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Introduction: We aim to present a rare case of a patient who developed a late testicular metastasis of PCa after radical prostatectomy., Case Description: A 78 years old man presenting for left testicular swelling slowly increasing of size over the last 2 months. He underwent a retropubic radical prostatectomy and extended bilateral lymphadenectomy in 2007 for prostatic adenocarcinoma. At the time of the presentation the last PSA was 0.91 ng/mL. The patient underwent a standard left orchifunicolectomy in April 2019 without intra- or perioperative complications. The pathological analysis showed a testicular metastasis of acinar adenocarcinoma., Conclusions: In conclusion, testicular metastasis from PCa are uncommon conditions. PSA evaluation and physical examination of all sites of metastasis and accurate evaluation of all signs/symptoms during the clinical visit remains crucial to the diagnosis of recurrence.

Aim: To assess urologists’ proficiency in the interpretation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). Materials and Methods: Twelve mpMRIs were shown to 73 urologists from seven Italian institutions. Responders were asked to identify the site of the suspicious nodule (SN) but not to assign a PIRADS score. We set an a priori cut-off of 75% correct identification of SN as a threshold for proficiency in mpMRI reading. Data were analyzed according to urologists’ hierarchy (UH; resident vs. consultant) and previous experience in fusion prostate biopsies (E-fPB, defined as <125 vs. ≥125). Additionally, we tested for differences between non-proficient vs. proficient mpMRI readers. Multivariable logistic regression analyses (MVLRA) tested potential predictors of proficiency in mpMRI reading. Results: The median (IQR) number of correct identifications was 8 (6−8). Anterior nodules (number 3, 4 and 6) represented the most likely prone to misinterpretation. Overall, 34 (47%) participants achieved the 75% cut-off. When comparing consultants vs. residents, we found no differences in terms of E-fPB (p = 0.9) or in correct identification rates (p = 0.6). We recorded higher identification rates in urologists with E-fBP vs. their no E-fBP counterparts (75% vs. 67%, p = 0.004). At MVLRA, only E- fPB reached the status of independent predictor of proficiency in mpMRI reading (OR: 3.4, 95% CI 1.2−9.9, p = 0.02) after adjusting for UH and type of institution. Conclusions: Despite urologists becoming more familiar with interpretation of mpMRI, their results are still far from proficient. E-fPB enhances the proficiency in mpMRI interpretation.

Purpose: To evaluate the prostate cancer (PCa) detection rate in men with chronic use of Aspirin and to compare it with the detection rate of non-users., Patients and Methods: Prospectively maintained database regarding patients undergoing prostate biopsy over the last 10 years in five institutions. Patients were divided into two groups according to their exposure to Aspirin. We relied on multivariable linear and logistic regression models to test whether Aspirin administration was associated with lower PSA values at prostate biopsy, higher PCa diagnosis, and higher Gleason Grade Grouping (GGG) at biopsy., Results: Were identified 1059 patients, of whom 803 (76%) did not take Aspirin vs 256 (24%) were taking it. In multivariable log-linear regression analysis, Aspirin administration was associated with lower PSA levels (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.71-0.97, p = 0.01), after controlling for age, prostate volume, smoking history, associated inflammation at prostate biopsy, presence of PCa at biopsy, and GGG. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, Aspirin administration was not found to be a predictor of PCa at prostate biopsy (OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.82-2.40, p = 0.21) after controlling for age, PSA, smoking history, prostate volume, findings at digital rectal examination and the number of biopsy cores. In patients with PCa at prostate biopsy (n = 516), Aspirin administration was found to predict higher GGG (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.01-4.87, p = 0.04)., Conclusion: Aspirin administration was found to be a predictor of more aggressive GGG. These findings suggest that a lower PSA threshold should be considered in patients taking Aspirin, as, despite low PSA levels, they might harbour aggressive PCa., Competing Interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose in this work., (© 2022 Mantica et al.)

Background and Objectives : To evaluate the oncological impact of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) variant in patients submitted to intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Materials and Methods : Between January 2015 and January 2020, patients with conventional urothelial NMIBC (TCC) or urothelial NMIBC with SCC variant (TCC + SCC) and submitted to adjuvant intravesical therapies were collected. Kaplan-Meier analyses targeted disease recurrence and progression. Uni- and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to test the role of SCC on disease recurrence and/or progression. Results : A total of 32 patients out of 353 had SCC at diagnosis. Recurrence was observed in 42% of TCC and 44% of TCC + SCC patients ( p = 0.88), while progression was observed in 12% of both TCC and TCC + SCC patients ( p = 0.78). At multivariable Cox regression analyses, the presence of SCC variant was not associated with higher rates of neither recurrence ( p = 0.663) nor progression ( p = 0.582). Conclusions : We presented data from the largest series on patients with TCC and concomitant SCC histological variant managed with intravesical therapy (BCG or MMC). No significant differences were found in term of recurrence and progression between TCC and TCC + SCC. Despite the limited sample size, this study paves the way for a possible implementation of the use of intravesical BCG and MMC in NMIBC with histological variants.

