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Aims and Objectives: To explore the process of change within the clinical practice of nurses in mental health inpatient units in the context of a participatory process to improve the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. Design: Participatory Action Research. Methods: Ninety-six nurses from 18 mental health units participated. Data were collected through focus groups and eflective diaries between March 2018 and January 2020. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. The COREQ guidelines were used. Results: The research process was carried out through two cycles of four stages each in which the nurses were able to identify the facilitating and limiting elements of their practice in relation to the therapeutic relationship. They then proposed two consensual improvement strategies for all the units, which they called reserved therapeutic space and postincident analysis. Finally, they implemented and evaluated the two strategies for change. Conclusions: This study has shown that, despite the different cultural and structural realities of the participating units, it is possible to implement a collaborative process of change, provided the needs and expectations of both the participants and the organisations are similar. Relevance to Clinical Practice: The results obtained through Participatory Action Research were directly transferred to clinical practice, thus having an impact on individual nurses and patients, as well as on the collective dynamics of the teams and aspects related to the management of the units.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Mechanical restraint is a common practice in mental healthcare settings in Spain, despite controversy. Mechanical restraint is perceived as a negative experience for nurses and service users. Mechanical restraint damages the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship, which is essential in providing quality care and promoting recovery. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: The negative experiences of service users and mental health nurses arising from use of mechanical restraint affects both parties involved and results in trauma. Using mechanical restraint can provoke a moral injury in mental health nurses which can negatively impact on the establishment of trust within the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Nurses must be aware of the negative effects that mechanical restraint use has on both their practice and their day-to-day lives. Post-mechanical restraint debriefing is required to repair the damage to the trust aspect of the nurse-patient relationship. Involving service users in co-producing a debriefing framework may be a way to rebuild trust through constructive dialogue.INTRODUCTION: Mechanical restraint is an intervention that causes harm to service users and nurses, yet continues to be used in many countries, including Spain. However, there is a lack of research exploring Spanish mental health nurses' experiences of using mechanical restraint.To describe the experiences of mental health nurses who have used mechanical restraint in practice.A qualitative descriptive methodology was used and a purposive sample of 10 Spanish mental health nurses were interviewed about their experiences of using mechanical restraint. Thematic analysis was then employed to analyse interview data.Participants' experiences of using mechanical restraint were mostly negative. Three main themes arose from the analysis of interview transcripts, (i) symmetrical trauma, (ii) moral injury and (iii) broken trust.The use of restrictive practices, which can be perceived as counter-therapeutic, exposes nurses to risks such as moral injury and service users to broken trust in the therapeutic nurse patient relationship. Avoiding empathy in order to use mechanical restraint is counterproductive, in the understanding that empathy is key to reducing this intervention.Reducing or eliminating use of mechanical restraints should be a policy and practice priority due to the symmetrical harms it causes both nurses and service users. The trust aspect of the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is a significant casualty when mechanical restraint is used, therefore involving service users in co-production of post-mechanical restraint debriefing can be an avenue for restoring this trust through dialogue.

