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The paper provides documentary evidence of the direct impacts on the coastal setting in the northern Campania (southern Italy) region, crossed by the Volturno River, that have led to dramatic alterations of alluvial channels, floodplain and the deltaic environment, aside from the coastline retreat following four centuries of land reclamation. The Volturno delta plain is characterized by an outer delta formed mainly by beach ridges, and an inner plain containing several depressions of drained marsh regions. Until the beginning of the last century, this area was the site of swamps and ponds bearing a high incidence of malaria. Historical analysis coupled with a cartographic restitution in a geographic information system environment has produced documentary evidence of the geomorphological evolution of the coastal sector and has allowed the reconstruction of relevant landscape and hydrographic changes since the end of the seventeenth century, when - during the Spanish vice-kingdom - it was subjected to major land reclamation. The availability of reclaimed lands along the coastal alluvial plain promoted the development of agriculture and farming, as well as a strong coastal urbanization. As a consequence, a landscape fragmentation increased significantly between the 1960s and the 1990s; built-up land area increased as well, overgrowing to the sea. An overall reduction in high-quality ecosystems (humid coastal setting, lacustrine/marshy back-dune area and beach-dune system) is recorded, resulting in biodiversity loss and a dramatic reduction in environmental quality. The outcomes of this research will be beneficial to society for better decision-making over these coastal area applications, in a sustainable manner, especially in these countries that are still experiencing land reclamation.

Vengono illustrati i primi risultati di una realizzazione ed utilizzazione sull'applicazione di un T-GIS, ovvero GIS Tipologico, nella progettazione di rigenerazione edilizia. Il T-GIS è pensato come uno strumento di conoscenza approfondita dell'ambiente costruito e come efficace supporto al complesso processo decisionale. Infatti, conoscere l'oggetto edilizio significa conoscere non solo le caratteristiche fisiche dell’edificio, ma tutta la complessità di aspetti che di volta in volta devono essere indagati per far proprie le conoscenze che riguardano la nascita, la crescita e lo sviluppo dell’edificato e del suo contesto. La ricerca è ancora in corso in quanto, anche se le fasi di costruzione del T-GIS sono essenzialmente complete, sono tuttora in corso le fasi di analisi.

Il porto turistico di Castelvolturno-Pinetamare lamenta fenomeni di interrimento dell’imboccatura che comporta frequenti interventi di dragaggio, a seguito di un significativo trasporto solido che, nel tempo, ha determinato notevoli variazioni della linea di riva, evidenziate dalla cartografia storica e dalle foto aeree. In questo lavoro vengono esposti i risultati di uno studio sperimentale per valutare l'efficacia dell'intervento strutturale basato sulla realizzazione di una "trappola" per sedimenti rappresentata da una scogliera ortogonale all'esistente molo di sopraflutto per il nuovo porto turistico. Presso la vasca ondogena del Laboratorio di Idraulica Marittima della SUN, l’efficacia dell'intervento proposto è stata valutata mediante la riproduzione in modello della "trappola", dell’intero molo di sopraflutto, dell’imboccatura portuale e di un tratto di linea di costa sufficientemente ampio da consentire l'istaurarsi di una corrente parallela alla linea di riva. Le prove sperimentali condotte hanno evidenziato l’efficacia dell’intervento progettuale proposto. The whole activities and operations which will take place within the area of the new marina of Castelvolturno-Pinetamare have made it necessary to evaluate ability to entertain "trap", placing perpendicular breakwater. The Port Authority therefore asked the MHL (Maritime Hydraulic Laboratory) of the Second University of Naples to carry out an intensive laboratory investigation on the capacity "trap" for sediment in order to optimize its design. The current marina, located at SE of the mouth of the River Volturno and the Regi Lagni, is interesting by phenomena silting at harbor mouth that involves dredging to re-establish depth compatible. The sediment transport resulted in the deviation of Regi Lagni mouth quantified on a cartography for the last 250 years in a GIS environment. It has been played in a physical model trap of sediment, the breakwater, the harbor mouth and a coastline. The experimental tests highlight that the trap for sediments appears able to intercept it.

