed, compared to non-exposed children [odds ratio 2.76 (95% confidence interval 1.76-4.32), 3.61 (2.19-5.95), 3.29 (1.86-5.82), and 6.04 (3.25-11.27), respectively]. Levels of psychiatric problems and prevalence of failure to meet the age-appropriate development in personal-social skills were also higher in mother-reports of betamethasone-exposed children. These associations did not vary significantly between preterm and term children., Conclusions: Antenatal betamethasone exposure may be associated with mental health problems in children born preterm and in those who end up being born at term.

A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, Val66Met, has been reported to impair BDNF secretion and memory function. However, few studies have investigated the interaction of BDNF genotype and sleep characteristics, such as sleep spindles, that promote long-term potentiation during sleep. In this study we compared overnight visual memory between the carriers of BDNF Met and non-carriers (Val homozygotes), and examined how sleep spindle density associated with memory performance. The sample constituted of 151 adolescents (mean age 16.9 years; 69% Val homozygotes, 31% Met carriers). The learning task contained high and low arousal pictures from Interactive Affective Picture System. The learning task and all-night polysomnography were conducted at the homes of the adolescents. Slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) spindles were detected with automated algorithm. Neither post-sleep recognition accuracy nor spindle density differed between Val homozygotes and Met carriers. While frontal slow and fast spindle densities associated with better recognition accuracy in the entire sample, examining the allelic groups separately indicated paralleling associations in Val homozygotes only. Interaction analyses revealed a significant genotype-moderated difference in the associations between frontal fast sleep spindles and high arousal pictures. In sum, sleep spindles promote or indicate visual learning in Val homozygote adolescents but not in Met carriers. The result suggests that the role of sleep spindles in visual recognition memory is not equal across individuals but moderated by a common gene variant., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Development induces changes in sleep, and its duration has been reported to change as a function of aging. Additionally, sleep timing is a marker of pubertal maturation, where during adolescence, the circadian rhythm shifts later. Typically, this is manifested in a later sleep onset in the evening and later awakening in the morning. These changes across development seem to be universal around the world but are unlikely to persist into adulthood., Methods: This study utilized accelerometer data from 17,355 participants aged 16-30 years (56% female) measured by validated Polar wearables over a 14-day period. We compared sleep duration, chronotype (sleep midpoint) and weekend catch-up (ie, social jetlag) sleep across ages and regions over 242,948 nights., Results: The data indicate a decline in sleep duration as well as a dramatic shift in sleep onset times throughout adolescence. This continues well into early adulthood and stabilizes nearer age 30. Differences in sleep duration across ages were significant, and ranged from 7:53 h at age 16 to 7:29 h at age 30 in the sample. Additionally, there was a clear difference between females and males throughout adolescence and young adulthood: girls had longer sleep duration and earlier timed sleep in the current study. Differences in sleep were found between regions across the world, and across European areas., Conclusions: Both sleep duration and sleep timing go through a clear developmental pattern, particularly in early adulthood. Females had an earlier sleep midpoint and obtained more sleep. Regional differences in sleep occurred across the world., (Crown Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The prevalence of sleep problems among pregnant women is over 50%, and daytime sleepiness is among the most common sleep problems. Previous studies have associated antenatal sleep problems with adverse maternal health and neonatal outcomes, but the consequences of antenatal sleep problems and particularly daytime sleepiness on child psychological development have not been assessed prospectively., Methods: In this prospective cohort study including 111 mother-child dyads, we examined the associations of maternal daytime sleepiness during pregnancy, assessed at 17 and 28 weeks of gestation using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, with child neuropsychiatric problems and neuropsychological development, assessed with mother-rated questionnaires and individually administered neuropsychological tests, at child age 2.6-5.7 years (mean = 4.3 years)., Results: Independently of sociodemographic and perinatal covariates and maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during and/or after pregnancy, maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness was associated with increased total [unstandardized regression coefficient (B) = 0.25 standard deviation (s.d.) units; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.01-0.48] and internalizing (B = 0.25 s.d.s: 95% CI 0.01-0.49) psychiatric problems and ADHD symptoms (B = 0.27 s.d.s: 95% CI 0.04-0.50) in children, and with poorer executive function, particularly in the areas of attention, working memory and inhibitory control (B = -0.39 s.d.s: 95% CI -0.69 to -0.10)., Conclusions: Maternal antenatal daytime sleepiness carries adverse consequences for offspring psychological development. The assessment of sleep problems may be an important addition to standard antenatal care.

