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Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) using fungal extracellular filtrate as the source of reducing and capping agent is reported here. The study includes the fabrication of GNPs using a soil fungus CO1 in a very effective way for material synthesis. Morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic studies of the fungus CO1 show that it is similar to the Aspergillus austwickii. Aspergillus austwickii CO1 is reported for the first time for GNPs synthesis in this paper. The characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak for colloidal GNPs was observed at 532 nm. The GNPs remained stable for about 90 days at room temperature. The optimum temperature, pH, and substrate concentration were 100 °C, pH 9, and 1 mM AuCl4− concentration, respectively, to obtain maximum possible stability and monodispersity of synthesized GNPs. The GNPs were characterized using instrumental analysis. Transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the formation of spherical particles of size 14.7 ± 6.9 nm. The kinetics of the GNPs synthesis reaction was investigated by measuring particle size and zeta potential as a function of time. The stability of biosynthesized GNPs was better than chemically synthesized citrate-GNPs (Cit-GNPs) when exposed to high ionic concentration by the addition of sodium chloride in the GNP solution. The biosynthesized GNPs were able to resist aggregation even with the addition of 0.2 mM of NaCl, while Cit-GNPs aggregated at much lower concentration of 0.05 mM NaCl. Selective reactivity of the GNPs was observed toward Mg2+ ions, with a minimum detection limit of 40 ppm. Detection could be visualized by naked eye also. Thus, the non-toxic biosynthesized GNPs could further assist in the Mg2+ optical sensing application of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the use of iron/sulfur-oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans for the desulfurization of a coal sample from Assam, India. The coal sample contains 3.87% w/w of organic sulfur, 1.4% w/w pyritic sulfur, and 1.29% w/w of sulfate sulfur which altogether are contributing to its total sulfur content of 6.56% w/w. The microbial process followed the oxidative-desulfurization mechanism for the removal of sulfur from the coal sample. The bacterium performed cleavage of the sulfide bonds in pyrite to release the inorganic sulfur. Mass spectroscopic analysis revealed that the bacterial strain A. ferrooxidans performed oxidative desulfurization of a model sulfur-containing organic compound dibenzothiophene to 2-hydroxy biphenyl through the formation of dioxy-dibenzothiophene. A. ferrooxidans cells played the catalytic role to release the sulfur present in organic and inorganic form in the coal sample. The microbial desulfurization process conducted in a shake flask scale (500 mL) removed about 79% of total sulfur from the coal sample in 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineralogically distinct coal samples respond differently to microbial attack. In the present study, a mixed meso-acidophilic bacterial consortium predominantly comprising of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain was investigated for its biodesulphurization abilities for three distinct sulphur bearing samples (Goa CPC, Rajasthan Lignite, Assam Coal) of Indian origin in iron (9K+) and iron-free (9K−) media. A media devoid of Fe (II) iron was more effective for sulphur removal with maximum desulphurization of 45.19% for Assam coal followed by 36.8% for Rajasthan Lignite and 23.38% for CPC respectively. The proximate analysis, FTIR patterns and XRD analysis of the samples provided better insights into understanding the mineralogical and compositional changes in the coal matrix. Owing to the higher efficiency, Assam coal was additionally subjected to further optimization studies and characterization of the treated coal through TGA. The study indicated that the gross calorific values for all the samples increased following microbial treatment in 9K− media thereby providing a scope for further scale-up studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]