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1. Spectral aerosol optical depth from SI-traceable spectral solar irradiance measurements

Author

J. Gröbner, N. Kouremeti, G. Hülsen, R. Zuber, M. Ribnitzky, S. Nevas, P. Sperfeld, K. Schwind, P. Schneider, S. Kazadzis, Á. Barreto, T. Gardiner, K. Mottungan, D. Medland, and M. Coleman

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

Spectroradiometric measurements of direct solar irradiance traceable to the SI were performed by three spectroradiometer systems during a 3-week campaign in September 2022 at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory (IZO) located on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The spectroradiometers provided direct spectral irradiance measurements in the spectral ranges 300 to 550 nm (QASUME), 550 to 1700 nm (QASUME-IR), 300 to 2150 nm (BiTec Sensor, BTS), and 316 to 1030 nm (Precision Solar Spectroradiometer, PSR), with relative standard uncertainties of 0.7 %, 0.9 %, and 1 % for QASUME/QASUME-IR, the PSR, and the BTS respectively. The calibration of QASUME and QASUME-IR was validated prior to this campaign at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) by measuring the spectral irradiance from two spectral irradiance sources, the high-temperature blackbody BB3200pg as a national primary standard and the tuneable laser facility TULIP. The top-of-atmosphere (ToA) solar irradiance spectra from the spectroradiometers were retrieved from direct solar irradiance measurements using zero-air-mass extrapolation during cloud-free conditions, which were then compared to the TSIS-1 Hybrid Solar Reference Spectrum (HSRS). These ToA solar spectra agreed to within 1 % for spectral ranges longer than 400 nm (for QASUME also at shorter wavelengths) in the spectral regions free of significant trace gas absorption and were well within the combined uncertainties over the full investigated spectral range. Using the results from the comparison with QASUME, the relative standard uncertainty of the TSIS-1 HSRS ToA solar spectrum in the spectral range 308 to 400 nm could be reduced from its nominal 1.3 % to 0.8 %, representing the relative standard uncertainty of the QASUME ToA solar spectrum in this spectral range. The spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from the solar irradiance measurements of these spectroradiometers using the TSIS-1 HSRS as the reference ToA solar spectrum agreed to within 0.01 in optical depth in nearly all common spectral channels of two narrowband filter radiometers belonging to the Global Atmosphere Watch Precision Filter Radiometer (GAW-PFR) network and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This study shows that it is now possible to retrieve spectral AOD over the extended spectral range from 300 to 1700 nm using solar irradiance measurements traceable to the SI using laboratory-calibrated spectroradiometers with similar quality to that from traditional Langley-based calibrated instruments. The main improvement to previous investigations is the recent availability of the high-spectral-resolution TSIS-1 HSRS with very low uncertainties, which provides the top-of-atmosphere reference for the spectral atmospheric transmission measurements obtained from ground-based solar irradiance measurements.

Published
2023
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2. Total ozone column intercomparison of Brewers, Dobsons, and BTS-Solar at Hohenpeißenberg and Davos in 2019/2020

Author

R. Zuber, U. Köhler, L. Egli, M. Ribnitzky, W. Steinbrecht, and J. Gröbner

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

During the 2019/2020 measurement campaign at Hohenpeißenberg (Germany) and Davos (Switzerland) we compared the well-established Dobson and Brewer spectrometers (single- and double-monochromator Brewer) with newer BTS array-spectroradiometer-based systems in terms of total ozone column (TOC) determination. The aim of this study is to validate the BTS performance in a longer-term TOC analysis over more than 1 year with seasonal and weather influences. Two different BTS setups have been used – a fibre-coupled entrance optic version by PMOD/WRC called Koherent and a diffusor optic version from Gigahertz Optik GmbH called BTS-Solar, which proved to be simpler in terms of calibration. The array-spectrometer-based BTS systems have been calibrated with traceability to NMI, and both versions of TOC retrieval algorithms are based on spectral measurements in the range of 305 to 350 nm instead of single-wavelength or wavelength pair measurements as per Brewer or Dobson. The two BTS-based systems, however, used fundamentally different retrieval algorithms for the TOC assessment, whereby the retrieval of the BTS-Solar turned out to achieve significantly smaller seasonal drifts. The intercomparison showed a difference of the BTS-Solar to Brewers of < 0.1 % with an expanded standard deviation (k=2) of < 1.5 % over the whole measurement campaign. Koherent showed a difference of 1.7 % with an expanded standard deviation (k=2) of 2.7 % mostly caused by a significant seasonal variation. To summarize, the BTS-Solar performed at the level of Brewers in the comparison in Hohenpeißenberg. The BTS-Solar showed very small dependence on the slant path column compared to the double-monochromator Brewer and performed better than the single-monochromator Brewer. Koherent showed a strong seasonal variation in Davos due to the sensitivity of its ozone retrieval algorithm to stratospheric temperature.

Published
2021
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4. Adaption of an array spectroradiometer for total ozone column retrieval using direct solar irradiance measurements in the UV spectral range

Author

R. Zuber, P. Sperfeld, S. Riechelmann, S. Nevas, M. Sildoja, and G. Seckmeyer

Subjects
Environmental engineering, TA170-171, Earthwork. Foundations, TA715-787
Abstract

A compact array spectroradiometer that enables precise and robust measurements of solar UV spectral direct irradiance is presented. We show that this instrument can retrieve total ozone column (TOC) accurately. The internal stray light, which is often the limiting factor for measurements in the UV spectral range and increases the uncertainty for TOC analysis, is physically reduced so that no other stray-light reduction methods, such as mathematical corrections, are necessary. The instrument has been extensively characterised at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. During an international total ozone measurement intercomparison at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory in Tenerife, the high-quality applicability of the instrument was verified with measurements of the direct solar irradiance and subsequent TOC evaluations based on the spectral data measured between 12 and 30 September 2016. The results showed deviations of the TOC of less than 1.5 % from most other instruments in most situations and not exceeding 3 % from established TOC measurement systems such as Dobson or Brewer.

Published
2018
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6. ANTI-ALIASING FILTER EFFECTS ON SAMPLING FREQUENCY AND EFFECTS OF MATHEMATICAL IMPLEMENTATION

Author

R. Koch and R. Zuber

Abstract

The requirements for a measurement device regarding the detection of temporal light artefacts are complex in many ways. In this work, we investigated the effect of aliasing and its impact on SVM and Pst. For a suitable measurement device, an anti-aliasing filter is essential, but the right choice of such a filter involves the consideration of many factors. Very important is the correct adjustment of the sampling frequency with respect to the transmission of the anti-aliasing filter. Filter type, filter order and cut-off frequency in combination with the chosen sampling frequency are directly related to measurement errors. In addition, not only the measurement itself, but also the calculation of quantities like SVM and Pst can introduce errors to TLA results. For the evaluation of SVM for instance, a Fourier transformation of the signal is necessary. To avoid or minimize errors in the frequency detection, common signal processing techniques can be applied. We examine the use of zero-padding (nulling) and windowing on the input signal before an FFT is performed. With the right choice of these techniques, we increase the reliability of the results. These techniques cannot be applied directly to the evaluation of Pst, since this calculation is done in the time domain. Nevertheless, we show that advantages in terms of reliability and measurement duration can be achieved by moving to the frequency domain (Fourier transformation).

Published
2022

8. Changes in Rumen Microbial Community Composition during Adaption to an In Vitro System and the Impact of Different Forages.