Scopo della ricerca è la valutazione e la quantizzazione dei processi che determinano la perdita di suolo del bacino idrografico del Fiume Calore. • Sono stati calcolati il valore di deflusso torbido unitario medio annuo (Tu) e la perdita stimata di suolo media annua (A) attraverso l'applicazione dell’Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), ed infine Sediment Delivery Ratio. • L’approccio metodologico, indipendentemente dall'area di studio, consente l’individuazione di aree soggette a differenti entità di erosione, fornendo indicazioni utili a prevenire o a mitigare il fenomeno.

Gornjokredne rudistne litosome istaložene unutar plitkovodnih okoliša u području južne Istre (Skokovac, Kažela i Premantura) obilježene su različitim lateralnim i vertikalnim litofacijesnim značajkama rudistnih zajednica. Litofacijesi istraživanih profila obilježeni su raznim litotipovima vapnenca s muljnom do sparitnom potporom, a sadrže plitkomorsku foraminifersku zajednicu s aglutiniranim i porculanastim stjenkama. Rudisti su zastupljeni s radiolitidnim vrstama koje su obitavale u podplimskom okolišu unutar različitih tipova zajednica, u rasponu od nekoliko desetaka do nekoliko stotina jedinki. Otvorenost izdanaka omogućuje dvo- i trodimenzionalni pristup rekonstrukciji građe rudistnih litosoma i facijesa. Rudistne zajednice sastoje se od gusto pakiranih jedinki u položaju rasta koje lateralno prelaze u floutstone s polegnutim i bioerozijom fragmentiranim ljušturama. Taložni okoliš rudistnih facijesa predstavlja prijelaz iz plitkog podplimskog okoliša do relativno otvorenog okoliša prema zaštićenom, gdje promjena itofacijesnih značajki rudistnih zajednica ovisi o međusobnom odnosu bioprodukcije i sedimentacije.

The present study focused on the relationships between subsidence and geological and geotechnical features of the Volturno River alluvial and coastal plain (northern Campania, Italy). Subsidence rates were determined through InSAR data analysis. A lithostratigraphic reconstruction was provided for the Holocene succession that overlay a continuous, thick, volcaniclastic unit (Campania Grey Tuff) deposited 39 ka B.P. The digital surface model carried out for this unit showed a palaeovalley morphology, allowing the reconstruction of the palaeodrainage network and a better modeling of the stratigraphic architecture of the post-CGT deposits. The subsidence map was overlain spatially with geological data. In the whole plain, the major ground deformations affect the sedimentary piles filling the palaeovalley engraved in the volcanic compaction-free basement. Inside the general subsidence trend, differential compaction was detected within these deposits corresponding to the occurrence of clay and peat of different thicknesses, suggesting that the subsidence rates are due in part to the primary consolidation and in large part to the secondary consolidation.

In order to assess the potential risk of aquifer pollution in an alluvial plain area used as a landfill, a detailed geological and hydraulic model of the subsoil was realised. The chosen area is represented by the transfer site for solid urban waste called "Maruzzella", in the lower plain of the Volturno River. The analysis of lithostratigraphic data allowed a 3D reconstruction of the subsoil, which was subsequently implemented thanks to a hydrostratigraphic characterization. Through the use of GIS, the calculation grids necessary for the characterization of the flows have been built, elaborated through the use of ModFlowwiththreedifferent 3D models of the subsoil with increasing degrees of geological simplification. The dispersion models created with ModFlow made possible to establish the dispersive dynamics that predominate or coexist in relation to permeability and temporal progression considering different stress periods, respectively equal to 3650 days and 7300 days. The comparison of the geological scenarios highlighted the real dispersive processes, thus underlining the importance of a detailed knowledge of the stratigraphic architecture of the subsoil.

