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This research explores how green social media influencers affect consumers' electronic word‐of‐mouth behaviour regarding green products by developing cohesive relationships. Grounded in social capital theory and relational cohesion theory, this study aims to understand how green social media influencers can build cohesive relationships with their followers and the subsequent effects of these relationships using a mixed‐method research design. The quantitative study (Study 1) uses a sample of 471 social media users who follow and interact with at least one green social media influencer and employs partial least squares structural equation modelling to analyse the data. The results show that green social media influencers' cognitive capital and relational capital significantly trigger social interaction frequency, which, in turn, evokes positive mood and reduces uncertainty. This process fosters cohesive relationships and drives electronic word‐of‐mouth behaviour about green products. The study also examines how gender moderates the impact of cognitive and relational capital on social interaction frequency and its subsequent effects on relational cohesion and electronic word‐of‐mouth behaviours. The subsequent qualitative study (Study 2) corroborates the quantitative results and provides complementary findings, enhancing the understanding of how green social media influencers can use their social capital to develop cohesive relationships with consumers and drive electronic word‐of‐mouth behaviours. This research provides significant insights into how green social media influencers can build cohesive relationships with consumers and improve their effectiveness in promoting green products through social capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores intellectual capital's impact on social media analytics adoption in the banking industry. It also examines the impact of social media analytics on competitive intelligence and banking entrepreneurship. Furthermore, this study explores the mediating role of competitive intelligence in the impact of social media analytics on banking entrepreneurship. Data were collected from 320 bank managers and specialists and analyzed using Smart PLS, Version 4. The findings indicated that human, structural, and relational capital significantly impact the adoption of social media analytics. This study also revealed that social media analytics significantly impacts competitive intelligence and banking entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the results showed a significant mediating role of competitive intelligence in the impact of social media analytics on banking entrepreneurship. This study provides invaluable contributions for both academic discourse and industry professionals. It thoroughly investigates the interrelationships among intellectual capital, social media analytics, competitive intelligence, and banking entrepreneurship. This study advances our understanding of how these capabilities operate within the ever‐changing banking realm. Moreover, this study provides novel practical insights for bank managers and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of intellectual capital as well as the contributions of social media analytics and competitive intelligence in driving banking entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the article is to identify differences in the explanatory value of export market experience and relational capital as variables impacting export performance on markets characterised by high and low levels of psychic distance. We aimed to explore which of these resources turn out to be more useful in dealing with high and low levels of psychic distance between the exporter's home country and export markets. Research Design & Methods: The research is quantitative and based on primary data collected from exporting firms representing different manufacturing sectors, which have a track record of export market relationships using computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) in 2020. We ran ordinary least squares regression (OLS) analyses with IBM SPSS 23 software. Findings: The exporters' market-specific relational capital positively affects export performance, whereby this relationship is stronger for more distant markets. The impact of experience understood as tenure in the export market turned out to be insignificant for export performance. Implications & Recommendations: Exporters can leverage their relational capital to enhance export market performance instead of acquiring market-specific knowledge on their own. Since an overreliance on a foreign partner's resources may prevent the development of own capabilities, an approach relying on joint experiential learning seems more advisable. Our findings also suggest that tenure in an export market in itself does not guarantee superior performance, as the learning exposure in the foreign markets has to be given. Contribution & Value Added: We explore the relationships between a set of variables proposed by different theoretical views explaining export performance. The originality of our approach lies in the strategic optics we shed on firms' behaviour in high and low psychic distance markets. Depending on the contextual differences stemming from the level of psychic distance of markets firms strategise their presence in foreign markets deliberately relying on either their experience or market-specific relational capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, immigrant entrepreneurship has experienced significant growth in Italy. Understanding the value of relational capital is crucial for studying the entrepreneurship of foreign-born individuals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the quantitative dimension of foreign-owned entrepreneurship in Italy (RQ1), identify the drivers of this phenomenon (RQ2), and examine the value of relational capital for the creation and development of immigrant-owned enterprises (RQ3). This research contributes to expanding the literature on relational capital in the context of foreign entrepreneurship in Italy by contributing to two distinct fields: relational capital and immigrant entrepreneurship studies. Regarding practical implications, the paper emphasizes the significance of relational