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Introduction: Hydrogen energy has a massive advantage in the energy supply mode regarding greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, the energy supply system needs to be redesigned to meet the heating/cooling needs and the goals of using hydrogen energy.Methods: The comprehensive utilization efficiency of system energy can be improved using resource analysis to solve the problem of waste heat and formulate a technical plan for triple cogeneration of hydrogen greenhouse.Results: By calculation, the energy efficiency of the coal boiler heating system, the hydrogen energy heating system and the hydrogen greenhouse triple heating system are 65%, 52.93%, and 73.36%, respectively. Compared to the coal boiler heating system and the hydrogen energy heating system, the advantages of the hydrogen greenhouse triple cogeneration system are that the comprehensive utilization efficiency of the system energy has been improved, and no CO2 is generated when it works, which does not cause pressure on environmental protection. At the same time, the exergy efficiency of the hydrogen greenhouse triple cogeneration system is higher. Currently, due to the high price of hydrogen and fuel cells, the economic advantages are not outstanding. Still, coal energy is expected to be replaced in the future with the continuous decline in the cost of hydrogen and fuel cells. According to the current coal price, when the hydrogen price decreases to below $1.3/kg, coal will lose its price advantage in terms of fuel. At the same time, hydrogen has a high energy density, small volume, and low transportation cost. According to IRENA and Hydrogen Council, the cost of producing hydrogen from renewable energy will drop to $1/kg by 2050. The system will significantly reduce the operating costs of greenhouses in the future.Discussion: As a result, the hydrogen greenhouse triple cogeneration system is suitable for producing greenhouse agriculture and the heating method of fossil fuel combustion that will replace coal in the future.

Resource analysis is one of the important methods and tools to solve inventive problems in TRIZ. Effective use of resources is the key to form product functional principle innovations and generate technical solutions. In view of the problems that the conceptual design process requires too much experience of designers and is not systematic, the conceptual design is combined with resource analysis method in this paper. Considering the influence of attribute similarity and position weight between components in technical system, an innovative resource analysis method is proposed to accurately exploit available resources in system and super-system to assist the process of conceptual design. The abstract process of resource exploiting in conventional resource analysis methods can be transformed into a specific process of calculating resource similarity by this method. It has the advantages of high computability, strong standardisation and systematisation. The method can not only effectively improve the efficiency and quality of conceptual design, but also lay a theoretical research foundation for the development of computer aided innovation (CAI) software in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction Safety Planning is an element in the CSMS (Construction Safety Management System), which needs to be developed by the Contractor. Irrespective of this condition, the guidelines for preparing a safety program have not been appropriately disseminated by the project owner. This shows that many contractors are yet to appropriately implement the construction safety program. Therefore, this study aims to develop a safety program for Indonesian flat projects, especially architectural work. A qualitative method and secofndary data were used and obtained from a literature review, respectively. This was to determine the breakdown structure of architecture, which was then identified by hazards and operational risks. These processes led to the acquisition of the risk control used in preparing safety program targets, regarding resource analysis. The results showed that the resources needed in this architectural program included safety signs, PPE, warehouse construction, and transportation carts, which should be completed before work inception. In this case, an individual needs to be responsible for all the operational processes, namely the Safety Inspector/Supervisory Officer. These results are expected to be used as a guideline for contractors and project owners, to prepare a safety program and monitor the implementation of CS (construction safety). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: More than 30% of the German population suffers from mild to mode rate iodine deficiency causing goiter and other iodine deficiency diso rders (IDDs). The economic burden of iodine deficiency is still unclear. We aimed to assess costs for prevention, monitoring and treatment of IDDs in Germany. Design: We performed a comprehensive cost analysis. Methods: We assessed direct medical costs and direct non-medical costs f or inpatient and outpatient care of IDDs and costs for productivity loss due to the absence of work in 2018. Additionally, we calculated total costs for an IDD prevention program comprising universal salt iodization (USI). We performed threshold analyse s projecting how many cases of IDDs or related treatments would need to be avoided fo r USI to be cost-saving. Results: Annual average costs per case in the year of diagnosis were € 211 for goiter/ thyroid nodules; € 308 for hyperthyroidism; and € 274 for hypothyroidism. Average one-time costs for thyroidectomy were € 4184 and € 3118 for rad ioiodine therapy. Average costs for one case of spontaneous abortion were € 916. Annual costs of intellectual disability were € 14,202. In the German population, total annual costs for USI would amount to 8 million Euro. To be cost-saving, USI woul d need to prevent, for example, 37,900 cases of goiter/thyroid nodules. Conclusion: USI potentially saves costs, if a minimum amount of IDDs per year could be avoided. In order to recommend the implementation of USI, a full health-economic evaluation including a comprehensive benefit-harm assessment is needed.