Land subsidence (LS) is becoming one of the major problems in coastal and delta cities worldwide. Understanding the current LS situation and the research trends is of paramount importance for further studies and addressing future international research networks. We analyzed the LS-related literature available from the Scopus database. The use of a single database avoided the redundancy of articles, while excluding some subject areas was useful to obtain only studies related to LS. By using VOSviewer and CiteSpace tools, we conducted a bibliometric analysis by considering title, keywords, and abstract to identify the temporal development, the geographical origin, and the area of study of the research. The results revealed a considerable heterogeneity of approaches, thematics, study areas, and research output trends. China, the US, and Italy are the major contributors to the scientific production, but the higher number of articles is not always related to the extension of the LS phenomenon in these countries. The monitoring approach differs worldwide, and univocal modeling is still lacking; from the analysis of the keywords, it is clear that the focus of most studies is on the relationship with the hydrological/hydrogeological aspects. Since the 2000s, however, the development of SAR technologies has boosted the study of the phenomenon from a different point of view.

The present geomorphology of the Volturno River delta system (northern Campania, southern Italy) is largely a product of complex, long-lived relationships between geological evolution and human impacts. In order to assess the main drivers of the changed landscape in the last centuries, a multidisciplinary study was carried out by combining geological and historical data. The study was based on geological and geophysical data, including about 1800 stratigraphic well logs to reconstruct the stratigraphic architecture of the delta plain and ca. 180 km of very high resolution single channel reflection profiles to image the stratigraphic pattern of the continental shelf and the offshore delta (Buffardi et al., 2021). Cartographic sources from the last 150 years were acquired, georeferenced and managed into a GIS environment, to support geomorphological interpretation. Bathymetric data acquired in 1887 and in 1987 were compared to extract seafloor changes in the delta offshore. Land use changes were also assessed since the 1957 up to present (Donadio et al., 2017; Ruberti et al., 2017; Ruberti and Vigliotti, 2017). The Volturno delta is characterized by a micro-tidal regime and moderate-to-high wave energy. The Holocene reconstruction of the Volturno coastal plain evolution evidenced the control of climatic changes (and consequently sediment supply and global eustatic variations) on the depositional history. Similarly to other Italian delta plains, 6.5 ky cal BP a coastal progradational phase established, allowing the formation of a wave-dominated delta system, with flanking strandplains forming beach-dune ridges partially enclosing lagoonal-marshy areas. Beach and lagoonal environments persisted along the present coastal zone up to the Roman age. The present landscape appears largely inherited by the past MIS5 and LGM landscapes. A progressive increment of anthropic forcing took place after 2000 yr BP but the strongest modifications of the landscape occurred since the end of the XVII century, when, during the Spanish vice-kingdom, it was subjected to major land reclamation aimed at elevating the land surface by filling the low lands with earth material settled by rivers' water that were diverted, canalized and branched into diversion canals reaching the inner parts of the sedimentation tanks. Progradation of the delta ended during the early-middle XIX century. A peak of major alterations of the deltaic environment, and retreat of the coastline was attained between the 1960s and the 1990s. It is evident that the transformations of the landscape that have taken place over the last millennium are largely caused by anthropogenic impacts (i.e. reclamation, development of drainage network, land use changes). The sediment input of the river to the Tyrrhenian Sea sharply decreased, thus resulting in a dramatic change of the deltaic morphology and significant coastal land loss. The coastal zone, considered as a dissipative-type shoreline, evolved to an irreversible non-dissipative inshore profile characterized by mean erosional rates of 5m/yr along the beaches and 24 m/yr on the delta mouth. The river delta changed from a cuspate, wave-dominate delta to arcuate and eventually delta-estuary type.