capital as an intangible asset in the development of foreign companies. It employs a qualitative methodology through a multiple case study to support its research. To achieve the objective of observing relationships, this study utilizes the C.A.O.S. model, an interpretative model that is valuable for analyzing relational capital within immigrant entrepreneurship, especially in the early stages. In fact, relational capital allows start-ups to overcome their main difficulties: the organizational aspect and financial capacity. The limitation of this study pertains to the number of pilot cases observed, which was limited to four. Future research endeavors will focus on studying additional firms to gather more comprehensive data on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a novel contribution to the entrepreneurial, the Gender and Development (GAD) and the relational capital (RC) literatures, this study examines the possible role of spouses on the entrepreneurial gender gap through the family embeddedness model, which sees the family members as embedded in their social relationships and describes family systems through three interrelated characteristics (family transitions, family resources and family norms including attitudes, and values). Using a unique representative matched sample of 321 married couples, the results supports both the preselection and especially the socialization hypotheses by showing that married people have a significant association with their partners regarding their entrepreneurial tendency which also increases as marriage duration extends. Furthermore, while such similarity is associated with an increased probability for women to become an entrepreneur, it is also associated with men's decreased probability to become an entrepreneur. Finally, clear evidence was found that family income had a significant positive association with men's entrepreneurial tendency as well as with their probability to become entrepreneurs. However, it did not have any significant association with a woman's entrepreneurial tendency nor with their probability to become entrepreneurs. The results shed light on important possible drivers for the entrepreneurial gender gap that works inside the family premises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe purpose of this research is to investigate and explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital and to provide an optimal model. This research is developmental in terms of its purpose, analytical-correlational in terms of the type of method, qualitative in terms of the method of collecting data, and with a meta-composite approach in terms of the method of conducting the research. The statistical population of the research includes all studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. In two parts in this research; descriptive and inferential meta-analysis, the analysis of the intellectual capital of the researches published in the period of 1366 to 1399, extracted from the Irandoc database, in the number of 51 studies (102 variables - including repeated variables, finally 53 variables) was analyzed. Based on the descriptive meta-analysis, the classification of intellectual capital research were categorized into three categories of organizational focus, the focus of intellectual capital accounting literature, and the research methods used in the research. Also, based on the criteria of concentration of accounting literature, intellectual capital research was divided into five categories: audit, accountability and governance, management control/strategy, performance measurement, and others (including the public). Inferential meta-analysis was performed using stata software. Based on the results of inferential meta-analysis, the relationship between intellectual capital components and financial performance components was examined. The results showed that based on the pattern of random effects, the average effect size extracted from the research is equal to 0.269.Extended Abstract IntroductionIntellectual capital is the most important source for sustainable competitive advantages of organizations, and today one of the important responsibilities of managers is better management of intellectual capital (Bani Asadi et al, 2021). Intellectual capital is the most basic asset of an organization, and in a knowledge-oriented society, intellectual capital is used to create value for the organization, and organizational success depends on the ability to manage these assets. Intellectual capital is defined as a set of intangible assets, resources, and competitive abilities that are obtained from organizational performance and value creation (Montazeri et al, 2022). Intellectual capital includes all processes and assets that are not usually shown on the balance sheet, and also includes all intangible assets (such as trademarks, product patents and business names) that are considered in modern accounting methods (Nowrouzi et al., 2017). Intellectual capital is a capital beyond physical and tangible assets. Today, intellectual capital can play an important role in creating added value due to the production of knowledge and information and as a result the production of wealth in the knowledge-based economy (Asgarnezhad Nouri & Emkani, 2017). Intellectual capital is a language for thinking, speaking, and taking actions related to the organization's future revenue drivers, which include relationships with customers and partners, innovation efforts, organizational infrastructure, and knowledge and skills of the organization's employees. As a concept, intellectual capital is associated with techniques that empower managers to strengthen management (Zareian Moradabadi et al, 2022). Therefore, according to the issues raised, the current research intends to answer the question: how to explain the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital and provide the optimal model?Theoretical FrameworkIntellectual CapitalIntellectual capital is capabilities, knowledge, culture, process strategy, intellectual assets, and communication networks that create value and competitive advantage for the organization, and help the organization achieve its goals (Mahmoudi et al, 2021). Intellectual capital is defined as a general set of abilities, information, culture, strategy, trends, and relational networks of an organization that have created a value or competitive improvements and help the organization to achieve its goals. Broking defines intellectual capital as the market assets of human assets, the axis of intellectual assets and sub-structural assets, and believes that when these assets are combined with other production resources of the organization, it leads to the creation of value. Most of the studies conducted on intellectual capital have concluded that intellectual capital consists of three types of capital, which include: human capital, structural capital, and relational (customer) capital (Farazmand et al, 2019).Zareian Moradabadi et al, (2022) investigated the model of intellectual capital evaluation in the state banks of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results showed that intellectual capital has 4 components and 48 sub-components. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the effect coefficients of all sub-factors and variables (the four dimensions of the intellectual capital evaluation model, including human, structural, relational, and innovation capital) are significant and higher than 5.00, and also their significance levels are higher than 96.1. Therefore, the evaluation model of intellectual capital as a valid and reliable tool has the ability to be used for better management of intellectual capital.Olarewaju & Msomi (2021) investigated the intellectual capital and financial performance of the development of South African public insurance companies, the impact of intellectual capital on financial performance for the period 2008 to 2019. The findings showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between asset yields of the previous period, intellectual capital, and the financial performance of insurers in the South African Development Association. Except for intellectual capital components; human capital components and structural capital have a direct and significant relationship with the asset yields, while capital employed has an inverse and non-significant relationship with asset yields. The risk-control variables are policy issue, insurer size, and leverage; all of which inversely and significantly affect asset yields. Therefore, there is a U-shaped relationship between intellectual capital and financial performance in public insurance companies in the South African Development Association. Therefore, policy makers and insurance managers should maximize their intellectual capital because it creates a competitive advantage that leads to improved financial performance and wealth generation.Research methodologyThis research is developmental in terms of its purpose, analytical-correlational in terms of the type of method, qualitative in terms of the method of collecting data, and with a meta-composite approach in terms of the method of conducting the research. The statistical population of the research includes all studies and researches done in the past in the field of intellectual capital. In two parts in this research; descriptive and inferential meta-analysis, the analysis of the intellectual capital of the researches published in the period of 1366 to 1399, extracted from the Irandoc database, in the number of 51 studies (102 variables - including repeated variables, finally 53 variables) was analyzed.Research findingsBased on the descriptive meta-analysis, the classification of intellectual capital research were categorized into three categories of organizational focus, the focus of intellectual capital accounting literature, and the research methods used in the research. Also, based on the criteria of concentration of accounting literature, intellectual capital research was divided into five categories: audit, accountability and governance, management control/strategy, performance measurement, and others (including the public). Inferential meta-analysis was performed using stata software. Based on the results of inferential meta-analysis, the relationship between intellectual capital components and financial performance components was examined. The results showed that based on the pattern of random effects, the average effect size extracted from the research is equal to 0.269.ConclusionThe current research was conducted with the aim of investigating and explaining the effective variables in measuring intellectual capital and providing an optimal model. According to the obtained results, the current research is in line with the results of Zareian Moradabadi et al, (2022), Olarewaju & Msomi (2021), Bani Asadi et al, (2021), Farazmand et al, (2019), Kamath (2019), Francesco Gangi et al, (2019), Ghadir & Shihap Mohammad (2019), Hapsah & Imbarine et al, (2019), and Soetanto & Liem (2019). Bani Asadi et al, (2021) showed that there are 863 researches in the field of intellectual capital, at the end of which 112 researches were selected and by analyzing their content, the relevant dimensions and codes were extracted and the importance and priority of each was determined using Shannon's entropy method. Based on the findings of the research, the organization's image and reputation codes, organizational procedures, patents, customer loyalty, employee creativity, and the organization's training programs for employees have the highest coefficient of importance among the three dimensions of intellectual capital. Finally, after going through the research steps, a comprehensive model of intellectual capital was presented in three dimensions of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital.In relation to the factors related to corporate governance, there are factors related to intellectual capital, managerial ownership, institutional investors, independence of the board of directors, corporate ownership, and board of directors' compensation. Therefore, it is suggested to improve the intellectual capital by choosing optimal approaches from each of the above factors, for example, by increasing the amount of the board of directors' bonus, the motivation of the managers can be increased, or by increasing the independence of the board of directors, or by increasing the institutional ownership etc. improved intellectual capital. It is important to mention that the above factors are important in measuring intellectual capital and the intellectual capital of any organization can be measured using all these factors.