[spa] INTRODUCCIÓN: Los trastornos psicológicos, como la ansiedad, la depresión y el trastorno por estrés postraumático, son comunes en los pacientes que sobreviven a un ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. La transición o alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos es un factor que contribuye a la aparición de estos trastornos psicológicos. Se necesitan intervenciones enfermeras destinadas a reducir el impacto de la transición de la unidad de cuidados intensivos en la salud mental de los pacientes. OBJETIVOS: a) Analizar la experiencia vivida de los pacientes durante la transición de la unidad de cuidados intensivos; y b) Evaluar el impacto de una intervención enfermera con empoderamiento en los niveles de ansiedad y depresión durante la transición de la unidad de cuidados intensivos. DISEÑO: Se aplicó un enfoque de métodos mixtos. MÉTODOS: En la fase cualitativa se utilizó el método fenomenológico hermenéutico. Los participantes fueron pacientes de tres hospitales universitarios, seleccionados mediante muestreo intencional. Los datos se recopilaron a través de 48 entrevistas en profundidad y se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido, tomando como base la teoría de la interpretación de Ricoeur. Los datos cualitativos obtenidos se utilizaron para desarrollar la intervención enfermera con empoderamiento. Posteriormente se aplicó un diseño experimental multicéntrico, de grupos paralelos, pretest/postest con un grupo control para medir la efectividad de la intervención a través de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria. En esta fase se incluyeron 178 pacientes mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio., [eng] INTRODUCTION: Psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder, are common in patients who survive an admission to an intensive care unit. Transition or discharge from the intensive care unit is a contributing factor to the appearance of these psychological disorders. Interventions aimed at reducing the impact of the intensive care unit on patients’ mental well-being are needed. OBJECTIVES: a) To understand patients’ lived experience at intensive care unit discharge; and b) To evaluate the impact of a nursing empowerment intervention on patients’ anxiety and depression levels at intensive care unit discharge. DESIGN: A mixed-methods approach was applied. METHODS: In the qualitative phase, the hermeneutic phenomenological method was used. Participants were patients from three university hospitals who were selected by purposive sampling. Data was gathered through 48 in-depth interviews and analyzed using content analysis. The qualitative data obtained was employed to develop the nursing intervention. Subsequently, a multicenter, parallel-group, experimental pre-test/post-test design with a control group was used to measure the effectiveness of the nursing empowerment intervention in the quantitative phase by means of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Simple random probabilistic sampling with 178 patients in this phase. RESULTS: From the analysis emerged a main theme, the impact on the emotional well-being of the patient; four categories: the need to be informed, experience of mixed feelings, expectation during the transition, factors related to the transition; and six subcategories: lack of information, negative emotions, concern for care, hope, facilitators, and barriers during the intensive care unit transition. The intensive care unit transition is a multiple and complex transition. Of the 178 patients, 49 had anxiety (27.5%) and 35 (19.7%) had depression. The intervention group participants had a statistically significant improvement in anxiety level after the intervention (8.2 pre vs. 5.5 post-intervention; p

Data de publicació electrònica: 24-01-2022 Aims and objectives: To explore the therapeutic relationship through the reflective practice of nurses in acute mental health units. Background: In mental health units, the therapeutic relationship is especially relevant for increasing the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Reflective practice is considered an essential aspect for improving nursing care. Design: Action and observation stages of a participatory action research project. Methods: Data were collected through reflective diaries designed for the guided description and reflection of practice interactions related to the therapeutic relationship and content analysis was applied. A total of 152 nurses from 18 acute mental health units participated. The COREQ guidelines were used. Results: The results were classified into three categories as follows: (i) Nursing attitude as a core of the therapeutic relationship. For the nurses, the attitudinal component was key in the therapeutic relationship. (ii) Nursing practices that are essential to the therapeutic relationship. Nurses identified practices such as creating a conducive environment, using an appropriate verbal approach, offering help and working together with the patient as essential for establishing a therapeutic relationship in practice. (iii) Contextual factors affecting the therapeutic relationship. The nurses considered the patient's condition, the care dynamics of the unit and its regulations, as well as the structure and environment of the unit, as contextual factors involved the establishment of an adequate therapeutic relationship in daily clinical practice. Conclusions: This study has provided knowledge of the importance and role of the nurses' attitude in the context of the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship based on the reflections of nurses in mental health units regarding their own practice. Relevance to clinical practice: These findings help nurses to increase awareness and develop improvement strategies based on their own knowledge and day-to-day difficulties. Moreover, managers can evaluate strategies that promote motivation and facilitate the involvement of nurses to improve the therapeutic relationship with patients.