The Campania Plain, southern Italy, formed as a large graben or half-graben filled with thousands of meters of Quaternary sediments. Of particular interest is the recognition of an important stratigraphic marker, the Campania Grey Tuff (CGT) deposits (39 ka B.P.) during one of the last explosive eruptions of the Campi Flegrei, a complex volcanic system along the Tyrrhenian margin of the plain. The CGT blanketed the whole area and filled morphological depressions, dipping gently towards the central region of the plain, giving origin to a thick, laterally continuous, volcaniclastic unit that covered previous marine-transitional settings, whose landforms controlled the facies distribution and post-depositional settings of the CGT deposits. Since 39 ky, most of the Campania Plain became a land area. Following the eustatic regression associated with the LGM sea-level drop, a seaward shift of the shoreline and the forced regression of paralic-shallow marine depositional systems concurrently occurred, while the rivers flowing in the inner plain likely started fluvial downcutting with formation of a major incised valley. The surface underlying the regressive phase associated to the sea level drop is clearly recognizable across the plain as it is cut in the ignimbrite deposits. The reconstruction of this surface was based on geological and geophysical data, including stratigraphic well logs and high-resolution single channel reflection profiles to image the stratigraphic pattern of the continental shelf. The 3D representation has shown the morphology of the palaeovalley developed during the LGM. The valley is characterized by a complex structure likely related to channel entrenchment and aggradation. Two main downcuttings occur in correspondence of the modern Volturno River course and the Regi Lagni Channel (formerly Clanio River). The Volturno river likely flowed almost in the present location and received the waters of the Agnena Canal (formerly the Cales River, to north) before the deepest part of the incision located close to the present-day delta area. The Clanio River came from the east, conditioned by an older volcanic dome, and created a wide bend in the plain, entering the deep incision south of the mouth of the current Volturno River. The reconstructed surface actually suggests the occurrence of a complex network of incisions that supports the reconstruction of a channel entrenchment on the plain and especially towards the coastline, which at that time was located ca. 13 km offshore. Above this surface, large remobilization of volcaniclastic material took place during the re-establishment of the fluvial system, witnessed by the abundance of reworked pyroclastic ash and clasts recognized in the alluvial deposits of the medium-upper part of the valley fill. Previous radiocarbon dating indicated that the valley started to form at ca. 37 ka B.P. The onset of the LGM renewed fluvial downcutting leaving the previously formed terraces ca. 10 m above the valley floor. These deposits occur in the subsurface below the present delta plain and have their offshore equivalent in the thick succession of upper Pleistocene prograding units deposited during the Falling Stage of the sea level (FSST), bounded at the top by the erosional surface.

Coastal areas have become increasingly vulnerable to groundwater salinization, especially in the last century, due to the combined effects of climate change and growing anthropization. In this study, a novel methodology named GALDIT-SUSI was applied in the floodplain of the Volturno River mouth for the current (2018) and future (2050) evaluation of seawater intrusion accounting for the expected subsidence and groundwater salinization rates. Several input variables such as digital surface model, land use classification, subsidence rate and drainage system have been mapped via remote sensing resources. The current assessment highlights how areas affected by salinization coincide with the semiperennial lagoons and inland depressed areas where paleosaline groundwaters are present. The future assessment (2050) shows a marked increase of salinization vulnerability in the coastal strip and in the most depressed areas. The results highlight that the main vulnerability driver is the Revelle index, while predicted subsidence and recharge rates will only slightly affect groundwater salinization. This case study indicates that GALDIT-SUSI is a reliable and easy-to-use tool for the assessment of groundwater salinization in many coastal regions of the world.

A significant rise of groundwater pollution has been registered worldwide, where nitrate has been recognized as the most widespread pollutant. In this context, the groundwater vulnerability assessment and more specifically the delineation of &ldquo, Nitrate Vulnerable Zones&rdquo, represents a reliable cost-effective tool for groundwater management. In this study, the Agricultural Nitrate Hazard Index (ANHI) method was applied to two case histories in southern Italy: the Lete River catchment and the eastern sector of the Campania Plain. The first area is characterized by agricultural activities and a low anthropic influence while the eastern part of the Campania Plain, around Caserta city, is strongly urbanized and developed on an extensive alluvial plain filled with volcaniclastic deposits. The parametric method applied suggests moderate hazard for the more natural setting highlighting how the intensive crop farming and livestock activities that characterized the area negatively influenced the results. For the eastern part of the Campania Plain, where a strong urbanization and widespread industrial crops are dominant, a low to very low hazard has been identified. The groundwater quality value, in contrast with the methodology results underlines the importance of further risk evaluations based on accurate aquifer characterization. A multiple year assessment based on land use change and climate variation could further highlights the difference between the study areas.