Author

Melanie B Lengowski, Karin H R Zuber, Maren Witzig, Jens Möhring, Jeannette Boguhn, and Markus Rodehutscord

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

This study examined ruminal microbial community composition alterations during initial adaption to and following incubation in a rumen simulation system (Rusitec) using grass or corn silage as substrates. Samples were collected from fermenter liquids at 0, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h and from feed residues at 0, 24, and 48 h after initiation of incubation (period 1) and on day 13 (period 2). Microbial DNA was extracted and real-time qPCR was used to quantify differences in the abundance of protozoa, methanogens, total bacteria, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminobacter amylophilus, Prevotella bryantii, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Clostridium aminophilum. We found that forage source and sampling time significantly influenced the ruminal microbial community. The gene copy numbers of most microbial species (except C. aminophilum) decreased in period 1; however, adaption continued through period 2 for several species. The addition of fresh substrate in period 2 led to increasing copy numbers of all microbial species during the first 2-4 h in the fermenter liquid except protozoa, which showed a postprandial decrease. Corn silage enhanced the growth of R. amylophilus and F. succinogenes, and grass silage enhanced R. albus, P. bryantii, and C. aminophilum. No effect of forage source was detected on total bacteria, protozoa, S. ruminantium, or methanogens or on total gas production, although grass silage enhanced methane production. This study showed that the Rusitec provides a stable system after an adaption phase that should last longer than 48 h, and that the forage source influenced several microbial species.

Published
2016
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9. LmCDA1 organizes the cuticle by chitin deacetylation in Locusta migratoria

Author

R.‐ Zuber, D.‐Q. Li, Kun Yan Zhu, Bernard Moussian, Weimin Liu, R. R. Yu, Jianzhen Zhang, Xiaoming Zhao, M. Zhang, and Enbo Ma

Subjects
Nymph, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Cuticle, Locusta migratoria, Chitin, Arthropod cuticle, macromolecular substances, Biology, Matrix (biology), Polysaccharide, 01 natural sciences, Amidohydrolases, Extracellular matrix, Chitosan, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal Shells, Genetics, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, chemistry.chemical_classification, fungi, Acetylation, Chitin deacetylase, Cell biology, carbohydrates (lipids), 010602 entomology, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Insect Science, Insect Proteins, Sequence Alignment
Abstract

Cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) with a stereotypic organization that is important for tissue function. The insect cuticle is a layered ECM that mainly consists of the polysaccharide chitin and associated proteins adopting a quasi-crystalline structure. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms deployed during construction of the highly ordered protein-chitin ECM so far is limited. In this study, we report on the role of the chitin deacetylase 1 (LmCDA1) in the organization of the protein-chitin ECM in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, and LmCDA1 localizes predominantly to the apical tier of the protein-chitin ECM, but it is also found in lower regions. Reduction of LmCDA1 function correlates with lower amounts of chitin and impedes conversion of chitin to chitosan by deacetylation. Establishment of the quasi-crystalline architecture of the protein-chitin ECM is, however, independent of LmCDA1 activity, but it is dependent on another chitin deacetylase, LmCDA2, which has no detectable effects on chitin deacetylation and, as shown previously, no influence on chitin content. Our data reveal that LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 act in parallel and independently from each other in defining the dimensions of the cuticle. Both enzymes are non-uniformly distributed within the protein-chitin matrix, suggesting a site-autonomous function.

Published
2018

10. CIE TN 012:2021 Guidance on the Measurement of Temporal Light Modulation of Light Sources and Lighting Systems

Author

Paul Dekker, M. Schakel, Peter Blattner, Armin Sperling, H. Ootake, Adam Klej, T. Bergen, K. Banerjee, C. Li, Anders Thorseth, R. Zuber, T. Reiners, and C. Bouroussis

Subjects
Computer science, Electronic engineering, Technical note, Light modulation
Abstract

New regulations are coming into force in several regions with respect to temporal light modulation (TLM) of lighting products. However, standardized test methods and even basic understanding of requirements are largely lacking in the area. Newly introduced metrics, like the stroboscopic visibility measure, are used in these regulations without the existence of standardized measurement methods to support these.-\n--\n-This document provides recommendations on measurement protocols to measure periodic waveforms and light modulations. The recommendations should enable test and calibration laboratories to apply the same measurement methodology and to report the results in a consistent and reproducible way. The document covers methods of measurement for TLM and temporal light artefacts (TLA) of lighting equipment. Its primary application is for general lighting purposes; however, the principles can be applied to other fields (e.g. display equipment, or facade lighting), though these generally require different input optics for the measurement equipment.-\n--\n-The recommendations given in this document can be used to measure non-periodic signals, but there might be specific aspects of these signals that will not be covered in this document (e.g. signal-triggering). This document sets the stage for an understanding of these new metrics and provides guidelines for the correct measurement of them. The document is meant to provide respective recommendations, which do not imply any kind of standardization. In addition to this Technical Note a CIE Technical Report is in preparation, which will cover a test method for flicker and the stroboscopic effect using existing or new metrics to be developed is going to follow this publication in due course. Keywords: temporal light artefacts, TLA, time-modulated lighting systems, temporal light modulation, TLM, LED, flicker, flicker index, modulation depth, percent flicker, Stroboscopic visibility measure, SVM