La comunicación es la clave para comprender la vulnerabilidad emocional de los pacientes en estado crítico. Un cambio repentino en la salud, experimentado por estas personas debido a un accidente o enfermedad, puede causar un efecto psicoemocional como la ansiedad o el estrés postraumático. Objetivo principal: Evaluar un programa de formación en técnicas de comunicación básica y asistida (CONECTEM) para enfermeras pre-hospitalarias y conocer la utilidad y la satisfacción percibida del programa de formación.Métodos: El estudio presenta un diseño observacional-descriptivo cuasi experimental. La muestra fue de 12 enfermeras pre-hospitalarias seleccionadas según los criterios de inclusión. Se realizó un test post formación para evaluar los conocimientos adquiridos de las enfermeras. Resultados: El 100% de las enfermeras que realizaron el entrenamiento en CONECTEM fueron aptas para implementar la intervención comunicativa en la ambulancia. El 60% de las enfermeras consideró que la formación fue muy útil para mejorar la calidad de la atención en los pacientes críticos trasladados en ambulancia. La satisfacción percibida por las enfermeras de la formación CONECTEM, fue muy buena en un 42,4% y buenas, en un 58,3%. Conclusiones: Los resultados respaldan la importancia de la formación en técnicas de comunicación asistida y alternativa (CAA) para mejorar las curas integrales al paciente crítico y ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de formación en comunicación de las enfermeras de pre-hospitalaria. ABSTRACT: Communication is the key to understanding the emotional vulnerability of patients in critical condition. A sudden change in health experienced by these individuals due to an accident or illness can lead to serious psycho-emotional outcomes. Main objective: To conduct and evaluate an augmentative alternative communication training program (CONCETEM) for pre-hospital nurses and determine its utility and the satisfaction of the nurses. Methods: The study has an observational-descriptive design. The sample was 12 pre-hospital nurses selected by inclusion criteria. Post-training evaluation was conducted by the research team to learn whether nurses could perform the communicative intervention. Results: 100% of the nurses who underwent CONECTEM training were prepared to implement communicative intervention in the ambulance. 60% of the nurses considered that the training was very useful for improving the quality of care for critically ill patients transferred by ambulance. The nurses’ satisfaction with the communication training was ‘very good’ for 42.4% and ‘good’ for 58.3%. Conclusions: The results support the importance of Augmentative Alternative Communication training to improve outcomes in critically ill patients and reveal that nurses feel that more training is needed.

This study aimed to explore the perspective of people who had experienced treatment as patients at acute mental health units, regarding an intervention model to improve therapeutic relationships in the units, which had been previously designed by the nurses. The study participants were people linked to collectives for social activism in mental health. Six focus groups were held. The results were classified into three themes: (a) the meaning of a space to enable the establishment of a therapeutic relationship, (b) the procedures to implement the space, and (c) the difficulties to overcome to establish the space. For the participants, the Reserved Therapeutic Space intervention was perceived as a space where they could share expectations and needs with the nurses, considering it as both valid and useful to improve the therapeutic relationship in acute units. For the participants, the intervention should be structured in three stages: orientation, follow-up, and discharge. The content of the intervention should be proposed by the patients based on their needs and concerns. The barriers identified for carrying out the intervention were the lack of relational competence, the violation of rights, and the lack of accessibility of nurses. The facilitating elements were the availability of nurses, active listening, and empathy. The resulting intervention model includes realities of both groups, providing insights for nurses to initiate a space with patients and improve their therapeutic relationship. This intervention model could be used by managers to test its effectiveness.