Profiling tools have been widely used for studying the behavior of the programs with the objective of reducing the amount of resources consumed by them. Most profilers collect the information with dynamic techniques, i.e., execute an instrumented version of the program with some specific input arguments to profile the measures of interest. This article presents a novel static profiling technique for Ethereum smart contracts that, using static resource analysis, is able to generate upper-bound expressions that can be used to produce profiling information about the measure of interest. Unlike traditional profiling tools, we get upper-bounds on the measures of interest expressed in terms of the input arguments or the state variables of the smart contracts. The information that can be obtained by the upper-bounds allows us to detect gas-expensive fragments of a Solidity program or to spot resource-related vulnerabilities at specific program points of the program. Moreover, in this article we propose an automatic optimization of Solidity programs which reduces their gas consumption replacing the accesses to state variables by gas-efficient accesses to local variables. We have experimentally evaluated our technique and we have detected that 6.81% of the public functions analyzed can be optimized and 1.43% are vulnerable to execute arbitrary code.

In order to automatically infer the resource consumption of programs, analyzers track how data sizes change along program's execution. Typically, analyzers measure the sizes of data by applying norms which are mappings from data to natural numbers that represent the sizes of the corresponding data. When norms are defined by taking type information into account, they are named typed-norms. This article presents a transformational approach to resource analysis with typed-norms that are inferred by a data-flow analysis. The analysis is based on a transformation of the program into an intermediate abstract program in which each variable is abstracted with respect to all considered norms which are valid for its type. We also present the data-flow analysis to automatically infer the required, useful, typed-norms from programs. Our analysis is formalized on a simple rule-based representation to which programs written in different programming paradigms (e.g., functional, logic, and imperative) can be automatically translated. Experimental results on standard benchmarks used by other type-based analyzers show that our approach is both efficient and accurate in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When programs feature a complex control flow, existing techniques for resource analysis produce cost relation systems (CRS) whose cost functions retain the complex flow of the program and, consequently, might not be solvable into closed-form upper bounds. This paper presents a novel approach to resource analysis that is driven by the result of a termination analysis. The fundamental idea is that the termination proof encapsulates the flows of the program which are relevant for the cost computation so that, by driving the generation of the CRS using the termination proof, we produce a linearly-bounded CRS (LB-CRS). A LB-CRS is composed of cost functions that are guaranteed to be locally bounded by linear ranking functions and thus greatly simplify the process of CRS solving. We have built a new resource analysis tool, named MaxCore, that is guided by the VeryMax termination analyzer and uses CoFloCo and PUBS as CRS solvers. Our experimental results on the set of benchmarks from the Complexity and Termination Competition 2019 for C Integer programs show that MaxCore outperforms all other resource analysis tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents parallel cost analysis, a static cost analysis targeting to over-approximate the cost of parallel execution in distributed systems. In contrast to the standard notion of serial cost, parallel cost captures the cost of synchronized tasks executing in parallel by exploiting the true concurrency available in the execution model of distributed processing. True concurrency is challenging for static cost analysis, because the parallelism between tasks needs to be soundly inferred, and the waiting and idle processor times at the different locations need to be accounted for. Parallel cost analysis works in three phases: (1) it performs a block-level analysis to estimate the serial costs of the blocks between synchronization points in the program; (2) it then constructs a distributed flow graph (DFG) to capture the parallelism, the waiting, and idle times at the locations of the distributed system; and (3) the parallel cost can finally be obtained as the path of maximal cost in the DFG. We prove the correctness of the proposed parallel cost analysis, and provide a prototype implementation to perform an experimental evaluation of the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting energy efficiency to a first class system design goal is an important research challenge. Although more energy-efficient hardware can be designed, it is software that controls the hardware; for a given system the potential for energy savings is likely to be much greater at the higher levels of abstraction in the system stack. Thus the greatest savings are expected from energy-aware software development, which is the vision of the EU ENTRA project. This article presents the concept of energy transparency as a foundation for energy-aware software development. We show how energy modelling of hardware is combined with static analysis to allow the programmer to understand the energy consumption of a program without executing it, thus enabling exploration of the design space taking energy into consideration. The paper concludes by summarising the current and future challenges identified in the ENTRA project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static analysis tools, such as resource analyzers, give useful information on software systems, especially in real-time and safety-critical applications. Therefore, the question of the reliability of the obtained results is highly important. State-of-the-art static analyzers typically combine a range of complex techniques, make use of external tools, and evolve quickly. To formally verify such systems is not a realistic option. In this work, we propose a different approach whereby, instead of the tools, we formally verify the results of the tools. The central idea of such a formal verification framework for static analysis is the method-wise translation of the information about a program gathered during its static analysis into specification contracts that contain enough information for them to be verified automatically. We instantiate this framework with costa, a state-of-the-art static analysis system for sequential Java programs, for producing resource guarantees and KeY, a state-of-the-art verification tool, for formally verifying the correctness of such resource guarantees. Resource guarantees allow to be certain that programs will run within the indicated amount of resources, which may refer to memory consumption, number of instructions executed, etc. Our results show that the proposed tool cooperation can be used for automatically producing verified resource guarantees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a combination framework for the automated polynomial complexity analysis of term rewrite systems. The framework covers both derivational and