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The weathering of rocks and minerals of the córrego Rico Watershed processes was studied to understand the internal forces to determine the distribution of soil and relief in space. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relation present in rock formation, soil, relief and water courses in a watershed landscape. Remote sensing orbital image and geographic information system techniques were used in research to data analysis. The multispectral and hyperspectral imagers were available for mapping the land cover, water courses and to process the relief. The physical soil and mineralogy data was collected in field and the samplings were analyzed in the soil and mineralogy laboratories. The exogenic system then transforms rock-forming minerals and their constituent elements into soil showed the differences between relief and soil formation in the area. The landforms composed the watershed landscape was verified. The results showed the influence of relief on soil types and their distribution in the landscape. The areas with higher drainage density present a dissected relief. Ultisols are present in areas of higher drainage density and Latosols are present in areas of lower drainage density, showing a close relationship between relief forms and soil distribution in the landscape. The areas more susceptible to natural erosive processes – Ultisols requires sustainable management in the watershed.

Human land use land cover changes (LULCCs) can cause impacts on watershed lands and on water resources. The regions with land use conflict suffer more intense erosion processes due to their high slope and drainage density. The study intends to evaluate scenarios with an absence of land use conflict and verify if it can contribute to reductions in surface runoff, avoiding the carriage of tailings to river channels. In the study, the SWAT model was used in the hydrological modeling of the Paraopeba River watershed affected by the rupture. The results show that the SWAT model was able to reproduce the flow data with good and very good performances. The quality indicators in the calibration step were NSE = 0.66, R2 = 0.69, PBIAS = 5.2%, and RSR = 0.59, and in the validation, step were NSE = 0.74, R2 = 0.77, PBIAS = 13.5%, and RSR = 0.51. The LULCC from 2000 to 2019 led to a 70% increase in lateral runoff (LATQ) and a 74% decrease in aquifer groundwater. The scenario of land use capability and no conflict can reduce lateral runoff by 37% and increase water infiltration by 265%, minimizing the point and diffuse contamination of the tailings in the Paraopeba river channel.

The ecological functions restoration in agricultural areas is a major challenge on a landscape scale. In the specific case of active restoration through Agroforestry Systems (AFS), the absence of a specific direction hinders ecological restoration processes, especially in regions that prefer intensive agriculture. Thus, this study aims to develop a Spatial Indicator of Priority Areas to guide Agroforestry Systems implementation in agricultural landscapes. A spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MDCA) was carried out based on environmental factors: soil, geology and slope (which determine the natural vulnerability of the land) and anthropogenic factors: land use and land cover, forest fragments, potential land use capacity and legal protected areas in rural properties (which reflects human pressure and land use suitability). Subsequently, four priority levels were classified for agroforestry interventions: (1) Low priority; (2) Average priority; (3) High priority; (4) Extreme priority. A final map was made to identify priority areas for landscape recovery in 9 cities located at the mouth of the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering the natural vulnerability of the land and the multifunctional aspects of the landscape, the scenarios projection allowed a consensus for forest conservation and agricultural suitability perspectives. A final combination of the explored aspects culminated in the spatial indicator, which model foresees 22,300 ha available for urgent actions for restoration, reforestation and sustainable exploitation through agroforestry systems. We emphasize the challenges in reconciling the socioeconomic and ecological functions in the agroecosystem, however, the metric provides a more inclusive and assertive management strategy for natural resources and advances towards the goal of reforestation and implementation of payment for environmental services (PES) schemes.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:09:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-03-25 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The integration of internal (e.g., stratification) and external (e.g., pollution) factors on a comprehensive assessment of reservoir water quality determines the success of ecosystem restoration initiatives and aids watershed management. However, integrated analyses are scarcer than studies addressing factors separately. Integration is likely more efficient in studies of small well-characterized (experimental) reservoir watersheds, because the isolation of factor contributions is presumably clearer. But those studies are uncommon. This work describes the water quality of two small 5.5 m-deep reservoirs (MD-Main and VD-Voçoroca dams) located in Pindorama Experimental Center, state of São Paulo, Brazil, considering the interplay between reservoir dimension, seasonal thermal stratification, chemical gradients, erosive rainfall events, presence of natural biofilters, and land uses and landscape patterns around the reservoirs and within the contributing watersheds. The monitoring of agricultural activities and water quality parameters occurred in October 2018–July 2019. A 4 °C thermal stratification occurred in October (difference between surface and bottom water temperature), which decreased until disappearance in January (VD) or April (MD). The longer stratification period of MD was justified by its larger area relative to VD (≈10×). Thermal stratification triggered hypoxia at the bottom of both reservoirs (DO ≈ 1 mg/L), more prolonged and severe in MD. Hypoxia activated Ec and TDS peaks in January likely explained by bottom-sediment nutrient releases, presumably phosphorus. The Ec peak reached 560 μS/cm in MD and 290 μS/cm in VD. The smaller VD peak was probably explained by the action of macrophytes. In March, a 240 NTU turbidity peak occurred in MD, caused by precedent erosive rainfall and the lack of vegetation protection alongside the south border. As expected, the study accomplished clear isolation of factor contributions, verified by Factor and Cluster analyses. Our results can subsidize studies on larger reservoir watersheds requiring restoration, where the isolation of factors is more challenging. Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Ciência do Solo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Polo Regional Centro Norte Departamento de Descentralização do Desenvolvimento – APTA Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento – SAA, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 371, s/n Universidade Guarulhos (UNG). Programa de Mestrado em Análise Geoambiental (MAG). Praça Tereza Cristina 239 Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro Campus de Uberaba Laboratório de Geoprocessamento Centro Avançado de Pesquisa do Pescado Continental - APTA, Av. Abelardo Menezes, s/n Zona Rural CITAB – Centro de Investigação e Tecnologias Agroambientais e Biológicas Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap. 1013 CQVR – Centro de Química de Vila Real Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Ap. 1013 POLUS—Grupo de Política de Uso do Solo Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia Ciência do Solo, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n POLUS—Grupo de Política de Uso do Solo Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n CNPq: 307921/2018-2