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Some nurses develop positive relationships with people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD), while others have negative emotional reactions to people diagnosed with this disorder. The therapeutic relationship is key in the practice of mental health nursing. Enhanced knowledge of BPD allows mental health nurses to develop improved self-awareness, knowledge and understanding of the individuals and insight into the therapeutic challenges, which can improve attitudes towards people with this diagnosis. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: We are lacking knowledge about the perspective of people diagnosed with BPD on the attitudes of mental health nurses that facilitate a positive therapeutic relationship. The perspective of people with a BPD diagnosis on the therapeutic relationship offers key information about the attitudes that they credit with supporting their recovery. The participants-people diagnosed with BPD-perceived that the following attitudes of mental health nurses reinforced the therapeutic relationship: confidence in the person's recovery, non-judgement, sense of humour, availability and humanity. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: The study highlights mental health nurses' attitudes that participants perceived as having a positive effect on the therapeutic relationship. The recognition among people diagnosed with BPD of the constructive attitudes of mental health nurses may improve nurses' motivation to improve care for these patients. This study will allow mental health nurses to increase their awareness of the importance of attitude in the therapeutic relationship with people diagnosed with BPD. ABSTRACT: Introduction The therapeutic relationship between mental health nurses and people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) is essential to successful treatment, and nurses' attitudes are a key component of this relationship. Some nurses develop positive therapeutic relationships with people diagnosed with BPD, while others have negative emotional reactions which in turn limit their ability to develop a positive therapeutic relationship. There is a gap in the literature with respect to how people diagnosed with BPD perceive the attitudes of mental health nurses that foster a positive therapeutic relationship. Aim To describe how people diagnosed with BPD who have experienced an improvement perceive the role of the attitudes of mental health nurses in building a positive therapeutic relationship. Method Qualitative descriptive design with 12 interviews; thematic content analysis. Results Participants identified five attitudes of mental health nurses as contributing to a positive therapeutic relationship: confidence in their ability to recover, non-judgement, humour, availability and humanity. Discussion Nurses' attitudes are key to the therapeutic relationship. It may be possible for nurses to improve their attitudes towards patients diagnosed with BPD through self-reflection. Implications for practice Mental health nurses should incorporate methods that explore attitudes and attitudinal development of the workforce.

Introducció: En la literatura es descriu que la relació d'ajuda professional pot considerar-se una intervenció d'Infermeria. No obstant això, és important conèixer les seves característiques, continguts i procediments, perquè pugui ser validada com una intervenció psicoterapèutica d'infermeria. Objectius: Desenvolupar i avaluar la validesa de contingut de la relació d'ajuda professional com a intervenció psicoterapèutica d'infermeria, i desenvolupar els instruments necessaris per a una major avaluació de l'efectivitat de la relació d'ajuda professional en un context clínic. Mètodes: Aquesta recerca es va realitzar a través de quatre estudis. El primer va ser una revisió de la literatura. El segon estudi va consistir en un e-Delphi modificat. El tercer estudi va incloure un estudi psicomètric en el qual es va realitzar l'adaptació cultural i l'avaluació de les propietats psicomètriques del Resultat "Cognició" de la Classificació de Resultats d'Infermeria (NOC). El quart estudi va tenir com a objectiu desenvolupar una escala per a avaluar la qualitat de la relació terapèutica. Finalment, es va elaborar un manual per a operativitzar la relació d'ajuda com a intervenció d'Infermeria. Resultats: Los estudis van permetre consensuar l'objectiu de la relació d'ajuda professional, quins són els seus supòsits i les competències clau associades a l'infermer per a la seva implementació, amb un perfecte consens en l'empatia, comprensió, capacitat de no jutjar, honestedat i capacitat d’escoltar. També van permetre consensuar els focus d'atenció per a la pràctica d'Infermeria que poden derivar en diagnòstics d'Infermeria susceptibles de prescripció d'aquesta intervenció, sent l'autoestima, el dolor i l'ansietat els focus que van obtenir major consens entre els experts. Conclusió: El fet que s'hagi aconseguit un consens sobre el contingut i procediments de la relació d'ajuda com a intervenció psicoterapèutica en Infermeria sembla ser important per a orientar l'infermer especialitzat en la implementació d'intervencions psicoterapèutiques en Infermeria PAMS. Introducción: En la literatura se describe que la relación de ayuda profesional puede considerarse una intervención de Enfermería. Sin embargo, es importante conocer sus características, contenidos y procedimientos, para que pueda ser validada como una intervención psicoterapéutica de enfermería. Objetivos: Desarrollar y evaluar la validez de contenido de la relación de ayuda profesional como intervención psicoterapéutica de enfermería, y desarrollar los instrumentos