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Background Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusion Current guidelines indicate that patients with extreme oligozoospermia or azoospermia should be tested for chromosomal imbalances, azoospermia factor (AZF) deletions and/or CFTR variants. For other sperm abnormalities, no genetic diagnostics are recommended.To determine whether exome sequencing (ES) with combined copy number variant (CNV) and single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis is a reliable first‐tier method to replace current methods (validation study), and to evaluate the diagnostic yield after 10 months of implementation (evaluation study).In the validation study, ES was performed on DNA of patients already diagnosed with AZF deletions (n = 17), (non‐)mosaic sex chromosomal aneuploidies or structural chromosomal anomalies (n = 37), CFTR variants (n = 26), or variants in known infertility genes (n = 4), and 90 controls. The data were analyzed using our standard diagnostic pipeline, with a bioinformatic filter for 130 male infertility genes. In the evaluation study, results of 292 clinical exomes were included.All previously reported variants in the validation cohort, including clinically relevant Y‐chromosomal microdeletions, were correctly identified and reliably detected. In the evaluation study, we identified one or more clinically relevant genetic anomalies in 67 of 292 of all cases (22.9%): these included aberrations that could have been detected with current methods in 30 of 67 patients (10.2% of total), (possible) (mono)genetic causes in the male infertility gene panel in 28 of 67 patients (9.6%), and carriership of cystic fibrosis in nine of 67 patients (3.1%).ES is a reliable first‐tier method to detect the most common genetic causes of male infertility and, as additional genetic causes can be detected, in our evaluation cohort the diagnostic yield almost doubled (10.2%–19.8%, excluding CF carriers). A genetic diagnosis provides answers on the cause of infertility and helps the professionals in the counseling for treatment, possible co‐morbidities and risk for offspring and/or family members. Karyotyping will still remain necessary for detecting balanced translocations or low‐grade chromosomal mosaicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Aim of the present study was to create a pedagogical checklist for implant surgical protocol with an augmented reality (AR) guided freehand surgery to inexperienced surgeons using a head mounted display (HMD) with tracking., Methods: The anatomical model of a patient with two missing mandibular teeth requiring conventional single-tooth implants was selected. The computed tomography (CT) scans were extracted and imported into segmentation and implant planning software. A Patient-specific dental splint through an intermediate strut, supported 3D-printed QR code. A checklist was generated to guide surgical procedure. After tracking, the AR-HMD projects the virtual pre-surgical plan (inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), implant axis, implant location) onto the real 3D-printed anatomical models. The entire drilling sequence was based on the manufacturer's recommendations, on 3D-printed anatomical models. After the implant surgical procedure, CT of the 3D-printed models was performed to compare the actual and simulated implant placements. All procedures in the study were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki., Results: In total, two implants were placed in a 3D-printed anatomical model of a female patient who required implant rehabilitation for dental agenesis at the second mandibular premolar positions (#35 and #45). Superimposition of the actual and simulated implants showed high concordance between them., Conclusion: AR in education offers crucial surgical information for novice surgeons in real time. However, the benefits provided by AR in clinical and educational implantology must be demonstrated in other studies involving a larger number of patients, surgeons and apprentices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Botulinum toxin type A causes muscle paralysis and is widely used in the masticatory muscle for stomatognathic diseases, such as temporomandibular disorder, bruxism, or masseteric hypertrophy. Nonetheless, its muscular effect remains unclear. Better understanding could aid improved use and perhaps new indications, particularly in dentofacial orthopaedics and orthognathic surgery., Methods: This systematic review explored the histologic and functional effects of botulinum toxin in animal and human masticatory muscles and was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched for relevant articles. The inclusion criteria were human or animal masticatory muscle analysis after botulinum toxin injection(s) AND histological structural/ultrastructural analysis by optical or electronic microscopy OR functional effect analysis by bite force evaluation (occlusal force analyzer) and muscle activity (electromyography)., Results: Of an initial 1578 articles, 44 studies were eventually included. Botulinum toxin injection in the masticatory muscle altered its histological structure and functional properties. The human and animal studies revealed ultrastructural change, atrophy, and fiber type modifications of the masticatory muscles after one injection. Botulinum toxin decreased bite force and muscle activity, but recovery was uncertain., Conclusions: Muscle forces applied on the skeleton is a key feature of facial growth. Masticatory muscle paralysis changes mechanical stress on bones, which rebalances the force applied on facial bones. This new balance could benefit dental deformity or surgical relapse. Therefore, botulinum toxin could limit the orthognathic effect of the masticatory muscles in such patients. Given the uncertain recovery, multiple injections should be avoided, and usage should not deviate from established consensus., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: The objective of this study was to compare the length ratios obtained on panoramic