Human actions in the drainage network of hydrographic basins interfere with the functioning of ecosystems, causing negative impacts on the environment. Among these impacts, mass loads with a high concentration of phosphorus (P) have a significant potential for point and diffuse pollution of freshwater. The objective of this work was to model P spatially in the Paraopeba River basin, namely in the main water course and 67 sub-basins, and temporally in the years of 2019, 2020, and 2021, after the rupture of B1 tailings dam of Vale, SA company in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais Brazil). The distribution of total phosphorus concentrations (Pt) in relation to environmental attributes (terrain slope, soil class, and land use) and stream flow was assessed with the help of SWAT, the well-known Soil and Water Assessment Tool, coupled with box-plot and cluster analyses. The Pt were obtained from 33 sampling points monitored on a weekly basis. Mean values varied from 0.02 to 1.1 mg/L and maximum from 0.2 to 15.9 mg/L across the basin. The modeling results exposed an impact on the quality of Paraopeba River water in a stretch extending 8.8–155.3 km from the B1 dam, related with the rupture. In this sector, if the contribution from the rupture could be isolated from the other sources, the average Pt would be 0.1 mg/L. The highest Pt (15.9 mg/L) was directly proportional to the urban area of a sub-basin intersecting the limits of Betim town and Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Region. In general, urban sprawl as well as forest-agriculture and forest-mining conversions showed a close relationship with increased Pt, as did sub-basins with a predominance of argisols and an accentuated slope (>20%). There were various moments presenting Pt above legal thresholds (e.g., >0.15 mg/L), mainly in the rainy season.

The assessment of water availability in river basins is at the top of the water security agenda. Historically, the assessment of stream flow discharge in Brazilian watersheds was relevant for dam dimensioning, flood control projects and irrigation systems. Nowadays, it plays an important role in the creation of sustainable management plans at the catchment scale aimed to help in establishing legal policies on water resources management and water security laws, namely, those related to the payment for environmental services related to clean water production. Headwater catchments are preferential targets of these policies and laws for their water quality. The general objective of this study was to evaluate water availability in first-order sub-basins of a Brazilian headwater catchment. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the stream flow discharge of first-order headwater sub-basins and rank them accordingly, (2) to analyze the feasibility of payment for environmental services related to water production in these sub-basins. The discharge flow measurements were conducted during five years (2012 to 2016), in headwaters in a watershed on the S&atilde, o Domingos River at the Turvo/Grande Watershed, represented as the 4th-largest hydrographic unit for water resources management&mdash, UGRHI-15 in S&atilde, o Paulo State, Brazil. A doppler velocity technology was used to remotely measure open-channel flow and to collect the data. The discharge values were obtained on periodic measurements, at the beginning of each month. The results were subject to descriptive statistics that analyzed the temporal and spatial data related to sub-basins morphometric characteristics. The discharge flows showed space&ndash, time variations in magnitude between studied headwater sub-basins on water availability, assessed based on average net discharges. The set of ecological processes supported by forests are fundamental in controlling and recharging aquifers and preserving the volume of water in headwater in each sub-basin. The upstream inflows influence downstream sub-basins. To avoid scarcity, the headwater rivers located in the upstream sub-basins must not consider basin area as a single and homogeneous unit, because that may be the source of water conflicts. Understanding this relationship in response to conservationist practices installed uphill influenced by anthropic actions is crucial for water security assessment. The headwaters should be considered a great potential for ecosystem services, with respect to the &ldquo, provider-receiver&rdquo, principle, in the context of payments for environmental services (PES).