necesarios para una mayor evaluación de la efectividad de la relación de ayuda profesional en un contexto clínico. Métodos: Esta investigación se realizó a través de cuatro estudios. El primero fue una revisión de la literatura. El segundo estudio consistió en un e-Delphi modificado. El tercer estudio incluyó un estudio psicométrico en el que se realizó la adaptación cultural y la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas del Resultado "Cognición" de la Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería (NOC). El cuarto estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar una escala para evaluar la calidad de la relación terapéutica. Finalmente, se elaboró un manual para operativizar la relación de ayuda como intervención de Enfermería. Resultados: Los estudios permitirán consensuar el objetivo de la relación de ayuda profesional, cuáles son sus supuestos y las competencias clave asociadas al enfermero para su implementación, con un perfecto consenso en la empatía, comprensión, capacidad de no juzgar, honestidad y capacidad de escuchar. También permitirán consensuar los focos de atención para la práctica de Enfermería que pueden derivar en diagnósticos de Enfermería susceptibles de prescripción de esta intervención, siendo la autoestima, el dolor y la ansiedad los focos que obtuvieron mayor consenso entre los expertos. Conclusión: El hecho de que se haya alcanzado un consenso sobre el contenido y procedimientos de la relación de ayuda como intervención psicoterapéutica en Enfermería parece ser importante para orientar al enfermero especializado en la implementación de intervenciones psicoterapéuticas en Enfermería PAMS. Introduction: In literature, professional helping relationship can be considered as a nursing intervention. However, it is important to know its characteristics, contents and procedures, in order to validate it as a nursing psychotherapeutic nursing. Aims: To develop and evaluate the content validity of the professional helping relationship as a nursing psychotherapeutic intervention, and to develop the tools which are the foundation for further evaluation of the effectiveness of the professional helping relationship in a clinical setting. Methods: This research was divided into four studies. The first study was a scoping review. The second study was a modified e-Delphi study. The third study was a psychometric study, in which cultural adaptation and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Nursing Outcome Classification (NOC) outcome "Cognition" were carried out. The fourth study aimed to develop a scale for evaluating the quality of the therapeutic relationship. Finally, a manual for operationalising the helping relationship as a nursing intervention was prepared. Results: The studies made it possible to agree on the aim of the professional helping relationship, its assumptions and the key competences associated with the nurse for its performance, having been reached perfect consensus on empathy, understanding, the ability to not judge, honesty and the ability to listen. They also made it possible to consensualise the nursing focuses that can lead to nursing diagnoses liable to the prescription of professional helping relationship. The focuses that were more consensual were self-esteem, grief and anxiety. Conclusion: Reaching consensus on the content and procedures of the professional helping relationship, assumed as a nursing psychotherapeutic intervention, seems to be important to guide mental health nurses’ practice on the performance of nursing psychotherapeutic interventions.

Aims: to explore nurses' experiences of suicide care and to identify and synthesize the most suitable interventions for the care of people with suicidal behaviour from a nursing perspective. Design: qualitative meta-synthesis. Data sources: comprehensive search of five electronic databases for qualitative studies published between January 2015 and June 2019. Review methods: the PRISMA statement was used for reporting the different phases of the literature search and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) qualitative research checklist was used as an appraisal framework. Data synthesis was conducted using Sandelowski and Barroso's method. Results: seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria. The data analysis revealed 13 subcategories from which four main categories emerged: 'Understanding suicidal behaviour as a consequence of suffering', 'Nurses' personal distress in suicide care', 'The presence of the nurse as the axis of suicide care' and, 'Improving nurses' relational competences for a better therapeutic environment'. Conclusion: further training of nurses on the therapeutic relationship, particularly in non-mental health care work settings, and monitoring of the emotional impact on nurses in relation to suicide is required to promote more effective prevention and care. Impact: this review provides new insights on how suicide is interpreted, the associated emotions, the way suicide is approached and proposals for improving clinical practice from the point of view of nurses. The results demonstrate that the nurse-patient relationship, ongoing assessment, and the promotion of a sense of security and hope are critical in nursing care for patients who exhibit suicidal behaviour. Consequently, to promote an effective nursing care of suicide, nurses should be provided with further training on the therapeutic relationship. Thus, health institutions do not only provide the time and space to conduct an adequate therapeutic relationship, but also, through their managers, they should supervise and address the emotional impact that is generated in nurses caring for patients who exhibit suicidal behaviour.

