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Objective:To determine the ratio between width of hamular notches and maxillary central incisors' width at cervical, incisal and contact points. Study Design: Cross–sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Prosthodontics, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi from Feb 2010 to Aug 2010. Materials and Methods:Impressions of the maxillary jaw of 125 subjects were made and casts were obtained. A precise caliper was used to make the measurement ofthe widths of the maxillary central incisors at three different levels; the incisal edge (IW), at the level of interdental contact points (ConW) and in the cervical region(CerW).The hamular width (HW) was measured between the most mesial demarcation point of the left and the right hamular notches.The ratios between the hard palate width (HW) and maxillary central incisor widths at all the three levels (IW, ConW, CerW) were calculated.Data was analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: Of the125 subjects, 52 (41.6%) were males and 73 (58.4%) were females while mean age of the subjects was 26.56 years. Ratios HW/CerW, HW/IW and HW/ConWwere calculated as 6.08+0.18mm, 5.9+0.17mm and 5.81+ 0.17mm. Conclusion: The HW can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary central incisor.

Background: Pakistan is a Lower and Middle Income Country with a scarcity of resources for mental health services but high prevalence of mental health problems particularly anxiety and depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been deemed an empirically supported treatment for anxiety disorders among children, but evidence is lacking from countries like Pakistan. Objective: The present project translated and adapted the Coping Cat Program, a CBT based program for children and adolescents having anxiety disorders, for Pakistani children. Method: The translated (Urdu) version of Coping Cat program was tested (N = 24) using repeated measure and a between group design in an orphanage school setting over a period of 6 months. The outcome measures were the Screen for Children Anxiety Related Disorders and the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Results: Intent-to-Treat analysis indicated significant decreases in self-reported anxiety sensitivity (n[superscript 2] = 0.69); anxiety (n[superscript 2] = 0.50); generalized anxiety disorder (n[superscript 2] = 0.44) and panic disorder (n[superscript 2] = 0.30) in the treated group from pre- to follow-up compared to the control group. Therapists rated treatment protocol as easy to implement and 80% of participants rated the treatment manual as useful and effective. Conclusion: The Coping Cat program appeared culturally appropriate for this group, has implementation feasibility and clinical utility for the children having anxiety related problems. Further research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness as an indicated preventive intervention for Pakistani children.

In recent decades, the use of pesticides has become fundamental to agricultural growth. However, the persistent and toxic nature of pesticides has led to significant concerns regarding their ecological and human health consequences. Therefore, for a better understanding of pesticide contamination and its potential risks, here we assessed the levels of five emerging pesticides—acetochlor, imidacloprid, MCPA, atrazine, and allethrin—in soil samples from ponds used for irrigation and in drinking water samples from nearby areas in Lahore, Pakistan. Our findings revealed that 100% of the samples were contaminated, posing substantial ecological and human health risks. Based on the toxic units (TUsum), all the soil samples showed higher toxic pressure, exceeding acute and chronic toxicity thresholds for earthworms, while 100% of water samples posed chronic toxicity risks to crustaceans and 10% to algae. Pollution index (PI) analysis further classified 100% of the soil samples and 10% of the water samples as highly polluted. These findings show high-pesticide residues in both soil and water and highlight immediate risk assessment and mitigation measures to protect non-target organisms. This preliminary information can be used to adopt risk assessment monitoring programmes and help higher authorities in making policies and guidelines to mitigate the escalating risk for ecology and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High Court of England and Wales in the case of R (Detention Action) v Lord Chancellor , ruled that the Lord Chancellor had acted lawfully due to the way he operated the Detention Duty Advice Scheme (hereafter "DDAS"). The DDAS is a publicly funded legal service provided to detainees in immigration detention centres. Under it, all detainees are eligible to receive up to 30 minutes of free advice from legal representatives. This approach to detention has been critiqued by scholars on the grounds that a lack of time is afforded to detainees. Some research has been undertaken on the lack of availability of publicly funded legal advice in detention. However, existing literature has yet to canvass the issue in relation to the relaxation of the rules in 2018, whereby contracts were awarded to legal aid providers that lacked experience of dealing with detainees. In this article, I address this lacuna by arguing that detainees were hindered from accessing good-quality legal advice as a result of the lack of experience and expertise of the newer providers. Therefore, I will consider ways of remedying the current dysfunctional system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myzus persicae (M. persicae) is now considered a threat to agricultural crops due to economic losses. Numerous synthetic insecticides applied every year against M. persicae, are reported to be unsafe for environment, humans, and beneficial insects. Furthermore, several species of Myzus have been found to develop resistance due to over application of these insecticides. Therefore, it is required to find some novel insecticide that would be safe for the environment as well as for humans. In the current study, two major pure constituents α-pinene and β-caryophyllene were evaluated for their insecticidal potential against M. persicae using a fumigant toxicity assay. Furthermore, impact of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene on expression of five different genes, e.g., HSP 60, FPPS I, OSD, TOL and ANT responsible for reproduction, dispersion, and growth of M. persicae has also been investigated. To perform fumigant toxicity assay, five different concentrations (3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 and 6 µL L-1) of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene were prepared. Lethal concentration (LC) was calculated, and gene expression studies were executed through qRT PCR at LC30 of α-pinene and β-caryophyllene. Both constituents demonstrated excellent fumigant toxicity effects against M. persicae at all five concentrations. However, α-pinene shows significantly better results (98%) as compared to β-caryophyllene (80%) after 72 h at 6 µL L-1 of dose. The highest upregulation in expression was demonstrated at LC30 dose of α-pinene in five in three out of five genes understudy (TOL, ANT, and FPPS I). Conversely, two genes HSP 60 and OSD demonstrated downregulation at LC30 dose of β-caryophyllene. Conclusively, our results highlighted the promising insecticidal potential of both compounds α-pinene and β-caryophylleneby interfering with the reproduction and development related processes in M. persicae, allowing us to recommend the phytoconstituents under investigation as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malnutrition is most prevalent in the children particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Statistics have revealed a horrible picture about children suffering from Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) and micronutrient deficiencies. Nonetheless, there is burgeoning demand for nutrient dense foods. In this perspective, nutritional value of the biscuits was enhanced by supplementing wheat flour with lentil and oat flour (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%). Chemical composition of different flours indicated that oat flour had higher ash and fiber content, whereas highest fat and protein were reckoned in lentil flour. The composite flour (WF: LF: OF; 50: 25: 25) showed highest concentrations of nutrients like ash (3.76%), fat (4.09%), fiber (2.96%) and protein (12.50%). Addition of supplement flour shad significantly affected the dough rheological properties. Nutrient composition of lentil-oat supplemented biscuits evaluated in terms of moisture (3.22-4.30%), ash (0.45-1.71%), fat (19.71-27.40%), fiber (0.20-2.56%) and protein (5.44-8.90%), carbohydrate (56.64-69.80%), iron (3.3-5.90 mg/100g), zinc (0.56-3.59 mg/100g) and energy value (528.26-588.76 Kcal). Spread factor of such biscuits varied between 45.90 and 56.00. The highest acceptability for biscuits was observed when wheat flour was supplemented with lentil and oat flour at 15% level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]