Intellectual capital, encompassing human capital, structural capital, and relational capital, holds a vital role in shaping the educational landscape of universities. As universities seek to provide holistic educational experiences, understanding how students perceive the different dimensions of intellectual capital becomes paramount. By understanding how students view intellectual capital, the university can align its resources and efforts to enhance the learning experience. Despite the growing recognitionof intellectual capital's significance for improvingan organization’s value creation, there is a lack of research on intellectual capital in the universitycontext, particularly regarding students' perceptions. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by investigating students' perceptions of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital, thereby providing insights into the role of intellectual capital in contributing to the university's overall reputation. An online questionnaire surveywas carried out to 130 students from UiTM Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, KampusSeremban. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. Mean scoreanalyses were conducted to evaluate students' perceptions of intellectual capital. The results show that students have overwhelmingly positive views regarding intellectual capital on average. Their perceptions suggest that they not only recognize but alsoappreciatethe importance of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital within the university environment.It signifies a harmonious alignment between the university's offerings and students' expectations. This alignment can lead to manypositive outcomes, benefitingstudents, faculty, alumni, and other stakeholders.

Intellectual capital components’ meta system has exploded in the past decade following the four decades of intellectual capital research evolution, followed by wide discussions on definitions, measurements, reporting, impact analysis, etc. The evolution of IC research has been divided into four stages, although the borders between them are fluid and the exchange of ideas has grown in all directions at tremendous speed since the end of the 1990s. The intellectual capital theory has evolved from the resource-based view, competence-based view, and knowledge-based view. Intellectual capital, a new term, appeared in the 1990s and, in essence, coincided with the concept of intangible assets. In particular, researchers agree that the terms "intangible assets", "trademark", "good repute", and "intellectual property" in accounting and valuation activities do not cover everything that should be included in the new concept. It is about using intangible assets as a management object to increase the value of the company by involving previously unused reserves such as knowledge, information technology, customer satisfaction, etc. There is no unified definition; therefore, there is flexibility in using the term. Owing to its significance in the new sustainable reality, intellectual capital has become crucial for growing economies and has been recognized as a fundamental discipline that is thoroughly supported by practitioners and government structures worldwide. On the basis of the analysis of intellectual capital research, research questions can be defined in the form of a block-chain of the research areas, including a) terminology and definition b) components and classification; c) measurement and evaluation systems; d) value creation and, more recently, distortions; e) efficiency and effectiveness; f) reporting and disclosure; g) impact assessment; h) decision-making; and i) indication of contradictions and gaps for further research. The study used a sample of Nasdaq Baltic Issuers in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia for the prepandemic period of 2012--2019 and collected 84 data units from the annexes to yearly financial statements explaining the cash flow and profit and loss statements of each. As companies are publicly listed, the financial measurements on the performance side were provided by the Morning star reports. Longitudinal regression analysis was applied for the impact analysis. The findings confirm that relational capital, measured as marketing and sales components with proxies for assets, sales revenue and value added, is significant in the case of ROA, ROE, ROS and RBS, which have positive impacts and do not affect the price‒earnings ratio of listed companies in Baltics. The exploratory longitudinal analysis confirms the data regarding the existence of a total of six factors in the pilot study that have an impact on the business performance indicators while showing different levels of significance, directions of impact and time scales, which highlights the unique findings of the current extended research on intellectual capital and is the first time that it has been applied in Baltic countries. Testing for the different proxies and moderate and control variables introduces new aspects to the analysis of the impact of resource deployment on business performance overall. Simultaneously, simplifying the model using composite aggregate ratios on both sides of the equation has created a precondition for optimizing impact models worldwide.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the role of intellectual capital in the management of talents among gifted secondary school students. Methods and Materials: A mixed-methods approach was used, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection. The quantitative component involved a binomial test to assess teachers' perceptions of intellectual capital in their schools, with a sample of 108 teachers from gifted secondary schools. The qualitative component consisted of interviews with 16 teachers, principals, and experts to explore their views on the factors influencing talent management. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA software for coding and SPSS for statistical analysis. Findings: The results showed that intellectual capital, particularly human capital, plays a significant role in the management of gifted student talents. Over 90% of the teachers rated intellectual capital and its components (human, structural, and relational) as being above average in their schools. The qualitative analysis identified four key factors influencing talent management: structural, schoolrelated, individual and personality-related, and environmental factors. These findings highlight the importance of investing in intellectual capital to optimize talent management in educational institutions. Conclusion: The study concludes that intellectual capital is a critical determinant of successful talent management in schools. Schools with high levels of human, structural, and relational capital are better equipped to identify and nurture gifted students. Strengthening intellectual capital through teacher training, organizational support, and community engagement is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of talent management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational performance is one of the determining factors for sustainability. SD MM as one of the Islamic Mass Organization charities located in Limo Depok has performed less than optimally in the last 5 years. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of intellectual capital, which consists of human capital, structural capital, and relational capital, on the organizational performance of the SD MM. The method used in this study is a research approach with a quantitative paradigm, using closed questionnaire research instruments, causality analysis with SEM (Structural Equation Modeling), and the use of SPLS (Part Least Square) as a statistical analysis tool. The respondents were all teachers and staff from SD MM as amount of 44. Sampling using saturated sampling techniques. The results showed that Human Capital does not affect organizational performance. Meanwhile, Relational Capital and Structural Capital partially have a significant positive effect on the organizational performance of SD MM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (JMPIS) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Intellectual capital (IC) has been an important element of business management for some time. Understanding the role of IC and consciously incorporating it into organisational and management processes is one of the key aspects of building unique competitive advantages in the context of sustainable development. The basic goal of the research was to determine which IC components are given greater importance by the management staff of selected Polish enterprises when shaping their operating strategy and which elements are the object of greater concern during everyday functioning. A statistical analysis of the survey results obtained was carried out, allowing for the characterisation of both the phenomena and trends in the entire surveyed population and taking into account the division criteria related to the size of enterprises and the specificity of their activities. The basic research instrument consisted of a questionnaire. This study covered the territory of southern Poland. The results showed that there are certain elements of IC that managers focus on in particular, and there are differences in the approach that is related to the selected criteria of analysis. This study adds to the existing knowledge of the key elements of strategy for companies managing strategic capital in the context of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social capital theory and social identity theory, this study evaluates the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience and the moderating role of human capital in this relationship. Based on a sample of 523 respondents from full-service restaurants in Karnataka, India, an inverted “U” shaped relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience was identified. Human capital has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between internal relational capital and organizational resilience. We identify implications for investments in relationship building activities and restaurant management. This is the first study that investigates the “U” shaped relationship between internal and external relational capital and organizational resilience of restaurants. We also show the moderating effect of human capital on the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the global COVID-19 pandemic, attention has shifted to intangible resources, particularly within firms. These resources have emerged as crucial factors for resilience, adaptability, and innovation, enabling firms to meet current and future challenges while achieving the expected performance levels. The pandemic underscored the importance of non-physical assets such as intellectual capital. The objective of this study is to present a quantitative review of the literature on intellectual capital in firms during the post-COVID-19 period. To this end, we conduct a bibliometric analysis based on the PRISMA method to summarize studies on intellectual capital in firms. The Scopus database was chosen due to its extensive coverage and reputation as a benchmark resource for analyzing scientific articles. Through an exhaustive keyword search, 1980 publications were identified. The application of inclusion and exclusion criteria reduced the number of relevant articles to 365.Furthermore, this study graphically presents over three years of bibliographic material, using Vos viewer to provide an overview and identify future research directions. Based on the bibliometric analysis conducted, we reveal the distribution of publications on intellectual capital in firms during the years 2021-2023, the most important journals and authors, the most influential countries, the main research keywords, and the most relevant domain, as well as co-citation and bibliographic coupling analyses. This study presents trends, improvement suggestions, and recommendations in the field of intellectual capital in firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the relationships between Intellectual Capital, Human Capital, Structural Capital, and Relationship Capital toward Firm Value in Indonesia's property and real estate companies. The aim is to analyse the power of intellectual capital in leveraging business performance. The target population for the study constituted all property and real estate sector companies in Indonesia total 215 observations within 2018-2022. The data was processed using an ordinary least square approach to gain the t-value of this relationship. This research measures the intellectual capital variable not from a financial or value-added perspective but from a descriptive side using for-way coding indicator. We found that relational capital has a significant positive relationship toward firm value. The study emphasized the need to change the proxy for firm value or to add some bridge between intellectual capital and financial performance to create a clear understanding.