Màster d'Humanització de l'Assistència Sanitària: Pacients, Famílies i Professionals, Universitat de Barcelona, Escola Universitària d'Infermeria, Institut de Formació Continuada (IL3), Curs: 2018-2019, Tutor: Tayra Velasco Sanz, Actualmente en todos los países del mundo la población mayor de 60 años es el grupo de mayor crecimiento demográfico y se hace evidente que el abordaje paliativo en la vejez, debe preocupar a los profesionales, principalmente en la atención paliativa en situación de últimos días, es decir, la percepción de la muerte por parte de enfermería y por tanto los cuidados que la preceden en pacientes ancianos deben ser abordados desde la perspectiva de la dignidad y la humanización. Conocer la forma en que el tema de la muerte en ancianos afecta al equilibrio del ser humano puede ser necesario para comprender las actitudes y adaptación que conlleva en las profesionales como personas. El objetivo principal de este estudio es el de analizar las competencias de enfermería ante la muerte en pacientes ancianos. Se realizará en una unidad de Pacientes Crónicos Complejos (PCC) que consta de 41 camas y está ubicada en el Hospital Plató en Barcelona. Este centro consta de 160 camas, y aproximadamente 200 profesionales enfermeros. El estudio se ajustará a la metodología cualitativa de corte fenomenológico descriptivo e interpretativo. El muestreo será no probabilístico intencionado. La técnica de recogida de datos serán las entrevistas en profundidad y los focus group y el análisis de los datos se realizará a través de la categorización y el método de comparaciones constantes. Los resultados de este estudio pueden ser una herramienta muy útil para reflexionar sobre la importancia de la comunicación con los pacientes y familias de éstos en situación de últimos días de vida, considerar el sentido que tiene para las enfermeras el concepto de “acompañamiento en la muerte” y/o “afrontar la muerte” y poder diseñar formación en aquellos aspectos en que las enfermeras manifiesten deficiencias.

The therapeutic relationship constitutes the central axis of mental health nursing. The clinical practice environment has been empirically related to the quality of care. However, the relationship between the two constructs is unknown in the setting of mental health units. We aimed to examine whether the practice environment and nurses' characteristics influence the therapeutic relationship in mental health units. Through a cross-sectional design, data were collected via an online form completed by nurses in 18 mental health units. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the clinical practice environment and the therapeutic relationship. Questionnaires were completed by 198 participants. The mean age was 33.8 (SD 9.1) years, 71.7% were women, and only 20.2% had a specialist qualification in mental health. The therapeutic relationship was better when there was a more favourable practice environment (B: 3.111; 95% CI: 1.46-4.75). The most influential environment-related factor was the nursing foundations for quality of care (B: 2.124; 95% CI: 0.17-4.07). The factors associated with a high-quality therapeutic relationship were a more favourable practice environment and the presence of more foundations for quality nursing care, coupled with higher academic attainment and longer nursing experience. Institutions should take into account the importance of the nursing practice environment in mental health units. Aspects related to the quality of nursing foundations, such as training, the use of nursing language and taxonomy, and the existence of a common nursing philosophy, are influential for a high-quality therapeutic relationship.

