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Abstract Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic mucosal inflammation of the nasal cavity and sinuses. It is classified into CRS without nasal polyps and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). CRSwNP has high recurrence, especially CRSwNP with massive eosinophil infiltration which is mediated by type 2 inflammatory response. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, it has powerful antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects in addition to regulating biological rhythms. There are no studies on melatonin for the treatment of CRS, so we aimed to explore whether melatonin could be used for the treatment of CRS. Materials and Methods In this study, we used melatonin to treat a cell model of CRS. Subsequently, MTT assay was performed to examine the cell viability of human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) kit to detect ROS production, a malondialdehyde (MDA) kit to detect the MDA content in the cell culture supernatant, and an apoptosis kit and Western blot analysis to detect apoptosis. The expressions of Nrf2, HO‐1, IL‐33, TSLP, and IL‐25 were detected by Western blot analysis. Results Melatonin improved the viability of HNEpCs, reduced lipopolysaccharide‐induced ROS, reduced the MDA content, and inhibited their apoptosis. More importantly, melatonin reduced the expression of IL‐33 and TSLP, an important phenomenon for the treatment of CRSwNP. Conclusion Melatonin protects HNEpCs from damage in inflammation and reduces IL‐33 and TSLP expression of HNEpCs.

Background: Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can significantly reduce mortality of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. However, it is a challenge for clinicians to make an accurate and rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. This study aimed at determining whether combined biomarkers can provide a useful tool for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The patients with bacterial meningitis had significantly elevated levels of the above mentioned biomarkers. The two biomarkers were all risk factors with bacterial meningitis. The biomarkers were constructed into a "bioscore". The discriminative performance of the bioscore was better than that of each biomarker, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.842 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.770-0.914; p< 0.001). Conclusions: Combined measurement of CSF DcR3 and sTREM-1 concentrations improved the prediction of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. The combined strategy is of interest and the validation of that improvement needs further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]