radiography and computed tomography (CT) to verify whether the former is adequate for diagnosing coronoid process hyperplasia., Methods: A case series of patients with coronoid process hyperplasia was investigated. Length ratios between the coronoid process and condyle were measured on panoramic radiographs by using the Levandoski method and on CT scans by using the methods described by Tavassol et al. and Stopa et al. The mean length ratios obtained using the three measurement methods were compared., Results: The mean length ratio measured with the Levandoski method was significantly lower than that measured with the method described by Stopa et al. (1.09 [0.09] vs. 1.21 [0.09]; P = 0.0001) and lower than that measured with the method described by Tavassol et al. (1.09 [0.09] vs. 1.34 [0.44]; P = 0.013)., Conclusion: Panoramic measurement of the coronoid process by using the Levandoski method tended to underestimate the length ratio, emphasizing the importance of using a scanographic measurement method at the slightest doubt to confirm the diagnosis of coronoid process hyperplasia., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective/background: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of orthognathic surgery combined with soft tissue surgery with that of soft tissue surgery alone as curative treatments for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome., Patients/methods: This retrospective cohort study included 50 patients aged ≥18 years who underwent orthognathic surgery combined with soft tissue surgery or soft tissue surgery alone for OSA syndrome (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI]: >15). The primary outcome was the improvement in AHI measured by overnight in-laboratory polysomnography before and at 6 months after the surgical treatment by. The secondary outcome was the postoperative AHI., Results: Twenty-eight (56 %) patients underwent orthognathic surgery combined with soft tissue surgery, while 22 (44 %) underwent soft tissue surgery only. There were no significant between-group differences in sex (p = 0.53), age (p = 0.08), body mass index (p = 0.42), and preoperative AHI (p = 0.17). The mean improvement in AHI at 6 months after surgery was significantly greater in the orthognathic surgery group than in the soft tissue surgery group (32.18 vs. 10.41; p < 0.0001). Similarly, the mean postoperative AHI was significantly lower in the orthognathic surgery group than in the soft tissue surgery group (8.46 vs. 29.62; p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: Compared with soft tissue surgery alone, orthognathic surgery combined with soft tissue surgery is more effective as curative treatment for OSA syndrome., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Oligodontia is a rare dental developmental pathology that requires prolonged, complex and multidisciplinary treatment. Although bone augmentation is frequently required during a complete implant treatment of oligodontia. Therefore, we evaluated the ability to predict pre-implant surgery complexity based on age, number of missing teeth, and number of implants required to achieve implant-supported prosthetic rehabilitation., Material and Methods: This retrospectively registered study included all patients who underwent surgical treatment for oligodontia in our Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department between January 2012 and May 2023. Demographic data, number and location of missing teeth, pre- and per-implant surgical procedures, and the number of planned implants were recorded. A quantitative variable called "complexity score of pre-implant surgery" was created. This 10-point score was calculated by adding one point for each preimplant surgical procedure registered. A simple linear regression was calculated to explain the number of targeted implants based on number of missing teeth. A multiple linear regression model was used to explain the complexity score of pre-implant surgery and age, number of missing teeth and number of targeted implants., Results: 119 oligodontia patients were included in the study. The median number of tooth agenesis was 10. A total of 825 implants were placed, 14 (1.7%) of which failed. A significant regression equation was used (F(1,118) = 1098,338; p < 0.0001) to explain the number of targeted implants based on number of missing teeth, with a R 2 of 0.903. A significant regression equation was found (F(3,116) = 107,229; p < 0.0001) to explain the complexity score of pre-implant surgery and age, number of missing teeth and number of targeted implants, with a R 2 of 0.735., Discussion: These results based on patient data indicate that age, number of missing teeth and number of targeted implants could reliably explain the complexity of pre-implant surgery., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study evaluated the biocompatibility and accuracy of 3D-printed β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) pure ceramic scaffolds. A specific shaping process associating a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer and a heat treatment was developed to produce pure β-TCP scaffolds leaving no polymer binder residue. The β-TCP was characterised using X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and the detection of pollutants. The open porosity of produced matrices and their resorption were studied by hydrostatic weighing and calcium release measures. The biocompatibility of the printed matrices was evaluated by mean of osteoblast cultures. Finally, macroporous cubic matrices were produced. They were scanned using a micro-Computed Tomography scanner (micro-CT scan) and compared to their numeric models. The results demonstrated that DLP 3D printing with heat treatment produces pure β-TCP matrices with enhanced biocompatibility. They also demonstrated the printing accuracy of our technique, associating top-down DLP with the sintering of green parts. Thus, this production process is promising and will enable us to explore complex phosphocalcic matrices with a special focus on the development of a functional vascular network.