Published
2021

11. The very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment

Author

Khachatryan, V. Sirunyan, A. M. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. and Ambrogi, F. Bergauer, T. Dragicevic, M. Eroe, J. Del Valle, A. Escalante Fruehwirth, R. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. and Lechner, L. Liko, D. Madlener, T. Mikulec, I. and Pitters, F. M. Rad, N. Schieck, J. Schoefbeck, R. and Spanring, M. Templ, S. Waltenberger, W. Wulz, C. -E. and Zarucki, M. Chekhovsky, V. Litomin, A. Makarenko, V. and Gonzalez, J. Suarez Beaumont, W. Darwish, M. R. De Wolf, E. A. Di Croce, D. Janssen, X. Kello, T. Lelek, A. and Pieters, M. Sfar, H. Rejeb Van Haevermaet, H. Van Mechelen, P. Van Putte, S. Van Remortel, N. Blekman, F. Bols, E. S. Chhibra, S. S. D'Hondt, J. De Clercq, J. Lontkovskyi, D. Lowette, S. Marchesini, I. Moortgat, S. Morton, A. and Python, Q. Tavernier, S. Van Doninck, W. Van Mulders, P. and Beghin, D. Bilin, B. Clerbaux, B. De Lentdecker, G. and Delannoy, H. Dorney, B. Favart, L. Grebenyuk, A. Kalsi, A. K. Makarenko, I. Moureaux, L. Petre, L. Popov, A. and Postiau, N. Starling, E. Thomas, L. Vander Velde, C. and Vanlaer, P. Vannerom, D. Wezenbeek, L. Cornelis, T. and Dobur, D. Khvastunov, I. Niedziela, M. Roskas, C. and Skovpen, K. Tytgat, M. Verbeke, W. Vermassen, B. Vit, M. and Bruno, G. Bury, F. Caputo, C. David, P. Delaere, C. and Delcourt, M. Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. Lemaitre, V. and Mondal, K. Prisciandaro, J. Taliercio, A. Teklishyn, M. and Vischia, P. Wuyckens, S. Zobec, J. Alves, G. A. and Correia Silva, G. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. Aida Junior, W. L. and Belchior Batista Das Chagas, E. Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. and Coelho, E. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. De Jesus Damiao, D. Fonseca De Souza, S. Malbouisson, H. Martins, J. and Matos Figueiredo, D. Medina Jaime, M. Melo De Almeida, M. and Mora Herrera, C. Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Rebello Teles, P. and Sanchez Rosas, L. J. Santoro, A. Silva Do Amaral, S. M. and Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Tonelli Manganote, E. J. Torres Da Silva De Araujo, F. Vilela Pereira, A. Bernardes, C. A. and Calligaris, L. Fernandez Perez Tomei, T. R. Gregores, E. M. and Lemos, D. S. Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. Padula, Sandra S. Aleksandrov, A. Antchev, G. Atanasov, I. Hadjiiska, R. Iaydjiev, P. Misheva, M. Rodozov, M. Shopova, M. and Sultanov, G. Bonchev, M. Dimitrov, A. Ivanov, T. Litov, L. Pavlov, B. Petkov, P. Petrov, A. Fang, W. Guo, Q. and Wang, H. Yuan, L. Ahmad, M. Hu, Z. Wang, Y. and Chapon, E. Chen, G. M. Chen, H. S. Chen, M. Jiang, C. H. and Leggat, D. Liao, H. Liu, Z. Sharma, R. Spiezia, A. and Tao, J. Thomas-Wilsker, J. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Zhao, J. Agapitos, A. Ban, Y. Chen, C. Chen, G. and Levin, A. Li, L. Li, Q. Lu, M. Lyu, X. Mao, Y. and Qian, S. J. Wang, D. Wang, Q. Xiao, J. Yang, D. and You, Z. Gao, X. Xiao, M. Avila, C. Cabrera, A. and Florez, C. Fraga, J. Sarkar, A. Segura Delgado, M. A. and Mejia Guisao, J. Ramirez, F. Ruiz Alvarez, J. D. Salazar Gonzalez, C. A. Vanegas Arbelaez, N. Giljanovic, D. and Godinovic, N. Lelas, D. Puljak, I. Sculac, T. Antunovic, Z. Kovac, M. Brigljevic, V. Ferencek, D. Majumder, D. and Mesic, B. Roguljic, M. Starodumov, A. Susa, T. and Ather, M. W. Attikis, A. Erodotou, E. Ioannou, A. Kole, G. Kolosova, M. Konstantinou, S. Mavromanolakis, G. and Mousa, J. Nicolaou, C. Ptochos, F. Razis, P. A. and Rykaczewski, H. Saka, H. Tsiakkouri, D. Finger, M. and Finger, Jr., M. Kveton, A. Tomsa, J. Ayala, E. Jarrin, E. Carrera Abdalla, H. Mohamed, A. Salama, E. Mahmoud, M. A. Mohammed, Y. Bhowmik, S. De Oliveira, A. Carvalho Antunes Dewanjee, R. K. Ehataht, K. Kadastik, M. Raidal, M. Veelken, C. Eerola, P. Forthomme, L. Kirschenmann, H. and Osterberg, K. Voutilainen, M. Brucken, E. Garcia, F. and Havukainen, J. Karimaki, V. Kim, M. S. Kinnunen, R. and Lampen, T. Lassila-Perini, K. Laurila, S. Lehti, S. and Linden, T. Siikonen, H. Tuominen, E. Tuominiemi, J. and Luukka, P. Tuuva, T. Besancon, M. Couderc, F. Dejardin, M. Denegri, D. Faure, J. L. Ferri, F. Ganjour, S. and Givernaud, A. Gras, P. de Monchenault, G. Hamel Jarry, P. and Lenzi, B. Locci, E. Malcles, J. Rander, J. Rosowsky, A. Sahin, M. O. Savoy-Navarro, A. Titov, M. Yu, G. B. and Ahuja, S. Amendola, C. Beaudette, F. Bonanomi, M. and Busson, P. Chariot, C. Davignon, O. Diab, B. Falmagne, G. de Cassagnac, R. Grapier Kucher, I. Lobanov, A. and Perez, C. Martin Nguyen, M. Ochando, C. Paganini, P. and Rembser, J. Salerno, R. Sauvan, J. B. Sirois, Y. Zabi, A. Zghiche, A. Agram, J. -L. Andrea, J. Bloch, D. and Bourgatte, G. Brom, J. -M. Chabert, E. C. Collard, C. and Fontaine, J. -C. Gele, D. Goerlach, U. Grimault, C. Le Bihan, A. -C. Van Hove, P. Asilar, E. Beauceron, S. and Bernet, C. Boudoul, G. Camen, C. Carle, A. Chanon, N. and Contardo, D. Depasse, P. El Mamouni, H. Fay, J. and Gascon, S. Gouzevitch, M. Ille, B. Jain, Sa. Laktineh, I. B. Lattaud, H. Lesauvage, A. Lethuillier, M. and Mirabito, L. Torterotot, L. Touquet, G. Donckt, M. Vander and Viret, S. Adamov, G. Tsamalaidze, Z. Feld, L. Klein, K. Lipinski, M. Meuser, D. Pauls, A. Preuten, M. and Rauch, M. P. Schulz, J. Teroerde, M. Eliseev, D. and Erdmann, M. Fackeldey, P. Fischer, B. Ghosh, S. and Hebbeker, T. Hoepfner, K. Keller, H. Mastrolorenzo, L. and Merschmeyer, M. Meyer, A. Millet, P. Mocellin, G. and Mondal, S. Mukherjee, S. Noll, D. Novak, A. Pook, T. and Pozdnyakov, A. Quast, T. Radziej, M. Rath, Y. Reithler, H. Roemer, J. Schmidt, A. Schuler, S. C. Sharma, A. and Wiedenbeck, S. Zaleski, S. Dziwok, C. Flugge, G. Ahmad, W. Haj Hlushchenko, O. Kress, T. Nowack, A. Pistone, C. and Pooth, O. Roy, D. Sert, H. Stahl, A. Ziemons, T. and Petersen, H. Aarup Martin, M. Aldaya Asmuss, P. Babounikau, I. Baxter, S. Behnke, O. Martinez, A. Bermudez Bin Anuar, A. A. Borras, K. Botta, V. Brunner, D. Campbell, A. Cardini, A. Connor, P. Rodriguez, S. Consuegra and Danilov, V. De Wit, A. Defranchis, M. M. Didukh, L. and Damiani, D. Dominguez Eckerlin, G. Eckstein, D. Eichhorn, T. and Elwood, A. Banos, L. I. Estevez Gallo, E. Geiser, A. and Giraldi, A. Goettlicher, P. Grohsjean, A. Guthoff, M. and Haranko, M. Harb, A. Jafari, A. Jomhari, N. Z. Jung, H. and Kasem, A. Kasemann, M. Katsas, P. Kaveh, H. and Keaveney, J. Kleinwort, C. Knolle, J. Kruecker, D. and Lange, W. Lenz, T. Lidrych, J. Lipka, K. Lohmann, W. and Mankel, R. Maser, H. Melzer-Pellmann, I-A. Metwally, J. and