Intellectual capital has aroused growing interest in higher education; however, one area for improvement in its study is how to measure it adequately. Therefore, it is necessary to have instruments based on current models of intellectual capital. This study aims to design and validate an intellectual capital measurement scale in accredited higher education institutions (HEIs) from the perspective of professors. The study was instrumental because a measurement scale was developed. The sample consisted of 341 professors from six accredited HEIs on the Colombian Caribbean Coast. The statistical analysis consisted of three stages: item analysis, collection of validity evidence based on the internal structure and the relationship with other variables, and reliability analysis using the internal consistency method. The scale’s internal structure corroborated intellectual capital composition based on human, structural, and relational components. Regarding convergent evidence, all variables possess this source of validity evidence. Reliability levels were also good. Previously, an instrument has yet to be developed those measures intellectual capital in HEIs from the perspective of professors. This study provides a scale that focuses on the characteristics of this stakeholder and is based on an innovative model of intellectual capital composed of human, structural, and relational capital. The theoretical contribution of the study lies in developing a test based on two current models of intellectual capital: the Intellectus model and the Balanced Scorecard model. It also contributes to practice by providing a tool for measuring intellectual capital that allows its adequate management, improvement, and decision-making within higher education.

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study constructs an efficiency evaluation framework for assessing the human, structural and relational capital in the semiconductor industry of Taiwan. Furthermore, we analyze whether there are significant differences in efficiency across different levels concerning the industry supply chain (upstream, midstream and downstream), employee service tenure, capital scale and company establishment years. Design/methodology/approach: This study focuses on Taiwanese semiconductor companies, utilizing data sourced from the Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) Database for the period spanning 2017 to 2021, encompassing a total of five years. Due to the nondisclosure of intangible asset values by all companies, an effort was made to ensure a comparable baseline by excluding companies with incomplete or missing data. Finally, empirical analysis was conducted on a sample of 64 companies using the dynamic network data envelopment analysis method. Findings: (1) Overall efficiency demonstrates structural capital as the most prominent, followed by relational capital, while human capital shows relatively poorer efficiency. (2) To enhance the efficiency of intellectual capital, priority should be given to improving the efficiency of outputs related to intellectual property rights such as patents. (3) The midstream segment exhibits the best efficiency in both structural and relational capital. (4) Companies with longer employee service tenures exhibit superior efficiency in human capital in the long run. (5) Companies with extended establishment years and larger capital scales demonstrate superior efficiency in both human and structural capital. Originality/value: Reflecting on past literature, scholars have primarily focused on the relationship between intellectual capital and firm efficiency, often emphasizing the overall efficiency of intellectual capital. However, within organizations, human capital, structural capital, and relational capital are interrelated. This study, for the first time, assesses the efficiency of these three components within an organization. The research addresses the challenges in analyzing the efficiency of intellectual capital and introduces a highly contemporary approach – dynamic network data envelopment analysis (DNDEA). Using the semiconductor industry in Taiwan as a case study, this paper conducts empirical analysis in a captivating and worthy industry. Therefore, the ideas presented in this paper are original. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual capital components' meta system has exploded in the past decade following the four decades of intellectual capital research evolution, followed by wide discussions on definitions, measurements, reporting, impact analysis, etc. The evolution of IC research has been divided into four stages, although the borders between them are fluid and the exchange of ideas has grown in all directions at tremendous speed since the end of the 1990s. The intellectual capital theory has evolved from the resourcebased view, competence-based view, and knowledge-based view. Intellectual capital, a new term, appeared in the 1990s and, in essence, coincided with the concept of intangible assets. In particular, researchers agree that the terms "intangible assets", "trademark", "good repute", and "intellectual property" in accounting and valuation activities do not cover everything that should be included in the new concept. It is about using intangible assets as a management object to increase the value of the company by involving previously unused reserves such as knowledge, information technology, customer satisfaction, etc. There is no unified definition; therefore, there is flexibility in using the term. Owing to its significance in the new sustainable reality, intellectual capital has become crucial for growing economies and has been recognized as a fundamental discipline that is thoroughly supported by practitioners and government structures worldwide. On the basis of the analysis of intellectual capital research, research questions can be defined in the form of a block-chain of the research areas, including a) terminology and definition b) components and classification; c) measurement and evaluation systems; d) value creation and, more recently, distortions; e) efficiency and effectiveness; f) reporting and disclosure; g) impact assessment; h) decision-making; and i) indication of contradictions and gaps for further research. The study used a sample of Nasdaq Baltic Issuers in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia for the prepandemic period of 2012--2019 and collected 84 data units from the annexes to yearly financial statements explaining the cash flow and profit and loss statements of each. As companies