Objective: To determine whether the main reason for bedtime is associated with sleep and adaptive functioning in adolescents., Methods: Participants were 1374 adolescents (X age = 16.8 years, SD = 0.58; 33.6% male) from Helsinki, Finland. Adolescents completed a questionnaire battery including the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, and items drawn from the School Sleep Habits Survey, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index., Results: On school nights, adolescents whose parents set their bedtime, and those who went to bed when they were tired went to bed earlier, obtained more sleep and had earlier midpoint of sleep than adolescents who went to bed when they have finished messaging/socializing or when their television show had finished. Adolescents who went to bed when they had finished their homework had sleep that fell in between these groups. On weekends, adolescents whose parents set their bedtime went to bed earlier and had an earlier midpoint of sleep. However, there were no differences between groups in terms of sleep duration once the need to rise for school in the morning was removed. Adolescents who went to bed on school nights when they were tired or once their homework was finished had better adaptive functioning., Conclusions: These results provide support for two very different approaches to help optimize the sleep of adolescents: either by implementing parental regulation of bedtimes across adolescence, or by encouraging adolescents to use their bodily cues to indicate when it is time for bed, rather than relying on an external cue., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Whether infant regulatory behavior problems already in the first month of life indicate an increased risk of childhood neurobehavioral problems, and whether maternal depression in the postpartum and early childhood underpins these associations remain unclear. Altogether, 2049-2364 mothers from the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (PREDO) study completed the Neonatal Perception Inventory on regulatory behavior problems at the infant's age of 15.6 days (SD 3.2, range 1-30), the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised on temperament at 6.5 months (SD 0.9, range 4.2-12.4), and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 on developmental milestones and the Child Behavior Checklist on behavioral problems at 3.5 years (SD 0.7, range 1.9-6.0). Maternal depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (infancy follow-ups) and Beck Depression Inventory-II (childhood follow-up). Father-rated infant temperament and paternal depressive symptoms were also available (n = 1474). Higher levels of infant regulatory behavior problems predicted higher levels of mother- and father-rated negative affectivity temperament (0.13 SD units per SD unit, 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.17; and 0.09, 0.04-0.14, respectively), lower levels of mother-rated orienting/regulation temperament (- 0.09, - 0.13 to - 0.05) and problem-solving skills (- 0.12, - 0.21 to - 0.04), and higher levels of Externalizing (0.07, 0.03-0.11) and Total behavioral problems (0.07, 0.03-0.11). Regulatory behaviors partially mediated the effect of maternal depressive symptoms. Regulatory behavior problems already during the first month of life predict neurobehavioral outcomes, and partially mediate the effect of maternal depressive symptoms. Our study may inform design of interventions aimed at timely prevention in children at risk.