Meyer, A. B. Meyer, M. Missiroli, M. Mnich, J. Muhl, C. and Mussgiller, A. Myronenko, V. Otarid, Y. Adan, D. Perez and Pflitsch, S. K. Pitzl, D. Raspereza, A. Roland, B. and Saggio, A. Saibel, A. Savitskyi, M. Scheurer, V. and Schuetze, P. Schwanenberger, C. Shevchenko, R. Singh, A. and Ricardo, R. E. Sosa Tholen, H. Tonon, N. Turkot, O. and Vagnerini, A. Van de Klundert, M. Walsh, R. Walter, D. and Wen, Y. Wichmann, K. Wissing, C. Wuchterl, S. Zenaiev, O. Zlebcik, R. Zuber, A. Aggleton, R. Bein, S. and Benato, L. Benecke, A. De Leo, K. Dreyer, T. Ebrahimi, A. Feindt, F. Froehlich, A. Garbers, C. Garutti, E. and Gonzalez, D. Gunnellini, P. Haller, J. Hinzmann, A. and Karavdina, A. Kasieczka, G. Klanner, R. Kogler, R. Kurz, S. Kutzner, V. Lange, J. Lange, T. Malara, A. and Multhaup, J. Niemeyer, C. E. N. Nigamova, A. Rodriguez, K. J. Pena Rieger, O. Schleper, P. Schumann, S. Schwandt, J. Schwarz, D. Sonneveld, J. Stadie, H. Steinbrueck, G. and Vormwald, B. Zoi, I. Akbiyik, M. Baselga, M. Baur, S. Baus, C. Bechtel, J. Berger, T. Butz, E. Caspart, R. Chwalek, T. De Boer, W. Dierlamm, A. Droll, A. El Morabit, K. Faltermann, N. Floeh, K. Giffels, M. and Gottmann, A. Hartmann, F. Heidecker, C. Husemann, U. and Iqbal, M. A. Katkov, I. Keicher, P. Koppenhoefer, R. and Kudella, S. Maier, S. Metzler, M. Mitra, S. Mozer, M. U. and Mueller, D. Mueller, Th. Musich, M. Quast, G. and Rabbertz, K. Rauser, J. Savoiu, D. Schaefer, D. Schnepf, M. Schroeder, M. Seith, D. Shvetsov, I. Simonis, H. J. and Ulrich, R. Wassmer, M. Weber, M. Woehrmann, C. Wolf, R. Wozniewski, S. Anagnostou, G. Asenov, P. Daskalakis, G. Geralis, T. Kyriakis, A. Loukas, D. Paspalaki, G. and Stakia, A. Diamantopoulou, M. Karasavvas, D. Karathanasis, G. Kontaxakis, P. Koraka, C. K. Manousakis-Katsikakis, A. and Mertzimekis, T. J. Panagiotou, A. Papavergou, I. and Saoulidou, N. Theofilatos, K. Vellidis, K. Vourliotis, E. and Bakas, G. Kousouris, K. Papakrivopoulos, I. Tsipolitis, G. Zacharopoulou, A. Aslanoglou, X. Evangelou, I. and Foudas, C. Gianneios, P. Katsoulis, P. Kokkas, P. and Mallios, S. Manitara, K. Manthos, N. Papadopoulos, I. and Strologas, J. Bartok, M. Chudasama, R. Csanad, M. and Gadallah, M. M. A. Major, P. Mandal, K. Mehta, A. and Pasztor, G. Suranyi, O. Veres, G. I. Bencze, G. Hajdu, C. Horvath, D. Sikler, F. Veszpremi, V. Vesztergombi, G. and Beni, N. Czellar, S. Karancsi, J. Molnar, J. and Szillasi, Z. Teyssier, D. Raics, P. Trocsanyi, Z. L. and Ujvari, B. Csorgo, T. Lokos, S. Nemes, F. Novak, T. and Choudhury, S. Komaragiri, J. R. Kumar, D. Panwar, L. and Tiwari, P. C. Bahinipati, S. Dash, D. Kar, C. Mal, P. and Mishra, T. Bindhu, V. K. 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Bhal, E. Bologna, S. Brooke, J. J. and Burns, D. Clement, E. Cussans, D. Flacher, H. Goldstein, J. Heath, G. P. Heath, H. F. Kreczko, L. Krikler, B. and Paramesvaran, S. Sakuma, T. El Nasr-Storey, S. Seif Smith, V. J. Taylor, J. Titterton, A. Bell, K. W. Belyaev, A. and Brew, C. Brown, R. M. Cockerill, D. J. A. Ellis, K. V. and Harder, K. Harper, S. Linacre, J. Manolopoulos, K. and Newbold, D. M. Olaiya, E. Petyt, D. Reis, T. Schuh, T. and Shepherd-Themistocleous, C. H. Thea, A. Tomalin, I. R. and Williams, T. Bainbridge, R. Bloch, P. Bonomally, S. and Borg, J. Breeze, S. Buchmuller, O. Bundock, A. Cepaitis, V. Chahal, G. S. Colling, D. Dauncey, P. Davies, G. and Della Negra, M. Everaerts, P. Fedi, G. Hall, G. Iles, G. and Langford, J. Lyons, L. Magnan, A. -M. Malik, S. and Martelli, A. Milosevic, V. Nash, J. Palladino, V. and Pesaresi, M. Raymond, D. M. Richards, A. Rose, A. Scott, E. Seez, C. Shtipliyski, A. Stoye, M. Tapper, A. and Uchida, K. Virdee, T. Wardle, N. Webb, S. N. and Winterbottom, D. Zecchinelli, A. G. Zenz, S. C. Cole, J. E. and Hobson, P. R. Khan, A. Kyberd, P. Mackay, C. K. and Reid, I. D. Teodorescu, L. Zahid, S. Brinkerhoff, A. and Call, K. Caraway, B. Dittmann, J. Hatakeyama, K. and Kanuganti, A. R. Madrid, C. McMaster, B. Pastika, N. and Smith, C. Bartek, R. Dominguez, A. Uniyal, R. Hernandez, A. M. Vargas Buccilli, A. Charaf, O. Cooper, S. I. and Gleyzer, S. V. Henderson, C. Rumerio, P. West, C. and Akpinar, A. Albert, A. Arcaro, D. Cosby, C. Demiragli, Z. Gastler, D. Richardson, C. Rohlf, J. Salyer, K. and Sperka, D. Spitzbart, D. Suarez, I. Yuan, S. Zou, D. and Benelli, G. Burkle, B. Coubez, X. Cutts, D. Duh, Y. T. and Hadley, M. Heintz, U. Hogan, J. M. Kwok, K. H. M. and Laird, E. Landsberg, G. Lau, K. T. Lee, J. Narain, M. and Sagir, S. Syarif, R. Usai, E. Wong, W. Y. Yu, D. and Zhang, W. Band, R. Brainerd, C. Breedon, R. Sanchez, M. Calderon De La Barca Chertok, M. Conway, J. Conway, R. and Cox, P. T. Erbacher, R. Flores, C. Funk, G. Jensen, F. and Ko, W. Kukral, O. Lander, R. Mulhearn, M. Pellett, D. Pilot, J. Shi, M. Taylor, D. Tos, K. Tripathi, M. and Yao, Y. Zhang, F. Bachtis, M. Bravo, C. Cousins, R. and Dasgupta, A. Florent, A. Hamilton, D. Hauser, J. and Ignatenko, M. Lam, T. Mccoll, N. Nash, W. A. Regnard, S. and Saltzberg, D. Schnaible, C. Stone, B. Valuev, V. and Burt, K. Chen, Y. Clare, R. Gary, J. W. Shirazi, S. M. A. Ghiasi Hanson, G. Karapostoli, G. Long, O. R. and Manganelli, N. Negrete, M. Olmedo Paneva, M. I. Si, W. and Wimpenny, S. Zhang, Y. Branson, J. G. Chang, P. and Cittolin, S. Cooperstein, S. Deelen, N. Derdzinski, M. and Duarte, J. Gerosa, R. Gilbert, D. Hashemi, B. Klein, D. and Krutelyov, V. Letts, J. Masciovecchio, M. May, S. and Padhi, S. Pieri, M. Sharma, V. Tadel, M. Wurthwein, F. and Yagil, A. Amin, N. Bhandari, R. Campagnari, C. and Citron, M. Dorsett, A. Dutta, V. Incandela, J. Marsh, B. and Mei, H. Ovcharova, A. Qu, H. Quinnan, M. Richman, J. and Sarica, U. Stuart, D. Wang, S. Anderson, D. and Bornheim, A. Cerri, O. Dutta, I. Lawhorn, J. M. Lu, N. and Mao, J. Newman, H. B. Nguyen, T. Q. Pata, J. and Spiropulu, M. Vlimant, J. R. Xie, S. Zhang, Z. Zhu, R. Y. Alison, J. Andrews, M. B. Ferguson, T. Mudholkar, T. and Paulini, M. Sun, M. Vorobiev, I. Weinberg, M. and Cumalat, J. P. Ford, W. T. MacDonald, E. Mulholland, T. and Patel, R. Perloff, A. Stenson, K. Ulmer, K. A. Wagner, S. R. Alexander, J. Cheng, Y. Chu, J. Cranshaw, D. J. and Datta, A. Frankenthal, A. Mcdermott, K. Monroy, J. and Patterson, J. R. Quach, D. Ryd, A. Sun, W. Tan, S. M. and Tao, Z. Thom, J. Wittich, P. Zientek, M. Abdullin, S. Albrow, M. Alyari, M. Apollinari, G. Apresyan, A. and Apyan, A. Banerjee, S. Bauerdick, L. A. T. Beretvas, A. and Berry, D. Berryhill, J. Bhat, P. C. Burkett, K. Butler, J. N. Canepa, A. Cerati, G. B. Cheung, H. W. K. and Chlebana, F. Cremonesi, M. Elvira, V. D. Freeman, J. and