Deltaic coastal areas are often formed by a piecemeal of transitional wetland environments. These environments consist of wetland-aquifer systems, which commonly react rapidly to climate changes. Direct evaporation from surface water bodies like lakes, wetlands and lagoons will increase due to temperature increase leading to salt accumulation. To understand the hydrological exchanges between the transitional coastal wetlands of the Variconi oasis, the unconfined aquifer of the Volturno River Delta and the Tyrrenian Sea, the contributions of various processes were monitored and assessed. Physical-chemical parameters like salinity, pH, Eh and temperature were monitored during the hydrological year 2016-2017 on a monthly basis. Moreover, the use of groundwater and surface water equivalent freshwater heads, along with hydraulic conductivity tests and the geological architecture, permitted to connect the salinity variations in the wetlands with the degree of the hydraulic connection between the wetlands, the Volturno River, the Tyrrenian Sea and the coastal aquifer. The results show that the permanent wetlands fed by both the Volturno River and the Tyrrenian Sea, show a smoothed salinity peak during the summer season; while the ephemeral wetlands hydraulically disconnected from the aquifer show high salinity peaks during the summer season due to evapoconcentration processes. Spatial mapping of salinity and other measured parameters, highlighted an elevated heterogeneity of environments (from saline to freshwater environments) enclosed in the Variconi oasis. This in turn, induced a large biodiversity of both autochthonous and migratory species. Despite of this, the projected increase in salinity of these wetlands due to coastal erosion, augmented evapotranspiration rates and sea level rise, could be of serious concern for the above-mentioned biodiversity, thus monitoring and management strategies are urgently required to preserve this and other oasis in the Mediterranean area that are key sites employed as stop-over along migratory routes.

all’estrazione del tufo vulcanico. Nel 1999 il Comune ha realizzato un primo censimento di alcune cavità raccogliendo dati e planimetrie delle stesse. Si vuole qui presentare la realizzazione di un Sistema Informativo Territoriale che miri ad informatizzare le informazioni preesistenti implementate con nuovi rilievi speditivi 3D georeferenziati, al fine di disporre di uno strumento conoscitivo aggiornato. La necessità deriva dal fatto che negli anni la continuità del sistema caveale è stata spesso interrotta (a) da cedimenti nelle volte, soprattutto in corrispondenza di condotti verticali, per effetto delle mutate condizioni di stabilità che hanno determinato fenomeni di dissesto (anthropogenic sinkhole), (b) per occlusione con detriti o (c) da pareti divisorie erette in corrispondenza di cambi di proprietà in superficie. Un siffatto strumento di gestione dei dati oltre a migliorare la conoscenza, la documentazione e il recupero di importanti testimonianze, che, diversamente, rischierebbero di scomparire, rappresenta un sistema efficiente di prevenzione del rischio idrogeologico. In the subsoil of the historic center of Sant’Arpino, in the Campania Plain, there is a wide network of quarries and cavities linked to the extraction of volcanic tuff. In 1999 the Municipality carried out a first register concerning the occurrence of cavities, accompanied by planimetric information of the same. Aim of the present work is to design a GIS project to manage all the existing information by implementing them with georeferenced 3D surveys, in order to have an updated management tool. The need derives from the fact that over the years the continuity of the cavity system has often been interrupted (I) by collapse of the roof, above all in correspondence of vertical access point excavated in poorly lithified or loose deposits (anthropogenic sinkhole), (II) by occlusion with debris or (III) by division with walls erected to separate the property. The new dataset allowed the update of the density map of the cavities and represents an important management tool for the evaluation of the hydrogeological risks and the areas prone to the formation of anthropogenic sinkholes.