Objective: Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy have been associated with poor offspring sleep. Yet, it remains unknown whether depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy are more harmful to the child than depressive symptoms only during certain time periods in pregnancy, whether associations are specific to pregnancy stage, whether maternal symptomatology after pregnancy mediates or adds to the prenatal effects, and whether any effects are specific to some child sleep characteristics., Methods: A total of 2321 mothers from the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (PREDO) study completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale biweekly between gestational weeks + days 12 + 0/13 + 6 and 38 + 0/39 + 6. At child's mean age of 3.5 (standard deviation = 0.7) years, mothers completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and answered questions on child sleep quantity and quality using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) and sleep disorders using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children., Results: Maternal depressive symptoms showed high stability throughout pregnancy. Children of mothers with clinically significant symptomatology throughout pregnancy had shorter mother-rated sleep duration, longer sleep latency, higher odds for waking up two or more times during the night and for total and several specific sleep disorders. These associations were robust to covariates. However, maternal depressive symptoms at the child follow-up fully mediated the associations with sleep duration and awakenings, partially mediated those with sleep latency and disorders, and added to the effects on sleep disorders., Conclusion: Maternal depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy are associated with mother-rated child sleep quantity, quality, and disorders. Maternal depressive symptoms at child follow-up mediate and add to the prenatal adverse effects on child sleep characteristics., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Study Objectives: Autistic traits present a continuum from mild symptoms to severe disorder and have been associated with a high prevalence of sleep problems. Sleep spindles have a key function in sleep maintenance and in brain plasticity. Previous studies have found decreased spindle activity in clinical autism. Here we examine the associations between the entire range of autistic traits and sleep spindle activity in a nonclinical community cohort of adolescents., Methods: Our cohort is based on 172 adolescents born in 1998 (58.7% girls, mean age = 16.9 years, standard deviation = 0.1), who filled in the adult autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), consisting of total score, and social interaction and attention to details subscales. Participants underwent an ambulatory overnight sleep electroencephalography. Sleep spindles (amplitude, duration, density, and intensity) were automatically detected from stage N2 sleep, and divided to slow and fast spindles., Results: Higher AQ total sum and social interaction sum associated with lower fast spindle amplitude and intensity ( P < .04). No associations were observed for attention to details., Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a higher level of autistic traits in the nonclinical range among generally healthy adolescents associate with similar alterations in sleep spindle activity as observed in many neuropsychiatric conditions, indicating lower sleep-related brain plasticity. This indicates that sleep microstructures form a continuum that follows self-reported symptoms of autism., (© 2019 American Academy of Sleep Medicine.)

Early life stress (ELS) may increase the risk of anxiety throughout the life course. Whether this effect extends to late adulthood is poorly known. In our study comprising 1872 participants from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study born in 1934-1944, we investigated the association of various forms of ELS and their accumulation with self-reported anxiety symptoms at the age of 65-77 years. Data on childhood socioeconomic status and separation from parents were based on national registers for all participants. Information on self-reported emotional and physical trauma, parental divorce, and death of a family member in childhood was obtained from 1277 participants. We found that experiencing emotional trauma, physical trauma, and low socioeconomic status in childhood were associated with increased anxiety symptoms in late adulthood [B = 0.44 (95% CI = 0.31-0.58); B = 0.33 (95% CI = 0.20-0.46); B = 0.10 (95% CI = 0.01-0.19), respectively]. These associations remained significant even after controlling for other forms of ELS. Accumulation of early life stress also increased the levels of late-adulthood anxiety symptoms and the risk of anxiety regarded as clinically significant. Screening for potentially stressful childhood experiences in elderly populations may help identifying individuals with increased anxiety symptoms and planning preventive and therapeutic interventions for those exposed to ELS.