Objective: Primary failure of eruption is characterized by a nonsyndromic defect in tooth eruption in the absence of mechanical obstruction. It is correlated to rare heterozygous variants in the parathyroid hormone receptor 1 gene. The management of primary failure of eruption is complex because many therapies are ineffective. The present study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of our patients with the findings reported in the literature, and to propose a treatment guideline based on the literature and our experience., Methods: Retrospective study of patients affected by primary dental eruption failure in the department and analyse of the results and compare with those of the litterature., Results: Twelve patients belonging to 5 families (9 males, 3 females; 13-52 y old) diagnosed and treated in the maxillofacial surgery and stomatology department of the Lille University Hospital were included. All patients showed posterior tooth involvement, and most patients showed bilateral defects. None of the affected teeth had coronal alveolar bone, whereas 6 patients showed root resorption in the affected teeth. Genetic analyses, performed on 11 patients, identified a parathyroid hormone receptor 1 disease-causing variant in 7 of them (63%). Multidisciplinary treatment was required to rehabilitate these patients. Orthodontic interventions, even at an early age, are difficult in affected teeth, which are often blocked or have internal resorption. Moreover, retention of these affected teeth during growth leads to dentoskeletal malocclusions, requiring difficult surgical management in the long term. Therefore, early extraction of these teeth is frequently recommended once the diagnosis has been confirmed. An implant-borne prosthetic rehabilitation can then be achieved at the end of growth after correction of the jaw discrepancy. In case of a late diagnosis, other surgical or noninvasive techniques may be used depending on the clinical situation. Distraction osteogenesis or segmental osteotomy could be discussed for patients with mild phenotypes., Conclusions: Early diagnosis of primary eruption defects is crucial to offer appropriate management as early as possible, and so to avoid late complicated treatments., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Pathogen adaptation to multiple selective pressures challenges our ability to control their spread. Here we analyze the evolutionary dynamics of pathogens spreading in a heterogeneous host population where selection varies periodically in space. We study both the transient dynamics taking place at the front of the epidemic and the long-term evolution far behind the front. We identify five types of epidemic profiles arising for different levels of spatial heterogeneity and different costs of adaptation. In particular, we identify the conditions where a generalist pathogen carrying multiple adaptations can outrace a coalition of specialist pathogens. We also show that finite host populations promote the spread of generalist pathogens because demographic stochasticity enhances the extinction of locally maladapted pathogens. But higher mutation rates between genotypes can rescue the coalition of specialists and speed up the spread of epidemics for intermediate levels of spatial heterogeneity. Our work provides a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between migration, local selection, mutation, and genetic drift on the spread and on the evolution of pathogens in heterogeneous environments. This work extends our fundamental understanding of the outcome of the competition between two specialists and a generalist strategy (single- vs. multiadapted pathogens). These results have practical implications for the design of more durable control strategies against multiadapted pathogens in agriculture and in public health., (© The Society for the Study of Evolution (SSE) and European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEN) 2024.)