RESUMO Este trabalho propõe indicadores ambientais de políticas públicas com base na espacialização dos parâmetros morfométricos e de conflito de uso em áreas municipais. As técnicas de geoprocessamento de imagens orbitais em sistemas de informações geográficas foram utilizadas para analisar o banco de dados dos valores de cada parâmetro morfométrico da superfície terrestre - área, perímetro, comprimento da rede de drenagem, densidade de drenagem, número de canais, frequência de rios, declividade e coeficiente de rugosidade - e elaborar os mapas temáticos de uso atual, de uso potencial e de conflito de uso do solo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e exploratória multivariada. A espacialização dos valores obtidos da caracterização morfométrica gerou indicadores físicos ambientais que possibilitaram a diferenciação de áreas. O conhecimento do sistema hidrológico dessas regiões reflete o sistema natural de drenagem em seu comprimento. O número de canais e conflito de uso indicam áreas prioritárias para gestão ambiental e políticas de uso do solo. Os parâmetros morfométricos são potenciais indicadores ambientais. ABSTRACT This study has the main objective to propose environmental indicators for public policies based on spatial distribution of morphometric characteristics and land-use conflicts in municipal areas. The techniques of satellite images in geographic information systems were used to analyze the database of the values of each morphometric parameter of the earth’s surface: area, perimeter, length of the drainage system, drainage density, number of channels, river frequency, slope and roughness coefficient and to elaborate thematic maps of current land-use, potential land-use, and land-use conflicts. The data were submitted to descriptive and multivariate exploratory statistical analysis. The spatial distribution of values of morphometric characterization generated environmental physical indicators which enabled the differentiation of areas. The knowledge of the hydrological system in these regions reflects the natural drainage system along its length. The number of channels and the land-use conflicts indicate priority areas for environmental management and land use policies. The morphometric characteristics are potential environmental indicators.

The Payment for Environmental Services (PES) instrument aims to quantify an Ecosystem Service (ES), so that its production is valued and based on a socioeconomic financial system for conservation. The land use on the terrain and the environmental attributes of a watershed directly interfere in the capacity to store water in the system of a functional unit and can be transformed into an Environmental Service. The proposed methodology aims to determine environmental indicators that can support the valuation of the production of water of better quality. The environmental attributes of geology, soil, slope and land use land cover are measured and analyzed. The zoning of the most vulnerable rural areas was determined for possible implementation of PES programs and valuation of spring water in proportion to the contribution of their water production area in the sub-basin. The methodology has proven to be efficient in determining the most environmentally vulnerable areas, in order to classify water production by sub-basins, and it suggests a market form for financing ecosystem conservation that considers the principles of the provider-receiver (which contribute to the generation of environmental service –water and soil quality) and user-payer (who benefit from and pay for it). The financial incentive to rural producers in watershed areas is only provided when management and conservation practices are carried out through activities of plant and animal production on a sustainable land use.