Introduction: Fragmented REM sleep may impede overnight resolution of distress and increase depressive symptoms. Furthermore, both fragmented REM and depressive symptoms may share a common genetic factor. We explored the associations between REM sleep fragmentation, depressive symptoms, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) for depression among adolescents., Methods: About 161 adolescents (mean age 16.9 ± 0.1 years) from a birth cohort underwent a sleep EEG and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II the same day. We calculated PRSes for depressive symptoms with PRSice 1.25 software using weights from a recent genome-wide association study for dimensions of depressive symptoms (negative emotion, lack of positive emotion and somatic complaints). REM fragmentation in relation to entire REM duration was manually calculated from all REM epochs. REM latency and density were derived using SomnoMedics DOMINO software., Results: PRSes for somatic complaints and lack of positive emotions were associated with higher REM fragmentation percent. A higher level of depressive symptoms was associated with increased percent of REM fragmentation and higher REM density, independently of the genetic risks. Belonging to the highest decile in depressive symptoms was associated with a 2.9- and 7.6-fold risk of belonging to the highest tertile in REM fragmentation and density. In addition, higher PRS for somatic complaints had an independent, additive effect on increased REM fragmentation., Limitation: A single night's sleep EEG was measured, thus the night-to-night stability of the REM fragmentation-depressive symptom link is unclear., Conclusion: Depressive symptoms and genetic risk score for somatic complaints are independently associated with more fragmented REM sleep. This offers new insights on the quality of sleep and its relation to adolescents' mood., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Schizophrenia has been associated with disturbed sleep, even before the onset of the disorder, and also in non-schizophrenic first-order relatives. This may point to an underlying genetic influence. Here we examine whether weighted polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia are associated with sleep spindle activity in healthy adolescents. Our sample comes from a community-based cohort of 157 non-schizophrenic adolescents (57% girls) having both genetic data and an overnight sleep EEG measurement available. Based on a recent genome-wide association study, we calculated PRS for schizophrenia across the whole genome. We also calculated PRS for the CACNA1l gene region, which has been associated with both schizophrenia and sleep spindle formation. We performed an overnight sleep EEG at the homes of the participants. Stage two sleep spindles were detected using an automated algorithm. Sleep spindle amplitude, duration, intensity and density were measured separately for central and frontal derivations and for fast (13-16 Hz) and slow (10-13 Hz) spindles. PRS for schizophrenia was associated with higher fast spindle amplitude (p = 0.04), density (p = 0.006) and intensity (p = 0.04) at the central derivation, and PRS in the CACNA1l region associated with higher slow spindle amplitude (p = 0.01), duration (p = 0.03) and intensity (p = 0.002) at the central derivation. A positive association between genetic variants for schizophrenia and sleep spindle activity among healthy adolescents supports a view that sleep spindles and schizophrenia share similar genetic pathways. This study suggests that altered sleep spindle activity might serve as an endophenotype of schizophrenia., (© 2018 European Sleep Research Society.)

Light is necessary for life, and artificial light improves visual performance and safety, but there is an increasing concern of the potential health and environmental impacts of light. Findings from a number of studies suggest that mistimed light exposure disrupts the circadian rhythm in humans, potentially causing further health impacts. However, a variety of methods has been applied in individual experimental studies of light-induced circadian impacts, including definition of light exposure and outcomes. Thus, a systematic review is needed to synthesize the results. In addition, a review of the scientific evidence on the impacts of light on circadian rhythm is needed for developing an evaluation method of light pollution, i.e., the negative impacts of artificial light, in life cycle assessment (LCA). The current LCA practice does not have a method to evaluate the light pollution, neither in terms of human health nor the ecological impacts. The systematic literature survey was conducted by searching for two concepts: light and circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm was searched with additional terms of melatonin and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. The literature search resulted to 128 articles which were subjected to a data collection and analysis. Melatonin secretion was studied in 122 articles and REM sleep in 13 articles. The reports on melatonin secretion were divided into studies with specific light exposure (101 reports), usually in a controlled laboratory environment, and studies of prevailing light conditions typical at home or work environments (21 studies). Studies were generally conducted on adults in their twenties or thirties, but only very few studies experimented on children and elderly adults. Surprisingly many studies were conducted with a small sample size: 39 out of 128 studies were conducted with 10 or less subjects. The quality criteria of studies for more profound synthesis were a minimum sample size of 20 subjects and providing details of the light exposure (spectrum or wavelength; illuminance, irradiance or photon density). This resulted to 13 qualified studies on melatonin and 2 studies on REM sleep. Further analysis of these 15 reports indicated that a two-hour exposure to blue light (460 nm) in the evening suppresses melatonin, the maximum melatonin-suppressing effect being achieved at the shortest wavelengths (424 nm, violet). The melatonin concentration recovered rather rapidly, within 15 min from cessation of the exposure, suggesting a short-term or simultaneous impact of light exposure on the melatonin secretion. Melatonin secretion and suppression were reduced with age, but the light-induced circadian phase advance was not impaired with age. Light exposure in the evening, at night and in the morning affected the circadian phase of melatonin levels. In addition, even the longest wavelengths (631 nm, red) and intermittent light exposures induced circadian resetting responses, and exposure to low light levels (5-10 lux) at night when sleeping with eyes closed induced a circadian response. The review enables further development of an evaluation method of light pollution in LCA regarding the light-induced impacts on human circadian system.