Gecse, Z. Gottschalk, E. Gray, L. Green, D. Griinendahl, S. Gutsche, O. Harris, R. M. Hasegawa, S. Heller, R. and Herwig, T. C. Hirschauer, J. Jayatilaka, B. Jindariani, S. and Johnson, M. Joshi, U. Klijnsma, T. Klima, B. and Kortelainen, M. J. Lammel, S. Lewis, J. Lincoln, D. and Lipton, R. Liu, M. Liu, T. Lykken, J. Maeshima, K. and Mason, D. McBride, P. Merkel, P. Mrenna, S. Nahn, S. and O'Dell, V. Papadimitriou, V. Pedro, K. Pena, C. and Prokofyev, O. Ravera, F. Hall, A. Reinsvold Ristori, L. and Schneider, B. Sexton-Kennedy, E. Smith, N. Soha, A. and Spalding, W. J. Spiegel, L. Stoynev, S. Strait, J. and Taylor, L. Tkaczyk, S. Tran, N. V. Uplegger, L. and Vaandering, E. W. Wang, M. Weber, H. A. Woodard, A. and Acosta, D. Avery, P. Bourilkov, D. Cadamuro, L. and Cherepanov, V. Errico, F. Field, R. D. Guerrero, D. and Joshi, B. M. Kim, M. Konigsberg, J. Korytov, A. Lo, K. H. Matchev, K. Menendez, N. Mitselmakher, G. Rosenzweig, D. Shi, K. Wang, J. Wang, S. Zuo, X. Joshi, Y. R. and Adams, T. Askew, A. Diaz, D. Habibullah, R. and Hagopian, S. Hagopian, V. Johnson, K. F. Khurana, R. and Kolberg, T. Martinez, G. Prosper, H. Schiber, C. Yohay, R. Zhang, J. Baarmand, M. M. Butalla, S. Elkafrawy, T. and Hohlmann, M. Noonan, D. Rahmani, M. Saunders, M. and Yumiceva, F. Adams, M. R. Apanasevich, L. Gonzalez, H. Becerril Cavanaugh, R. Chen, X. Dittmer, S. Evdokimov, O. Gerber, C. E. Hangal, D. A. Hofman, D. J. Mills, C. and Oh, G. Roy, T. Tonjes, M. B. Varelas, N. and Viinikainen, J. Wang, H. Wang, X. Wu, Z. Alhusseini, M. and Bilki, B. Debbins, P. Dilsiz, K. Durgut, S. and Gandrajula, R. P. Haytmyradov, M. Khristenko, V. Koseyan, O. K. Merlo, J. -P. Mestvirishvili, A. Moeller, A. and Nachtman, J. Ogul, H. Onel, Y. Ozok, F. Penzo, A. and Schmidt, I. Snyder, C. Tiras, E. Wetzel, J. Yi, K. and Amram, O. Blumenfeld, B. Corcodilos, L. Eminizer, M. and Gritsan, A. V. Kyriacou, S. Maksimovic, P. Mantilla, C. and Roskes, J. Swartz, M. Vami, T. A. Al-Bataineh, A. and Barrera, C. Baldenegro Baringer, P. Bean, A. Bowen, J. and Bylinkin, A. Isidori, T. Khalil, S. King, J. Krintiras, G. Kropivnitskaya, A. Lindsey, C. Minafra, N. Murray, M. and Rogan, C. Royon, C. Sanders, S. Schmitz, E. Takaki, J. D. Tapia Wang, Q. Williams, J. Wilson, G. Duric, S. and Ivanov, A. Kaadze, K. Kim, D. Maravin, Y. Mendis, D. R. Mitchell, T. Modak, A. Mohammadi, A. Rebassoo, F. and Wright, D. Adams, E. Baden, A. Baron, O. Belloni, A. and Eno, S. C. Feng, Y. Hadley, N. J. Jabeen, S. Jeng, G. Y. and Kellogg, R. G. Koeth, T. Mignerey, A. C. Nabili, S. and Seidel, M. Skuja, A. Tonwar, S. C. Wang, L. Wong, K. and Abercrombie, D. Allen, B. Bi, R. Brandt, S. Busza, W. and Cali, I. A. Chen, Y. D'Alfonso, M. Ceballos, G. Gomez and Goncharov, M. Harris, P. Hsu, D. Hu, M. Klute, M. and Kovalskyi, D. Krupa, J. Lee, Y. -J. Luckey, P. D. and Maier, B. Marini, A. C. Mcginn, C. Mironov, C. and Narayanan, S. Niu, X. Paus, C. Rankin, D. Roland, C. and Roland, G. Shi, Z. Stephans, G. S. F. Sumorok, K. Tatar, K. Velicanu, D. Wang, J. Wang, T. W. Wang, Z. and Wyslouch, B. Chatterjee, R. M. Evans, A. Guts, S. and Hansen, P. Hiltbrand, J. Jain, Sh. Krohn, M. Kubota, Y. and Lesko, Z. Mans, J. Revering, M. Rusack, R. Saradhy, R. Schroeder, N. Strobbe, N. Wadud, M. A. Acosta, J. G. and Oliveros, S. Bloom, K. Chauhan, S. Claes, D. R. and Fangmeier, C. Finco, L. Golf, F. Fernandez, J. R. Gonzalez and Kravchenko, I. Siado, J. E. Snow, G. R. Stieger, B. and Tabb, W. Agarwal, G. Harrington, C. Hay, L. Iashvili, I. and Kharchilava, A. McLean, C. Nguyen, D. Parker, A. and Pekkanen, J. Rappoccio, S. Roozbahani, B. Alverson, G. and Barberis, E. Freer, C. Haddad, Y. Hortiangtham, A. and Madigan, G. Marzocchi, B. Morse, D. M. Nguyen, V. and Orimoto, T. Skinnari, L. Tishelman-Charny, A. Wamorkar, T. and Wang, B. Wisecarver, A. Wood, D. Bhattacharya, S. and Bueghly, J. Chen, Z. Gilbert, A. Gunter, T. Hahn, K. A. and Odell, N. Schmitt, M. H. Sung, K. Velasco, M. Bucci, R. Dev, N. Goldouzian, R. Hildreth, M. Anampa, K. Hurtado Jessop, C. Karmgard, D. J. Lannon, K. Li, W. and Loukas, N. Marinelli, N. Mcalister, I. McCauley, T. and Meng, F. Mohrman, K. Musienko, Y. Ruchti, R. Siddireddy, P. Taroni, S. Wayne, M. Wightman, A. Wolf, M. and Zygala, L. Alimena, J. Bylsma, B. Cardwell, B. Durkin, L. S. Francis, B. Hill, C. Ji, W. Lefeld, A. Winer, B. L. Yates, B. R. Dezoort, G. Elmer, P. Greenberg, B. and Haubrich, N. Higginbotham, S. Kalogeropoulos, A. Kopp, G. Kwan, S. Lange, D. Lucchini, M. T. Luo, J. and Marlow, D. Mei, K. Ojalvo, I. Olsen, J. Palmer, C. and Piroue, P. Stickland, D. Tully, C. Malik, S. Norberg, S. and Barnes, V. E. Chawla, R. Das, S. Gutay, L. Jones, M. and Jung, A. W. Mahakud, B. Negro, G. Neumeister, N. and Peng, C. C. Piperov, S. Qiu, H. Schulte, J. F. and Trevisani, N. Wang, F. Xiao, R. Xie, W. Cheng, T. and Dolen, J. Parashar, N. Baty, A. Behrens, U. Dildick, S. and Ecklund, K. M. Freed, S. Geurts, F. J. M. Kilpatrick, M. and Kumar, A. Li, W. Padley, B. P. Redjimi, R. Roberts, J. Rorie, J. Shi, W. Leiton, A. G. Stahl Tu, Z. and Zhang, A. Bodek, A. de Barbaro, P. Demina, R. Dulemba, J. L. Fallon, C. Ferbel, T. Galanti, M. Garcia-Bellido, A. Hindrichs, O. Khukhunaishvili, A. Ranken, E. Taus, R. and Chiarito, B. Chou, J. P. Gandrakota, A. Gershtein, Y. and Halkiadakis, E. Hart, A. Heindl, M. Hughes, E. and Kaplan, S. Karacheban, O. Laflotte, I. Lath, A. and Montalvo, R. Nash, K. Osherson, M. Salur, S. Schnetzer, S. Somalwar, S. Stone, R. Thayil, S. A. Thomas, S. and Acharya, H. Delannoy, A. G. Spanier, S. Bouhali, O. and Dalchenko, M. Delgado, A. Eusebi, R. Gilmore, J. Huang, T. Kamon, T. Kim, H. Luo, S. Malhotra, S. Mueller, R. Overton, D. Pernie, L. Rathjens, D. Safonov, A. and Akchurin, N. Damgov, J. Hegde, V. Kunori, S. Lamichhane, K. Lee, S. W. Mengke, T. Muthumuni, S. Peltola, T. and Undleeb, S. Volobouev, I. Wang, Z. Whitbeck, A. Appelt, E. Greene, S. Gurrola, A. Janjam, R. Johns, W. and Maguire, C. Melo, A. Ni, H. Padeken, K. Romeo, F. and Sheldon, P. Tuo, S. Velkovska, J. Verweij, M. Ang, L. and Arenton, M. W. Cox, B. Cummings, G. Hakala, J. and Hirosky, R. Joyce, M. Ledovskoy, A. Neu, C. Tannenwald, B. Wang, Y. Wolfe, E. Xia, F. Karchin, P. E. and Poudyal, N. Sturdy, J. Thapa, P. Black, K. Bose, T. and Buchanan, J. Caillol, C. Dasu, S. De Bruyn, I. Dodd, L. and Galloni, C. He, H. Herndon, M. Herve, A. Hussain, U. and Lanaro, A. Loeliger, A. Loveless, R. Sreekala, J. Madhusudanan Mallampalli, A. Pinna, D. Ruggles, T. and Savin, A. Shang, V. Sharma, V. Smith, W. H. Teague, D. and Trembath-reichert, S. Vetens, W. CMS Collaboration