are publicly listed, the financial measurements on the performance side were provided by the Morning star reports. Longitudinal regression analysis was applied for the impact analysis. The findings confirm that relational capital, measured as marketing and sales components with proxies for assets, sales revenue and value added, is significant in the case of ROA, ROE, ROS and RBS, which have positive impacts and do not affect the price‒earnings ratio of listed companies in Baltics. The exploratory longitudinal analysis confirms the data regarding the existence of a total of six factors in the pilot study that have an impact on the business performance indicators while showing different levels of significance, directions of impact and time scales, which highlights the unique findings of the current extended research on intellectual capital and is the first time that it has been applied in Baltic countries. Testing for the different proxies and moderate and control variables introduces new aspects to the analysis of the impact of resource deployment on business performance overall. Simultaneously, simplifying the model using composite aggregate ratios on both sides of the equation has created a precondition for optimizing impact models worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify the unobserved heterogeneity present in the model explaining job satisfaction (JSAT) of university teachers based on relational capital (RELC) and workplace violence (WVIO), in a sample of 335 professors from a public university in Venezuela, one of the most violent countries in the world. This approach is based on the premise that the assumption of relatively homogeneous data may be unrealistic in some contexts, as individuals behave differently, which can significantly affect the results obtained with structural equations. The information was collected through validated questionnaires in the specialized literature, using Likert-7 formats. A quantitative research design was employed, with a cross-sectional and explanatory scope, and a relatively novel technique called PLS-REBUS was applied to identify three heterogeneous groups. The reliability and validity of the constructs used were demonstrated, with statistically significant relationships. Based on the most influential construct in JSAT and multigroup comparison, groups 1 and 2 represent academics whose JSAT mainly depends on the perception of the level of RELC, labeled as: "institutional relationships are a priority," while group 3 consists of academics whose JSAT essentially depends on the perception of the level of WVIO in the university, labeled as: "workplace safety is a priority." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge emerges as a growing force that can mobilize and drive social development; therefore, it is necessary, based on scientific contributions about the regularities of this process and the elements that empower man as a transformer of his realities, himself, his culture and his society. Being able to use new processes, such as Knowledge Management, that enable the training of individuals, professionals, capable of responding to the demands of the contemporary world. Taking into account the above, this work proposes an automated system called Knowledge Management in Universities and Research Units (GCUI) for its acronym in Spanish, for the evaluation of knowledge management in university and scientific institutions. For this purpose, 40 indicators proposed by Inche and Álvarez in 2007 were used, distributed in the dimensions' human capital, structural capital and relational capital. The automated system allows you to quickly and accurately diagnose, control, measure and compare intellectual capital, the most important in an organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider the joint action of structural, cognitive and relational social capital, and to explore the formation mechanism of the innovation network of new energy vehicles (NEV). The research data come from China's NEV cooperative invention patent applications from 2001 to 2019. This paper uses the exponential random graph model (ERGM) to study the impact of different dimensions of social capital on the NEV industry-university-research (I-U-R) innovation network. The results show that from the perspective of structural capital, the closed network structure has a positive impact on the formation of NEV I-U-R innovation network. From the perspective of cognitive capital, the homogeneity of knowledge base has a positive effect on the formation of the NEV I-U-R innovation network, and the innovation subjects with the same knowledge base breadth and the same knowledge base depth are more inclined to form a cooperative relationship. For relational capital, institutional environment similarity and organizational structure similarity are important factors affecting the formation of NEV I-U-R innovation network to a similar extent. The findings of this study provide scientific references for promoting the sustainable development of I-U-R innovation network in NEV industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1990s, four women made their debut as film directors in South Korea. Considering that there were only five female directors from the beginning of Korean film history in 1919 until the 1980s, their debut was a remarkable phenomenon. This change was due to the structural innovation of the South Korean film field that began in the mid-1980s. With the collapse of the apprenticeship system, networks of cinephiles such as the Munhwawon sedae functioned as a new source of relational capital. In order to deepen our understanding of the emergence of the celluloid ceiling in South Korea, this study focuses on the experiences of three women filmmakers who made their first feature films in the 1990s: Yim Soon-rye, Lee Jeong-hyang, and Byun Young-Joo. Compared to male directors who had equivalent cultural and academic capital, and who entered the field during the same period, these women directors were unable to acquire sufficient relational capital to promote their careers as directors. It was the authorities of the field, such as film festivals and the media, that acknowledged them and established their reputations, allowing them to release their first films in the South Korean cinematic field. In other words, even in the new system, women remained excluded from the benefits of relational capital in the South Korean cinematic field, and they could only find their place as directors by demonstrating exceptional individual abilities.