Objective: Diagnosed autism spectrum disorders have been associated with a high prevalence of sleep problems, other psychiatric disorders and social deficits in adolescence. However, little is known about the possible connection between subclinical autistic traits and sleep. This study explored whether adolescents with elevated levels of subclinical autistic traits are at heightened risk for sleep problems., Methods: This study used data from the community cohort born in 1998. The sample consisted of 157 (57% girls) 17-year-old adolescents. Autistic traits were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ). The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale were utilized to control for comorbid psychiatric symptoms. Sleep was measured with actigraphy and sleep quality was self-rated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Associations between autistic traits and sleep were examined using logistic regression analysis., Results: Elevated levels of autistic traits were significantly associated with shorter weekday sleep duration. Moreover, autistic traits remained an independent predictor of short sleep duration when comorbid psychiatric symptoms were controlled for (OR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03-1.26)., Conclusions: The results suggest that subclinical autistic traits should be considered as a possible underlying mechanism affecting adolescent sleep., (Copyright © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Research suggests an association between schizophrenia and a decrease in sleep spindle activity, as well as a change in sleep architecture. It is unknown how the continuum of psychotic symptoms relates to different features in the sleep electroencephalogram. We set out to examine how sleep architecture and stage 2 spindle activity are associated with schizotypy in a healthy adolescent population. The participants in our study (n = 176, 61% girls) came from a community-based cohort. Schizotypal traits were evaluated using the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA) in early adolescence (mean age 12.3 years, SD = 0.5) and the participants underwent ambulatory overnight polysomnography at mean age 16.9 years (SD = 0.1). Sleep was scored in 30-s epochs into stages 1, 2, 3 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Stage 2 spindles were detected using an automated algorithm. Spindle analyses from central and frontal derivations included spindle duration and density for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) ranges. Covariates included sex and age. Those with the highest STA scores had a higher percentage of REM (B = 2.07 [95% CI, 0.17, 4.0]; p = .03) than those with the lowest scores. Those with the highest scores had shorter spindle duration, as derived from the frontal regions, and a slower oscillation range (B = -0.04 [95% CI, -0.07, -0.01]; p = .023) than those with the lowest scores. We conclude that high levels of schizotypy characteristics measured in early adolescence may be associated with distinguished features of sleep architecture, namely with spindle morphology and a higher proportion of REM sleep., (© 2018 European Sleep Research Society.)

Background: Sleep facilitates the extraction of semantic regularities amongst newly encoded memories, which may also lead to increased false memories. We investigated sleep stage proportions and sleep spindles in the recollection of adolescents' false memories, and their potential sex-specific differences., Methods: 196 adolescents (mean age 16.9 y; SD = 0.1, 61% girls) underwent the Deese, Roediger & McDermott (DRM) false memory procedure and overnight polysomnography, with free recall the following morning. Sleep was scored manually into stages 1, 2, 3 and REM. Stage 2 sleep spindle frequency, density, and peak amplitude were used as measures of spindle activity for slow (10-13 Hz) and fast (13-16 Hz) ranges., Results: In girls, a lower number of critical lures was associated with higher spindle frequency (p ≤ 0.01), density (p ≤ 0.01), and amplitude (p = 0.03). Additionally, girls' longer sleep duration was associated with more intrusion words (p = 0.03), but not with critical lures. These associations survived adjustment for age, pubertal status, and intelligence. No significant results emerged in boys., Conclusions: In adolescent girls, higher spindle activity was associated with fewer critical lures being falsely recalled in the DRM paradigm. Unlike studies using adult participants, we did not observe any association between slow-wave sleep and false memory recollection., (Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