Aims and objectives To produce changes in the therapeutic relationship between clinical practice nurses and patients in psychiatric units by implementing evidence-based practices through participatory action research. Background The therapeutic relationship is the cornerstone of nursing care in psychiatric units. The literature suggests that theoretical knowledge alone is insufficient to establish the therapeutic relationship in practice. Therefore, strategies are needed to adequately establish the therapeutic relationship in psychiatric units. Design Participatory action research. Methods Participants consisted of nurses from two psychiatric units of a university hospital. Data were collected through focus groups and reflective diaries, which were analysed using the content analysis method. The COREQ guidelines were followed to ensure rigour. Results Nurses conceptualised the therapeutic relationship in their practice, identifying facilitating elements and limitations. They were able to compare their clinical practice with the recommendations of scientific evidence and constructed three evidence-based proposals to improve the therapeutic relationship: (a) a customised nurse intervention space, (b) knowledge updating and (c) reflective groups, which they subsequently implemented and evaluated. Conclusions This study shows that nurses in psychiatric units can generate changes and improvements in the therapeutic relationship. The process of implementing evidence-based practice enhanced participants' awareness of their clinical practice and allowed them to make changes and improvements. Relevance to clinical practice The process confirmed that the implementation of evidence-based practice through participatory methods, such as participatory action research, is valid and produces lasting changes. This study also reveals the need to rethink nurses' functions and competencies in current psychiatric units.

[spa] INTRODUCCIÓN: El empoderamiento del paciente es un concepto clave incorporado en los diferentes modelos de atención a la cronicidad. La gestión de la cronicidad requiere a un paciente empoderado que participe y asuma la responsabilidad de su cuidado con el objetivo de mejorar sus resultados en salud, de prevenir complicaciones y de aumentar su calidad de vida. En nuestro país no hay instrumentos validados que permitan medir el constructo empoderamiento. Esta carencia se contrapone con la exigencia por parte de los planes de salud de buscar e implementar estrategias que permitan el empoderamiento de los pacientes crónicos y con la necesidad de disponer de herramientas para medir resultados de empoderamiento. OBJETIVOS: Adaptar al contexto español y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario Patient empowerment in long-term conditions que evalúa el nivel de empoderamiento de los pacientes con enfermedad crónica. El objetivo secundario es identificar los factores que predicen el empoderamiento basal y las trayectorias de cambio (mejoría o deterioro) en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Se realizó el proceso de adaptación transcultural mediante: 1) Traducción directa; 2) síntesis y conciliación de las versiones por un comité de expertos; 3) traducción inversa; 4) conciliación de la traducción inversa con la autora del cuestionario original, y 5) análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas a una muestra de pacientes. Para la evaluación de las propiedades psicométricas se realizó un diseño observacional y prospectivo, en el que se analizaron a 124 pacientes con diagnóstico de Insuficiencia Cardíaca. Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y psicosociales, además de cuestionarios de calidad de vida, autocuidado, autoeficacia y empoderamiento, en tres evaluaciones distintas (basal, 2 semanas y 12 semanas). La fiabilidad se evaluó mediante la consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach) y la reproducibilidad test-retest (coeficiente de correlación intraclase). La validez se estudió mediante análisis factorial y validez convergente-divergente. La sensibilidad al cambio se analizó mediante el tamaño del efecto. Para el segundo objetivo se construyó la variable evolución de empeoramiento que se definió como la diferencia entre el valor de CEPEC a 3 meses y el valor basal. Se realizaron pruebas bivariadas, modelo lineal general multivariante, modelo de regresión logística univariante y multivariante, RESULTADOS: Las versiones de traducción directa no presentaron grandes diferencias entre ellas. La versión de la traducción inversa fue aceptada por la autora del cuestionario original. En las entrevistas cognitivas, los pacientes señalaron algún tipo de dificultad en 5 ítems. Los resultados de las propiedades psicométricas mostraron un alfa de Cronbach excelente (> 0.9) y un coeficiente de correlación intraclase moderado (0.47). Las puntuaciones del cuestionario se correlacionaron