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The physics motivation, detector design, triggers, calibration, alignment, simulation, and overall performance of the very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment are reviewed. The CASTOR Cherenkov sampling calorimeter is located very close to the LHC beam line, at a radial distance of about 1 cm from the beam pipe, and at 14.4 m from the CMS interaction point, covering the pseudorapidity range of -6.6 < eta < - 5.2. It was designed to withstand high ambient radiation and strong magnetic fields. The performance of the detector in measurements of forward energy density, jets, and processes characterized by rapidity gaps, is reviewed using data collected in proton and nuclear collisions at the LHC.

Published
2021

12. Effects of supplementing corn silage with different nitrogen sources on ruminal fermentation and microbial populations in vitro

Author

Melanie B. Lengowski, Karin H. R. Zuber, Markus Rodehutscord, Jens Möhring, and M. Witzig

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Rumen, Silage, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animals, Food science, Nitrogen Compounds, Incubation, Fibrobacter succinogenes, biology, 0402 animal and dairy science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, 040201 dairy & animal science, Animal Feed, Biota, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Dietary Supplements, Fermentation, Urea, Cattle, Prevotella bryantii, Bacteria
Abstract

Compared to grass silage (GS)-, corn silage (CS)-based diets appear to increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) in the rumen. Opposite results for the EMPS obtained in vitro have raised the question of whether an inadequate supply of amino N for microbes might explain the low EMPS. We examined the effects of supplementation with different N sources in CS on the EMPS and microbial populations in vitro. GS and CS were used as substrates for in vitro incubation. CS was non-supplemented or supplemented with urea, mixed amino acids (AA), peptone, or protein to adjust the N content to that of GS. Degradation of organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) revealed a positive effect of all N supplements, except protein. Additionally, N supplementation increased fiber degradation of CS. Peptone primarily stimulated hemicellulolytic activity and urea stimulated cellulolytic activity. The EMPS of CS was improved by all N supplements, with peptone and urea exhibiting the highest increase (57% and 54%, respectively), followed by AA mix (40%) and protein (11%) compared to that of CS alone (111 g microbial CP kg−1 fermented OM). However, the level of EMPS detected with GS (200 g microbial CP kg−1 fermented OM) was not achieved. Protozoal 18S rRNA gene copy numbers were negatively correlated with the EMPS, whereas no correlation was found between total bacteria and the EMPS. A stimulating effect of urea, AA mix, and peptone was detected for Ruminococcus albus and Prevotella bryantii, whereas Fibrobacter succinogenes was inhibited by N supplementation. This indicated that neither the amount of available N nor the N source was the only limiting factor in the low EMPS values of CS in vitro. Information is also provided on the stimulating effects of different N sources on several microbial species in mixed rumen culture.

Published
2018

13. Don’t Rock the Boat: Algorithms for Balanced Dynamic Loading and Unloading

Author

James R. Zuber, Sven von Höveling, Christian Scheffer, Christian Rieck, Arne Schmidt, Sándor P. Fekete, and Joseph S. B. Mitchell

Subjects
050210 logistics & transportation, 021103 operations research, Computer science, 05 social sciences, Work (physics), 0211 other engineering and technologies, Process (computing), Motion (geometry), 02 engineering and technology, Center of gravity, Dynamic loading, Control theory, 0502 economics and business, Point (geometry), ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS
Abstract

We consider dynamic loading and unloading problems for heavy geometric objects. The challenge is to maintain balanced configurations at all times: minimize the maximal motion of the overall center of gravity. While this problem has been studied from an algorithmic point of view, previous work only focuses on balancing the final center of gravity; we give a variety of results for computing balanced loading and unloading schemes that minimize the maximal motion of the center of gravity during the entire process.

Published
2018

14. Delineation of Paleowind Direction from Dunes in Simcoe County, Ontario

Author

Alanna G. Smolarz, Christine van Beest, Corina R. Zuber, Kristin A. Clements, Nicolette D. Francis, Riley P.M. Mulligan, Sara L. De Thomasis, Mark A. Pollock, and Kelly K. To

Subjects
Shore, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Storm, Physical geography, Glacial lake, Archaeology, Bay, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Dune fields that developed along paleolake shorelines in Ontario are a product of paleoenvironmental conditions, which developed as a result of glacially influenced geological processes. In Simcoe County, Ontario, many dune fields were created between 3 and 12 ka, when this area was covered by a series of lakes, bordered by thick sandy beaches. Coastal sediments of the glacial Lake Algonquin and the Nipissing phase of the upper Great Lakes were reworked primarily by paleowind activity and intense periodic storms once lake levels had decreased. This formed dunes, which are now common along the south-eastern coast of Georgian Bay in Simcoe County. Dunes that developed earlier (8–10 ka) have a different average orientation than dunes that developed later (3–5 ka). Various geomorphometric techniques are tested to construct a replicable methodology for determining paleowind direction. Through identification of parabolic dunes, azimuth angles were determined and used to infer the dominant paleowind directions. Dunes on the paleolake Algonquin plain commonly have a north-east to south-west orientation, whereas dunes associated with Nipissing phase shorelines formed via north-westerly winds. These data may suggest changing prevailing winds in the Great Lakes region during deglaciation.

Published
2015

15. An Overview of Coronavirus Disease (MERS& SARS): COVID-19.

Author

S., SHAKIR BASHA, K., SUSMITHA, P., JAGADEESH, K., SUSMEENA TABASSUM, A. H., JUNAID, S., FAYAZ AHMMED, R., ZUBER, S., KHIFAYATHULLA, and G., ASWINI

Subjects
COVID-19, MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome, SARS disease, COVID-19 pandemic, VACCINE trials, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

In the year 2019, December, a novel Coronavirus (CoV) was identified in the area of Wuhan City, Hubei, China. Coronavirus is a broad community of viruses which have been proven to produce disorders ranging from a simple cold to even more serious disorders, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Epidemiological genomic studies including association with some other Coronaviruses resulted in the emergence of novel Coronaviruses, remotely matching the bat Coronaviruses. In distinct countries, COVID-19 epidemics are yet in the seeding up the stage. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak would pose a significant threat to the potential survival of public health in 2019&2020. A vaccine against the virus is not yet available. Since the deaths have been increasing and to prevent it from spreading certain measures should be followed. The preventive measures generally include washing your hands regularly, use of facemask, avoid unnecessary contact with animals, and avoid close contact with infected people. Currently, the need for effective instance identification, management, and adequate precautionary measures will be potentially helpful in the management of the epidemic. There are a variety of candidate medications are available, which may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 invasion along with its recombination. The results of the current clinical trials in combination with Hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and some other new anti-viral agents such as remdesivir could help to assist a few of the infections, although there is still a long way to go to the results of clinical trials and the use of vaccines in the community healthcare plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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16. Simultaneous Determination of Droplet Size, pH Value and Concentration to Evaluate the Aging Behavior of Metalworking Fluids.