ADHD and its subclinical symptoms have been associated with both disturbed sleep and weakened overnight memory consolidation. As sleep spindle activity during NREM sleep plays a key role in both sleep maintenance and memory consolidation, we examined the association between subclinical ADHD symptoms and sleep spindle activity. Furthermore, we hypothesized that sleep spindle activity mediates the effect of ADHD symptoms on overnight learning outcome in a procedural memory task. We studied these questions in a community-based cohort of 170 adolescents (58% girls, mean age = 16.9, SD = 0.1 years), who filled in the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), and underwent an overnight sleep EEG coupled with a mirror tracing task before and after sleep. Elevated ADHD symptoms were associated with weaker fast sleep spindle activity, and poorer overnight learning in the procedural memory test. However, sleep spindles, contrary to the hypothesis, did not mediate the association between ADHD symptoms and overnight learning. Our results showed that a higher level of ADHD symptoms in adolescence is associated with similar alterations in sleep spindle activity as observed in many neuropsychiatric conditions and might contribute to altered synaptic connectivity and sleep fragmentation observed in ADHD., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Introduction: Maternal overweight/obesity and comorbid hypertensive disorders and gestational diabetes associate with neurodevelopmental delay in the offspring in childhood. We hypothesize that these maternal conditions associate also with the offspring regulatory behavior problems and impact on neurodevelopment via the offspring regulatory behavior., Methods: A number of 3117 women of the PREDO Study filled in a questionnaire on regulatory behavior problems at the child's mean age of 16.9 days and 2116 of them a questionnaire on developmental milestones at the child's mean age of 42.2 months. Data on maternal BMI and comorbid disorders come from the Finnish Medical Birth Register., Results: Offspring of overweight/obese mothers in comparison to normal weight mothers had higher levels of regulatory behavior problems and 22% (95% confidence interval 5-42%) higher odds of having problems on multiple domains of behavioral regulation at the mean age of 16.9 days. Offspring regulatory behavior problems partially mediated the association between maternal overweight/obesity and developmental milestones comprising communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, and personal/social domains of development. Comorbid disorders did not associate with offspring regulatory behavior problems., Conclusion: Regulatory behavior problems of the offspring have prenatal origins and partially mediate the effects of maternal overweight/obesity on offspring neurodevelopment.

Background: Previous studies have linked maternal obesity with depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy. It remains unknown whether obesity associates with consistently elevated depressive symptoms throughout pregnancy, predicts symptoms postpartum when accounting for antenatal symptoms, and if co-morbid hypertensive and diabetic disorders add to these associations. We addressed these questions in a sample of Finnish women whom we followed during and after pregnancy., Methods: Early pregnancy body mass index, derived from the Finnish Medical Birth Register and hospital records in 3234 PREDO study participants, was categorized into underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5-24.99 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.99 kg/m2), and obese (⩾30 kg/m2) groups. The women completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale biweekly during pregnancy, and at 2.4 (s.d. = 1.2) and/or 28.2 (s.d. = 4.2) weeks after pregnancy., Results: In comparison to normal weight women, overweight, and obese women reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and had higher odds of clinically significant depressive symptoms during (23% and 43%, respectively) and after pregnancy (22% and 36%, respectively). Underweight women had 68% higher odds of clinically significant depressive symptoms after pregnancy. Overweight and obesity also predicted higher depressive symptoms after pregnancy in women not reporting clinically relevant symptomatology during pregnancy. Hypertensive and diabetic disorders did not explain or add to these associations., Conclusions: Maternal early pregnancy overweight and obesity and depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy are associated. Mental health promotion should be included as an integral part of lifestyle interventions in early pregnancy obesity and extended to benefit also overweight and underweight women.