In the global economy, intellectual capital management is a strategically important resource that affects the market value of organizations. Efficient management of intellectual capital requires the use of new management methods and techniques. One of them is knowledge management, which, in particular, focuses on removing barriers to knowledge sharing. The survey was conducted among employees of the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica counties, and the results constitute a pilot study. The conclusions from the collected research results are surprising and imply the need to conduct research on a larger scale in the area of human capital. The collected results provide information to management staff in the field of talent management and knowledge. The results may constitute the basis for developing succession plans, succession plans and employee training. Additionally, the results can help recruiters create profiles of candidates with specific competencies. The main aim of the study was to analyse and evaluate the personnel management process in the Glogow, Jawor and Trzebnica poviats. The use of various research methods made it possible to achieve the intended research goals. The basic research tool used was a survey. Analyses of the literature, research reports, and statistical summaries were treated as a complement to the main research methods. Research and statistical data indicate that among smaller companies in Lower Silesia, there is a need for development programs related to acquiring, collecting, and sharing knowledge. The study identified a number of factors that constitute a significant barrier to the development of employees of the surveyed companies. They allowed us to verify the relationship between the factors that constitute the greatest barrier to the learning process and the impact of the company's size on it. The relationship between the barriers to intellectual development that constitute the greatest threat to the company and the factors that make it difficult for the company to recruit employees with the highest intellectual capital were also verified.

Just like those around the world, the higher education institutions in Indonesia also face the issues of accreditation, ranking, and requirements by the public and the government to participate in the improvement of community welfare through the implementation of research and community service for the society. Thus, the role of intellectual capital is very important in supporting higher education competitiveness. Based on a resource-based theory, this study aims to empirically examine the implications of an intellectual capital on higher education competitiveness. This study applies an explanatory design with a quantitative-descriptive-and causality analysis. We use secondary data sourced from public universities in Indonesia with at least "Good" institutionally accredited category, comprising in total of 74 universities. We apply the saturated sampling technique. The study concludes that a human capital has no significant effect on the competitiveness of higher education institutions. On the other hand, structural and relational capitals have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of universities. Thus, higher education management needs to provide stimuli and encouragement to the existing human resources to increase their capabilities. This research contributes to identifying the intellectual capital variables that affect the competitiveness of higher education institutions in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Anti-trafficking programmes in Italy have been implemented for more than two decades. Yet, little empirical evidence is available regarding their functioning. This paper draws on 56 semi-structured interviews carried out in the period of 2019–2021 with practitioners and beneficiaries of the N.A.Ve anti-trafficking programme. The interviews focused on practitioners' experience working with Nigerian women and on Nigerian women's experiences of the programme upon completion. By building on critical anti-trafficking studies and the autonomy of migration perspective, this contribution looks at the relationship between practitioners and Nigerian women admitted to the programme by addressing the following questions: what is the experience of practitioners and beneficiaries in the N.A.Ve programme? To what extent is the structural violence of the counter-trafficking apparatus reproduced in the relational dynamics between practitioners, particularly Case Managers, and beneficiaries? How do beneficiaries cope with such violence? I argue that the Case Managers' approach builds on "stratified layers of institutional knowledge" and that this concept is useful to highlight how their knowledge derives both from the counter-trafficking apparatus and their social work background. Furthermore, I present evidence that such an approach reproduces structural violence through processes of "conditional inclusion". Nigerian women denounced this violence but also seized the relational capital grown from rapport, calling for more engagement with people rather than programme objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]