In many regions across the planet, flood events are now more frequent and intense because of climate change and improper land use, resulting in risks to the population. However, the procedures to accurately determine the areas at risk in regions influenced by inadequate land uses are still inefficient. In rural watersheds, inadequate uses occur when actual uses deviate from land capability, and are termed environmental land use conflicts. To overcome the difficulty to evaluate flood vulnerability under these settings, in this study a method was developed to delineate flood vulnerability areas in a land use conflict landscape: the Batatais municipality, located in the State of S&atilde, o Paulo, Brazil. The method and its implementation resorted to remote sensed data, geographic information systems and geo-processing. Satellite images and their processing provided data for environmental factors such as altitude, land use, slope, and soil class in the study area. The importance of each factor for flood vulnerability was evaluated through the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). According to the results, vast areas of medium to high flood vulnerability are located in agricultural lands affected by environmental land use conflicts. In these areas, amplified flood intensities, soil erosion, crop productivity loss and stream water deterioration are expected. The coverage of Batatais SP municipality by these vulnerable areas is so extensive (60%) that preventive and recovery measures were proposed in the context of a land consolidation&ndash, water management plan aiming flood control and soil and water conservation.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T12:35:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) PROPE/UNESP (Pro-reitora de Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) FEDER/COMPETE/POCI- Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Programme FCT Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology This study introduces an improved method to assess land capability in the rural environment. Land capability, also defined as natural use, is a powerfull asset in land use planning and development of land use policies, because actual land uses that deviate from natural counterparts trigger extensive and severe environmental impacts, namely amplified soil erosion and fertility decline. The proposed method builds up on a previous model based on the ruggedness number (RN), which allocates natural uses as function of increasing terrain slope and drainage density. According to the RN model, agriculture should occupy the areas of low slope and sparse drainage density, while the forest is reserved for the areas of steep slope and dense drainage. Other activities such as pasture or pasture mixed with forest can be settled on the areas of intermediate slope and drainage density. The modeling improvements introduced with this study are in a first stage related to the combination of RN-based capability classes with dissection classes derived from slope curvature estimates and landform classification (convex, concave and straight srufaces). In a second stage, the modeling improvements are related to validation of RN and landform classification schmes in the field through comparison of soil magnectic susceptibility data across the RN-dissection classes. The improved model was tested in a large multiple-landform watershed: the Tiete River basin located in Sao Paulo State (Brazil). The results proved the need to refine the RN land capability classes using the dissection classes, because dissection patterns are different across lithologic types and weather trends. In the Tiete, landscapes are generally more dissected when shaped in basaltic bedrock than in sandsone cover, and increase with increasing annual rainfall. The implications for land use planning are evident because high dissected lanscapes require more exigent conservation measures than low dissected landscapes, while suitable crop types may also vary between the two environments. The field validation of capability-dissection classes using the magnetic susceptibility proved efficient in a large portion of cases, but failed in several other sub-basins. A main reason for the failure was inadequate land use, interpreted as environmental land use conflict in this study. Overall, the current study can be viewed as major advance in the development of a land capability classification, because the integration of relief (RN), landform (dissection) and soil properties (magnetic susceptibility) has not been tempted before. The gains for land use policy are apparent because land capability maps are fundamental instruments in the management of rural areas, namely to help the mitigation of a major global concern nowadays, which is land degradation. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Engn Rural, Jaboticabal, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Res Grp CSME Soil Characterizat Specif Management, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, CITAB, Ap 1013, P-5001801 Vila Real, Portugal Univ Brasilia, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Ecol, Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Programa Posgrad Geol, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Tras Os Montes & Alto Douro, CQVR, Ap 1013, P-5001801 Vila Real, Portugal Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Ciencias Exatas, Jaboticabal, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Engn Rural, Jaboticabal, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Solos & Adubos, Res Grp CSME Soil Characterizat Specif Management, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2016/19.215-5 CAPES: 88881.135764/2016-01 CAPES: 19/2016 CAPES: 149940 PROPE/UNESP (Pro-reitora de Pesquisa da Universidade Estadual Paulista): 15/2014 CNPq: 402796/2016-0 CNPq: 01/2016 - Faixa C FEDER/COMPETE/POCI- Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Programme: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006958 FCT Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology: UID/QUI/00616/2013 FCT Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology: UID/AGR/04033/2013

Riparian vegetation represents a protective barrier between human activities installed in catchments and capable of generating and exporting large amounts of contaminants, and stream water that is expected to keep quality overtime. This study explored the combined effect of landscape composition and buffer strip width (L) on stream water quality. The landscape composition was assessed by the forest (F) to agriculture (A) ratio (F/A), and the water quality by an index (IWQ) expressed as a function of physico-chemical parameters. The combined effect (F/A &times, L) was quantified by a multiple regression model with an interaction term. The study was carried out in eight catchments of Uberaba River Basin Environmental Protection Area, located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and characterized by very different F/A and L values. The results related to improved water quality (larger IWQ values) with increasing values of F/A and L, which were not surprising given the abundant similar reports widespread in the scientific literature. But the effect of F/A &times, L on IWQ was enlightening. The interaction between F/A and L reduced the range of L values required to sustain IWQ at a fair level by some 40%, which is remarkable. The interaction was related to the spatial distribution of infiltration capacity within the studied catchments. The high F/A catchments should comprise a larger number of infiltration patches, allowing a dominance of subsurface flow widespread within the soil layer, a condition that improves the probability of soil water to cross and interact with a buffer strip before reaching the stream. Conversely, the low F/A catchments are prone to the generation of an overland flow network, because the absence of permanent vegetation substantially reduces the number of infiltration patches. The overland flow network channelizes runoff and conveys the surface water into specific confluence points within the stream, reducing or even hampering an interaction with a buffer strip. Notwithstanding the interaction, the calculated L ranges (45&ndash, 175 m) are much larger than the maximum width imposed by the Brazilian Forest Code (30 m), a result that deserves reflection.