Author

Wahrendorff P, Stefanakis M, Steinbach JC, Allnoch D, Zuber R, Kapfhammer R, Brecht M, Kandelbauer A, and Rebner K

Subjects
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Metallurgy, Models, Theoretical
Abstract

Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are widely used to cool and lubricate metal workpieces during processing to reduce heat and friction. Extending a MWF's service life is of importance from both economical and ecological points of view. Knowledge about the effects of processing conditions on the aging behavior and reliable analytical procedures are required to properly characterize the aging phenomena. While so far no quantitative estimations of ageing effects on MWFs have been described in the literature other than univariate ones based on single parameter measurements, in the present study we present a simple spectroscopy-based set-up for the simultaneous monitoring of three quality parameters of MWF and a mathematical model relating them to the most influential process factors relevant during use. For this purpose, the effects of MWF concentration, pH and nitrite concentration on the droplet size during aging were investigated by means of a response surface modelling approach. Systematically varied model MWF fluids were characterized using simultaneous measurements of absorption coefficients µ a and effective scattering coefficients µ' s . Droplet size was determined via dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Droplet size showed non-linear dependence on MWF concentration and pH, but the nitrite concentration had no significant effect. pH and MWF concentration showed a strong synergistic effect, which indicates that MWF aging is a rather complex process. The observed effects were similar for the DLS and the µ' s values, which shows the comparability of the methodologies. The correlations of the methods were R 2 = 0.928 and R c = 0.927, as calculated by a partial least squares regression (PLS-R) model. Furthermore, using µ 2 , it was possible to generate a predictive PLS-R model for MWF concentration (R P = 0.890, R a , it was possible to generate a predictive PLS-R model for MWF concentration (R 2 is possible with good accuracy (R² c = 0.803, R² 2 P -PLS-R model, the predictive capability of the µ' s -PLS-R model for pH was refined (10 wt%: R² c = 0.998, R² P = 0.732). With prior knowledge of the MWF concentration using the µ a -PLS-R model, the predictive capability of the µ' s -PLS-R model for pH was refined (10 wt%: R² c = 0.998, R² p = 0.997). This highlights the relevance of the combined measurement of µ a and µ' s . Recognizing the synergistic nature of the effects of MWF concentration and pH on the droplet size is an important prerequisite for extending the service life of an MWF in the metalworking industry. The presented method can be applied as an in-process analytical tool that allows one to compensate for ageing effects during use of the MWF by taking appropriate corrective measures, such as pH correction or adjustment of concentration.

Published
2021
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18. A Volatile Context: A Revisionist Lens on Good Governance.

Author

Zuber R

Abstract

Pressures on the legitimacy of global governance are coming from many sides, including from people who feel betrayed by unfulfilled promises and others who wonder if governance structures can ever become truly accountable and responsive to often deep and evolving human insecurity. This article calls for the integration of norms of governance that can better balance hierarchy and protocol with constituent care and service., (© Society for International Development 2021.)

Published
2021
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19. Resilin matrix distribution, variability and function in Drosophila.

Author

Lerch S, Zuber R, Gehring N, Wang Y, Eckel B, Klass KD, Lehmann FO, and Moussian B

Subjects
Animals, Drosophila melanogaster chemistry, Female, Insect Proteins chemistry, Male, RNA Interference, Drosophila melanogaster physiology, Flight, Animal, Insect Proteins physiology, Sexual Behavior, Animal
Abstract

Background: Elasticity prevents fatigue of tissues that are extensively and repeatedly deformed. Resilin is a resilient and elastic extracellular protein matrix in joints and hinges of insects. For its mechanical properties, Resilin is extensively analysed and applied in biomaterial and biomedical sciences. However, there is only indirect evidence for Resilin distribution and function in an insect. Commonly, the presence of dityrosines that covalently link Resilin protein monomers (Pro-Resilin), which are responsible for its mechanical properties and fluoresce upon UV excitation, has been considered to reflect Resilin incidence., Results: Using a GFP-tagged Resilin version, we directly identify Resilin in pliable regions of the Drosophila body, some of which were not described before. Interestingly, the amounts of dityrosines are not proportional to the amounts of Resilin in different areas of the fly body, arguing that the mechanical properties of Resilin matrices vary according to their need. For a functional analysis of Resilin matrices, applying the RNA interference and Crispr/Cas9 techniques, we generated flies with reduced or eliminated Resilin function, respectively. We find that these flies are flightless but capable of locomotion and viable suggesting that other proteins may partially compensate for Resilin function. Indeed, localizations of the potentially elastic protein Cpr56F and Resilin occasionally coincide., Conclusions: Thus, Resilin-matrices are composite in the way that varying amounts of different elastic proteins and dityrosinylation define material properties. Understanding the biology of Resilin will have an impact on Resilin-based biomaterial and biomedical sciences.

Published
2020
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20. Tweedle proteins form extracellular two-dimensional structures defining body and cell shape in Drosophila melanogaster .

Author

Zuber R, Wang Y, Gehring N, Bartoszewski S, and Moussian B

Subjects
Alleles, Animals, Biomarkers, Drosophila melanogaster cytology, Drosophila melanogaster embryology, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Embryonic Development genetics, Epidermis embryology, Epidermis metabolism, Epidermis ultrastructure, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Larva, Mutation, Phenotype, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism, Cell Shape genetics, Extracellular Matrix metabolism, Morphogenesis genetics, Tacrolimus Binding Proteins genetics, Tacrolimus Binding Proteins metabolism
Abstract

Tissue function and shape rely on the organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by the respective cells. Our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is limited. Here, we show that extracellular Tweedle (Twdl) proteins in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster form two adjacent two-dimensional sheets underneath the cuticle surface and above a distinct layer of dityrosinylated and probably elastic proteins enwrapping the whole body. Dominant mutations in twdl genes cause ectopic spherical aggregation of Twdl proteins that recruit dityrosinylated proteins at their periphery within lower cuticle regions. These aggregates perturb parallel ridges at the surface of epidermal cells that have been demonstrated to be crucial for body shaping. In one scenario, hence, this disorientation of epidermal ridges may explain the squatty phenotype of Twdl mutant larvae. In an alternative scenario, this phenotype may be due to the depletion of the dityrosinylated and elastic layer, and the consequent weakening of cuticle resistance against the internal hydrostatic pressure. According to Barlow's formula describing the distribution of internal pressure forces in pipes in dependence of pipe wall material properties, it follows that this reduction in turn causes lateral expansion at the expense of the antero-posterior elongation of the body.

Published
2020
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21. Precise determination of the optical properties of turbid media using an optimized integrating sphere and advanced Monte Carlo simulations. Part 2: experiments.

Author

Bergmann F, Foschum F, Zuber R, and Kienle A

Abstract

Based on theoretical investigations of the light propagation within an integrating sphere, we developed an accurate method to determine the optical properties of scattering media using an integrating sphere-based setup. The method takes into account the exact sphere geometry as well as the different angular distributions of the reflected and transmitted light from the sample and the calibration standard. We tested our novelties successfully in theory with Monte Carlo simulations and in practice using a 3D printed and professionally coated integrating sphere. As a result, we were able to determine precisely the effective scattering coefficient, μ s ' , and the absorption coefficient, μ a , between 400 nm and 1500 nm in a range of μ a =1 e -3 m m -1 to 10 m m -1 and μ s ' =0.2 m m -1 to 100 m m -1 . Usually, the accuracy was around 1% for μ s ' and around 3% for μ a for turbid phantom media with an optical thickness τ = μ s ' d >1 and a transmittance signal >0.1 % .