runtime complexity analysis, and is employed as theoretical foundation in the automated complexity tool . We present generalisations of powerful complexity techniques, notably a generalisation of complexity pairs and (weak) dependency pairs . Finally, we also present a novel technique, called dependency graph decomposition , that in the dependency pair setting greatly increases modularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation the environmental impacts of the manufacturing processes of a new all-solid-state battery (SSB) concept in a pouch bag housing were assessed using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology for the first time. To do so, the different production steps were investigated in detail, based on actual laboratory scale production processes. All in- and outputs regarding material and energy flows were collected and assessed. As LCA investigations of products in an early state of research and development usually result in comparatively higher results than those of mature technologies in most impact categories, potential future improvements of production processes and efficiency were considered by adding two concepts to the investigation. Apart from the laboratory production which depicts the current workflow, an idealized laboratory production and a possible industrial production were portrayed as well. The results indicate that electricity consumption plays a big role due to a lot of high temperature production steps. It needs to be improved for future industrial production. Also enhanced battery performance can strongly influence the results. Overall the laboratory scale results indeed improve strongly when assuming a careful use of resources, which will likely be a predominant target for industrial production. These findings therefore highlight hotspots and give improvement targets for future developments. It can also be deducted, that a comparison to the results of competing technologies that have already reached a commercial stage is not recommended for early LCAs. To round things off a resource analysis was also conducted. It identifies the usage of lanthanum, lithium and zirconium oxide as critical, especially when taking laboratory production as a base. When looking at the scale up to industrial production parameters, lanthanum and lithium remain critical, zirconium oxide not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar site surveys are an important step in assessing the suitability of a site for a proposed solar power installation. This paper details investigation into the suitability of the Android smartphone platform to serve as a base for site survey applications. Lessons learned are shared based upon development and validation of a prototype application. The prototype application is Solar Survey, a free, open-source application for Android-based smartphones that allows site surveys to be performed. The app uses sensors built into the smartphone to make measurements of the horizon. The measurements may be output in a format suitable for use by System Advisor Model, or other computer tools, to perform more detailed photovoltaic system modelling and economic calculations. In addition, the measurements can be used within the app itself to provide estimates of the available irradiance using the Perez, or other tilted irradiance model. Optimum orientation (relative to irradiance) can be computed for both the raw meteorological data and including the effect of shading. The irradiance and shading calculations were validated against results produced by System Advisor Model. Horizon measurement uncertainty was estimated using repeated measurements of a fixed horizon. It is hoped that through the open-source code and documentation of the methodology in public literature, Solar Survey may serve as a research platform for solar site assessment, and promote further analysis of the accuracy of similar tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic cost analysis has significantly advanced in the last few years. Nowadays, a number of cost analyzers exist which automatically produce upper- and/or lower-bounds on the amount of resources required to execute a program. Cost analysis has a number of important applications such as resource-usage verification and program synthesis and optimization. For such applications to be successful, it is not sufficient to have automatic cost analysis. It is also required to have automated means for handling the analysis results, which are in the form of Cost Functions ( CFs for short) i.e., non-recursive expressions composed of a relatively small number of types of basic expressions. In particular, we need automated means for comparing CFs in order to prove that a CF is smaller than or equal to another one for all input values of interest. General function comparison is a hard mathematical problem. Rather than attacking the general problem, in this work we focus on comparing CFs by exploiting their syntactic properties and we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first practical CF comparator which opens the door to fully automated applications of cost analysis. We have implemented the comparator and made its source code available online , so that any cost analyzer can use it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous paper we presented an abstract interpretation-based static analysis for inferring heap and stack memory consumption in a functional language. The language, called Safe , is eager and first-order, and its memory management system is based on heap regions instead of the more conventional approach of having a garbage collector. In this paper we concentrate on an important property of our analysis, namely that the inferred bounds are reductive under certain reasonable conditions. This means that by iterating the analysis using as input the prior inferred bound, we can get tighter and tighter bounds, all of them correct. In some cases, even the exact bound is obtained. The paper includes several examples and case studies illustrating in detail the reductivity property of the inferred bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an abstract interpretation-based static analysis for inferring heap and stack memory consumption in a functional language. The language, called Safe , is eager and first-order, and its memory management system is based on heap regions instead of the more conventional approach of having a garbage collector. This paper begins by presenting Safe features by means of intuitive examples, and then defines its formal semantics, including the memory consumption of particular program executions. It continues by giving the abstract interpretation rules for non-recursive function definitions, and then how the memory consumption of recursive ones is approximated. An interesting property of our analysis is that, under certain reasonable conditions, the inferred bounds are reductive , which means that by iterating the analysis using as input the prior inferred bound, we can get tighter and tighter bounds, all of them correct. In some cases, even the exact bound is obtained. However, and due to lack of space, reductivity is not presented in this paper. The complete development can however be found in a technical report available at the authors' site. The paper includes a related work discussion, and small examples. Bigger case studies are presented in the fore-mentioned technical report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]