con calidad de vida (0.46) y autoeficacia (0.43). Los resultados del análisis factorial obtenidos no fueron acordes con el modelo original. El tamaño del efecto fue moderado (0.67). Las variables que se relacionan con empoderamiento basal fueron peor clase funcional (p=0.008), valores elevados de NT-proBNP (p=0,04) y ansiedad (p, [eng] INTRODUCTION: The management of chronicity requires an empowered patient to participate and assume responsibility for their care with the aim of improving the health outcomes, preventing complications and increasing the quality of life. OBJECTIVES: 1) To validate the Spanish version of the questionnaire “Patient empowerment in long- term conditions” which evaluates the patients’ level of empowerment of chronic diseases. 2) To identify factors which predict basal empowerment and changes (improvement or deterioration) in patients with Heart Failure (HF). METHODS: The process of transcultural adaptation was carried out through: direct translation; committee of experts; reverse translation and cognitive interviews. For the evaluation of the psychometric properties the internal consistency will be assessed through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient; construct validity through Pearson’s correlation coefficient; and sensibility to change through effect size coefficient. For the second objective, bivariate tests were performed, general multivariate linear model, univariate and multivariate logistic regression model. RESULTS: The direct translation versions did not show great differences between them, the expert committee introduced changes in 23 items. In the cognitive interviews, the patients indicated some type of difficulty in 5 items. The results of the psychometric properties showed Cronbach's alpha > 0.9 and an intraclass correlation coefficient 0.47. Questionnaire scores correlated with quality of life (0.46) and self-efficacy (0.43). The factorial analysis were not consistent with the original model. The effect size was 0.67. The variables related to baseline empowerment were worse functional class (p = 0.008), high values of NT-proBNP (p = 0.04) and anxiety (p

Background: Psychiatric nurses are aware of the importance of the therapeutic relationship in psychiatric units. Nevertheless, a review of the scientific evidence indicates that theoretical knowledge alone is insufficient to establish an adequate therapeutic alliance. Therefore, strategies are required to promote changes to enhance the establishment of the working relationship. The aims of the study are to generate changes in how nurses establish the therapeutic relationship in acute psychiatric units, based on participative action research and to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of evidence through this method. Methods/Design: The study will use a mixed method design. Qualitative methodology, through participative action research, will be employed to implement scientific evidence on the therapeutic relationship. A quasi-experimental, one-group, pre-test/post-test design will also be used to quantitatively measure the effectiveness of the implementation of the evidence. Participants will consist of nurses and patients from two psychiatric units in Barcelona. Nurses will be selected by theoretical sampling, and patients assigned to each nurses will be selected by consecutive sampling. Qualitative data will be gathered through discussion groups and field diaries. Quantitative data will be collected through the Working Alliance Inventory and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Qualitative data will be analysed through the technique of content analysis and quantitative data through descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussion: This study will help to understand the process of change in a nursing team working in an inpatient psychiatric ward and will allow nurses to generate knowledge, identify difficulties, and establish strategies to implement change, as well as to assess whether the quality of the care they provide shows a qualitative improvement. This study is funded by the College of Nurses of Barcelona as part of the Research Projects Grants (PR- 1915-14/2014).

Purpose To study the significance of ‘therapeutic relationship’ between nurses and patients within the context of a psychiatric hospital. Method Narrative literature review. Content analysis. Findings The significance of the therapeutic relationship is quite similar for both nurses and patients in psychiatric hospital units. Nevertheless, several factors may separate the two positions: the time available for the relationship, the negative perceptions on the part of both parties, and the insecurity of the setting. Practice implications Increased knowledge and understanding of the significance of the therapeutic relationship from the perspective of nurses and patients would allow the strengthening of areas of mutual interest.