Published
2020
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22. Dysfunction of Oskyddad causes Harlequin-type ichthyosis-like defects in Drosophila melanogaster.

Author

Wang Y, Norum M, Oehl K, Yang Y, Zuber R, Yang J, Farine JP, Gehring N, Flötenmeyer M, Ferveur JF, and Moussian B

Subjects
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Desiccation, Drosophila Proteins metabolism, Loss of Function Mutation, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics, Drosophila Proteins genetics, Ichthyosis, Lamellar genetics
Abstract

Prevention of desiccation is a constant challenge for terrestrial organisms. Land insects have an extracellular coat, the cuticle, that plays a major role in protection against exaggerated water loss. Here, we report that the ABC transporter Oskyddad (Osy)-a human ABCA12 paralog-contributes to the waterproof barrier function of the cuticle in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the reduction or elimination of Osy function provokes rapid desiccation. Osy is also involved in defining the inward barrier against xenobiotics penetration. Consistently, the amounts of cuticular hydrocarbons that are involved in cuticle impermeability decrease markedly when Osy activity is reduced. GFP-tagged Osy localises to membrane nano-protrusions within the cuticle, likely pore canals. This suggests that Osy is mediating the transport of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) through the pore canals to the cuticle surface. The envelope, which is the outermost cuticle layer constituting the main barrier, is unaffected in osy mutant larvae. This contrasts with the function of Snu, another ABC transporter needed for the construction of the cuticular inward and outward barriers, that nevertheless is implicated in CHC deposition. Hence, Osy and Snu have overlapping and independent roles to establish cuticular resistance against transpiration and xenobiotic penetration. The osy deficient phenotype parallels the phenotype of Harlequin ichthyosis caused by mutations in the human abca12 gene. Thus, it seems that the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lipid barrier assembly in the skin are conserved during evolution., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2020
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23. LmCDA1 organizes the cuticle by chitin deacetylation in Locusta migratoria.

Author

Yu RR, Liu WM, Zhao XM, Zhang M, Li DQ, Zuber R, Ma EB, Zhu KY, Moussian B, and Zhang JZ

Subjects
Acetylation, Amidohydrolases chemistry, Amidohydrolases metabolism, Amino Acid Sequence, Animal Shells metabolism, Animals, Insect Proteins chemistry, Insect Proteins metabolism, Locusta migratoria growth & development, Locusta migratoria metabolism, Nymph growth & development, Nymph metabolism, Phylogeny, Sequence Alignment, Amidohydrolases genetics, Chitin metabolism, Insect Proteins genetics, Locusta migratoria genetics
Abstract

Cells produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) with a stereotypic organization that is important for tissue function. The insect cuticle is a layered ECM that mainly consists of the polysaccharide chitin and associated proteins adopting a quasi-crystalline structure. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms deployed during construction of the highly ordered protein-chitin ECM so far is limited. In this study, we report on the role of the chitin deacetylase 1 (LmCDA1) in the organization of the protein-chitin ECM in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, and LmCDA1 localizes predominantly to the apical tier of the protein-chitin ECM, but it is also found in lower regions. Reduction of LmCDA1 function correlates with lower amounts of chitin and impedes conversion of chitin to chitosan by deacetylation. Establishment of the quasi-crystalline architecture of the protein-chitin ECM is, however, independent of LmCDA1 activity, but it is dependent on another chitin deacetylase, LmCDA2, which has no detectable effects on chitin deacetylation and, as shown previously, no influence on chitin content. Our data reveal that LmCDA1 and LmCDA2 act in parallel and independently from each other in defining the dimensions of the cuticle. Both enzymes are non-uniformly distributed within the protein-chitin matrix, suggesting a site-autonomous function., (© 2018 The Royal Entomological Society.)

Published
2019
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24. The putative C-type lectin Schlaff ensures epidermal barrier compactness in Drosophila.

Author

Zuber R, Shaik KS, Meyer F, Ho HN, Speidel A, Gehring N, Bartoszewski S, Schwarz H, and Moussian B

Subjects
Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Drosophila melanogaster embryology, Embryo, Nonmammalian metabolism, Lectins, C-Type chemistry, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Epidermis metabolism, Lectins, C-Type metabolism
Abstract

The stability of extracellular matrices is in general ensured by cross-linking of its components. Previously, we had shown that the integrity of the layered Drosophila cuticle relies on the presence of a covalent cuticular dityrosine network. Production and composition of this structure remained unstudied. In this work, we present our analyses of the schlaff (slf) gene coding for a putative C-type lectin that is needed for the adhesion between the horizontal cuticle layers. The Slf protein mainly localizes between the two layers called epicuticle and procuticle that separate from each other when the function of Slf is reduced or eliminated paralleling the phenotype of a cuticle with reduced extracellular dityrosine. Localisation of the dityrosinylated protein Resilin to the epicuticle-procuticle interface suggests that the dityrosine network mediates the adhesion of the epicuticle to the procuticle. Ultimately, compromised Slf function is associated with massive water loss. In summary, we propose that Slf is implied in the stabilisation of a dityrosine layer especially between the epicuticle and the procuticle that in turn constitutes an outward barrier against uncontrolled water flow.

Published
2019
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25. The ABC transporter Snu and the extracellular protein Snsl cooperate in the formation of the lipid-based inward and outward barrier in the skin of Drosophila.

Author

Zuber R, Norum M, Wang Y, Oehl K, Gehring N, Accardi D, Bartozsewski S, Berger J, Flötenmeyer M, and Moussian B

Subjects
Animals, Drosophila, Extracellular Matrix metabolism, Lipid Metabolism, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters metabolism, Skin metabolism
Abstract

Lipids in extracellular matrices (ECM) contribute to barrier function and stability of epithelial tissues such as the pulmonary alveoli and the skin. In insects, skin waterproofness depends on the outermost layer of the extracellular cuticle termed envelope that contains cuticulin, an unidentified water-repellent complex molecule composed of proteins, lipids and catecholamines. Based on live-imaging analyses of fruit fly larvae, we find that initially envelope units are assembled within putative vesicles harbouring the ABC transporter Snu and the extracellular protein Snsl. In a second step, the content of these vesicles is distributed to cuticular lipid-transporting nanotubes named pore canals and to the cuticle surface in dependence of Snu function. Consistently, the surface of snu and snsl mutant larvae is depleted from lipids and cuticulin. By consequence, these animals suffer uncontrolled water loss and penetration of xenobiotics. Our data allude to a two-step model of envelope i.e. barrier formation. The proposed mechanism in principle parallels the events occurring during differentiation of the lipid-based ECM by keratinocytes in the vertebrate skin suggesting establishment of analogous mechanisms of skin barrier formation in vertebrates and invertebrates., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Published
2018
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26. Cuticular body hairs mediate clumping of small Camponotus floridanus larvae.

Author

Wang Y, Zuber R, Laudahn A, Berger J, and Moussian B

Subjects
Animals, Behavior, Animal, Insecta, Larva anatomy & histology, Lipids chemistry, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Spatial Behavior, Surface Properties, Swimming, Video Recording, Ants physiology, Chitin physiology, Insect Proteins chemistry, Insect Proteins physiology, Larva physiology
Abstract

The body surface of insects usually carries cuticular hairs. Commonly, important functions of these structures are to prevent drowning and to defend against predators. Here, we report on our studies on hairs at the surface of larvae of the ant species Camponotus floridanus and Camponotus sericeiventris. First, we present data supporting the hypothesis that anti-drowning properties of the surface might rely on cuticular hairs. Second, we show that especially in young larvae body hairs serve as attachment and interlocking devices mediating clumping of larvae facilitating transport by workers. Based on our observations, we speculate that clumping also enhances larval perceptibility. Taken together, larval cuticular hairs seem to have at least two important functions augmenting chances of larval survival. Obviously, despite their immobility, young Camponotus larvae support childcare in the ant colony providing an arsenal of cuticular hairs on their body surface., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2017
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