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This article presents experimental and numerical determinations of thermal transmittance performed on three different types of window frames (vinyl, aluminium, and wooden) within the same insulated glass unit. Good agreement between experimental and numerical results was attained. Using the numerical models, thermal improvement techniques of the frames and their influence on thermal transmittance of frames were studied. The first thermal improvement technique was using the insulation materials inserted inside large air cavities. By filling the cavity of vinyl frame with the polyurethane foam, thermal transmittance of vinyl frame was lowered by 10%. The second technique was based on repeating the procedure with materials installed inside frames with the materials that have lower thermal conductivity. This technique can be applied on thermal breaks and on steel profiles inside cavities. The result of this thermal improvement (attained by replacing thermal break material with material that has lower thermal conductivity) was certain reduction of the thermal transmittance of frames, by 9%. Using stainless steel instead of the oxidized steel was reduction of the thermal transmittance of vinyl frame by 3%. For the case of wooden frames the influence of shifting glazing unit deeper into profile upon the thermal transmittance of the frame was analyzed. Installing the glass unit by 5 mm deeper into the wooden frame reduced glass thermal transmittance by 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to study the drying kinetics of vacuum-dried and freeze-dried bee honey produced from two different varieties: Sunflower honey (Helianthus Annuus L.) and Acacia honey (Robinia pseudo acacia L.). Vacuum drying treatments were carried out with the honey samples' initial temperatures of +25 °C, -20 °C, and -40 °C. Water content, total soluble solids, as well as the water activity of fresh and dried honey samples were determined. Freeze-drying of bee honey with initial sample temperature of -40°C has resulted in shorter drying time (7-9 hours), moisture content (10%-12%), water activity (0.405-0.427 aW) and effective moisture diffusivity coefficient (8.26·10-7-9.51·10-7 m²/s). The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used when analyzing the impact that drying pre-treatments had on honey quality. The application of pre-treatments has led to an increase in hydroxy-methyl-furfural by 39-71%, and a decrease in diastase activity by 17-36%, all compared to fresh honey samples. The solutions of Verma model proved to be the best fit with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of extensive and intensive green roofs on improving outdoor microclimate parameters of urban built environments is currently a worldwide focus of research. Due to the lack of reliable data for Belgrade, the impact of extensive and intensive green roof systems on mitigating the effects of urban heat islands and improving microclimatic conditions by utilizing high albedo materials in public spaces were studied. Research was conducted on four chosen urban units within existing residential blocks in the city that were representative of typical urban planning and construction within the Belgrade metropolitan area. Five different models (baseline model and four potential models of retrofitting) were designed, for which the temperature changes at pedestrian and roof levels at 07:00, 13:00, 19:00 h, on a typical summer day, and at 01:00 h, the following night in Belgrade were investigated. The ENVI-met software was used to model the simulations. The results of numerical modeling showed that utilizing green roofs in the Belgrade climatic area could reduce air temperatures in the surroundings up to 0.47, 1.51, 1.60, 1.80 °C at pedestrian level and up to 0.53, 1.45, 0.90, 1.45 °C at roof level for four potential retrofitting strategies, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancement of heat transfer over a cylinder shaped thermal energy storage filled by paraffin E53 by use of longitudinal rectangular copper fins was analyzed. The thermo-physical features of the storage material are determined in separate experiments and implemented to FLUENT software over user defined function. Advanced thermal storage geometry comprehension and optimization required introduction of a parameter suitable for the analysis of heat transfer enhancement, so the ratio of heat transfer surfaces as a factor was proposed and applied. It is revealed that increase of the ratio of heat transfer surfaces leads to the decrease of melting time and vice versa. Numerical analysis, employing the 3-D model built in Ansys software, observed storage reservoir geometries with variable number of longitudinal fins. The adjusted set of boundary conditions was carried out and both written in C language and implemented over user defined function in order to define variable heat flux along the height of the heater. The comparison of acquired numerical and experimental results showed a strong correlation. Experimental validation of numerical results was done on the real thermal energy storage apparatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]