Objective: Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed new genetic variants behind self-reported individual circadian preference, a distinct biological trait that is fairly stable during adulthood. In this study we analyze whether these genetic variants associate with objectively measured sleep timing from childhood to adolescence, over a nine-year period, with self-reported circadian preference during late adolescence., Methods: The participants (N = 100, 61% girls) came from a community cohort from Finland born in 1998. Sleep midpoint was measured with actigraphy at 8, 12 and 17 years. Circadian preference was self-reported at the age of 17 years. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were extracted at 12 years of age from the Illumina OmniExpress Exome 1.2 bead array data. Weighted polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated based on top SNPs from a recent GWAS for morningness-eveningness in an adult population., Results: The PRS for circadian preference towards morningness was associated with earlier sleep midpoint from childhood to adolescence. When the time points were analyzed separately, the association between genetic tendency towards morning preference and earlier sleep midpoint was strongest among the 17-year-olds. Furthermore, the shift towards later sleep rhythm from early to late adolescence was milder for those with a higher PRS for morning preference. PRS for morning preference was also associated with self-reported circadian preference towards morningness in late adolescence., Conclusion: Our results suggest that genetic variants found for circadian preference in adults are already associated with objective sleep timing during childhood and adolescence, and predict individual developmental sleep trajectories from childhood onwards., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Evidence suggests that early life stress (ELS) may extend its effect into adulthood and predispose an individual to adverse health outcomes. We investigated whether wartime parental separation, an indicator of severe ELS, would be associated with frailty in old age., Methods: Of the 972 participants belonging to the present sub-study of the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study, 117 (12.0%) had been evacuated abroad unaccompanied by their parents in childhood during World War II. Frailty was assessed at a mean age of 71 years according to Fried's criteria., Results: Thirteen frail men (4 separated and 9 non-separated) and 20 frail women (2 separated and 18 non-separated) were identified. Compared to the non-separated men, men who had been separated had an increased relative risk ratio (RRR) of frailty (age-adjusted RRR 3.93, 95% CI 1.02, 15.11) that persisted after adjusting for several confounders. No associations were observed among women (RRR 0.62; 95% CI 0.13, 2.94)., Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that ELS might extend its effects not just into adulthood but also into old age, and secondly, that men may be more vulnerable to the long-term effects of ELS.

Background: Maternal depressive symptoms during and after pregnancy predict poorer child neurodevelopment. The effects of timing, symptom severity, and additive influences remain unclear., Methods: A total of 2,231 mothers of the Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (PREDO) study completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale biweekly up to 14 times during pregnancy and twice up to 12 months after pregnancy. At child's age 1.9-5.7 years, the mothers completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II on their concurrent depressive symptoms and Ages and Stages Questionnaire on child developmental milestones., Results: Higher mean maternal depressive symptoms, each biweekly score, and consistently clinically relevant symptomatology during pregnancy predicted lower total developmental milestones, fine and gross motor, communication, problem solving, and personal/social skills scores in children. Although maternal depressive symptoms up to 12 months after pregnancy and in early childhood also predicted lower developmental milestones scores, developmental milestones scores were the lowest in children whose mothers' depressive symptoms were above the clinical cutoff either only during pregnancy, both during and up to 12 months after pregnancy, or at each three time-points., Conclusion: Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy, in the first year postpartum and in early childhood are associated with poorer child neurodevelopment. Our findings further suggest that antenatal and postpregnancy depression have additive effects on neurodevelopment. Children of mothers with the most chronic and severe depressive symptoms during pregnancy had the most neurodevelopmental disadvantages. Our findings emphasize the adverse effects of maternal depression during and after pregnancy and in early childhood on child neurodevelopment., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background/objectives: Previous studies have shown that the temperament traits are related to risk factors for chronic diseases, which could be partly explained by lifestyle habits. However, little is known whether temperament traits associate with diet. The aim of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between temperament traits and the whole diet., Subjects/methods: We studied 1668 men and women, aged 56-70, from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Temperament was measured using the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Information on diet was collected by a validated 128-item food frequency questionnaire. The associations of temperament traits; novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (P), with diet were tested by linear regression analysis., Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, greater HA was related to poorer diet quality, including lower consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish and several vitamins. RD was associated with healthier diet quality, including higher consumption of vegetables and intake of vitamin E and lower intake of alcohol. NS was significantly related to higher intake of fish, fat and alcohol and lower consumption of cereals, milk products and carbohydrates. No significant associations between P and intake of foods and nutrients were observed., Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is an association between temperament traits and diet. Especially greater HA seems to associate with poorer diet quality and greater RD with healthier diet quality.