Introduction: Ectopic adrenal tissue in the kidney, including "Ectopic adrenal tissue" and "Adrenal-renal fusion", is a rare event with a specific behavior which may be difficult to distinguish clinically from renal neoplasms. We performed a systematic review on ectopic adrenal tissue variants reported in the literature underlining its clinical aspects., Methods: Manuscripts which presented a case report or case series of ectopic adrenal tissue in the kidney were included even if published in original articles, reviews, or letters to the editor. A specific search on SCOPUS®, PubMed®, and Web of Science® database was performed. Only English language papers published in a period ranging between August 1991 and April 2020 were considered. Additionally, a case we had at our institution is described, and its characteristics are included. Data on clinical presentation, type of adrenal anomaly, location, anatomopathological and immune-histotype characteristics were collected., Results: We identified 888 manuscripts. Among these 29 were included in this systematic review. Overall, 39 patients with renal adrenal fusion or adrenal ectopia were considered. In most cases, the diagnosis was made incidentally, or following investigation for flank pain, abdominal pain, or endocrinological disorders. CT scan frequently identified a solid vascularized lesion that was difficult to distinguish from renal neoplasm. Adrenal fusion was mostly located at the level of the upper pole. Adrenal rest was found in the renal parenchyma, renal hilum, or retroperitoneum in close proximity to the renal peduncle. Often these ectopic adrenal tissue lesions follow a benign behavior and can be classified as functioning or non-functioning adenomas. Rarely, they may experience neoplastic degeneration. The most frequently positive markers were inhibin, vimentin, melan-A, synaptophysin and anti-p450 scc., Conclusions: Ectopic adrenal tissue in the kidney is a rare event with specific clinical characteristics that need to be identified in order to arrive at a correct diagnosis and carry out appropriate treatment management.

Background: Salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) historically yields poor functional outcomes and high complication rates. However, recent reports on robotic sRP show improved results. Our objectives were to evaluate sRP oncological outcomes and predictors of positive margins and biochemical recurrence (BCR)., Methods: We retrospectively collected data of sRP for recurrent prostate cancer after local nonsurgical treatment at 18 tertiary referral centers in United States, Australia and Europe, from 2000 to 2016. SM and BCR were evaluated in a univariate and multivariable analysis. Overall and cancer-specific survival were also assessed., Results: We included 414 cases, 63.5% of them performed after radiotherapy. Before sRP the majority of patients had biopsy Gleason score (GS) ≤7 (55.5%) and imaging negative or with prostatic bed involvement only (93.3%). Final pathology showed aggressive histology in 39.7% (GS ≥9 27.6%), with 52.9% having ≥pT3 disease and 16% pN+. SM was positive in 29.7%. Five years BCR-Free, cancer-specific survival and OS were 56.7%, 97.7% and 92.1%, respectively. On multivariable analysis pathological T (pT3a odds ratio [OR] 2.939, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.469-5.879; ≥pT3b OR 2.428-95% CI 1.333-4.423) and N stage (pN1 OR 2.871, 95% CI 1.503-5.897) were independent predictors of positive margins. Pathological T stage ≥T3b (OR 2.348 95% CI 1.338-4.117) and GS (up to OR 7.183, 95% CI 1.906-27.068 for GS >8) were independent predictors for BCR. Limitations include the retrospective nature of the study and limited follow-up., Conclusions: In a contemporary series, sRP showed promising oncological control in the medium term despite aggressive pathological features. BCR risk increased in case of locally advanced disease and higher GS. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Aim: To investigate the prognostic role of neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and radical cystectomy (RC)., Patients & Methods: 213 patients were included., Inclusion Criteria: Nonmetastatic, MIBC (cT2-T4aN0M0), at least three cycles of NAC, undergone RC and with blood count within 30 days before NAC., Results: Five-years overall survival (OS) with NPAR >18 was 34.06% (95% CI: 18.3-50.5) and 65.37% (95% CI: 52.4-75.6) with NPAR <18. Five years cancer-specific survival (CSS) with NPAR >18 was 42.9% (95% CI: 23.9-60.7) and 74.5% (95% CI: 62.6-83.1) with NPAR <18 (p < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, NPAR increased OS of 1.3 points and CSS of 4.37 points., Conclusion: High NPAR prior to NAC seems to be a strong predictor of OS and CSS in MIBC patients treated with NAC and RC., Competing Interests: Financial & competing interests disclosure This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, CNCS - UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2019-0085 within PNCDI III. Theauthors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript., (© 2021 Matteo Ferro.)

Objectives: To externally validate the currently available nomograms for predicting lymph node invasion (LNI) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) and to assess the potential risk of complications of extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) when using the recommended threshold., Methods: A total of 14 921 patients, who underwent radical prostatectomy with ePLND at eight European tertiary referral centres, were retrospectively identified. After exclusion of patients with incomplete biopsy or pathological data, 12 009 were included. Of these, 609 had undergone multiparametic magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsies. Among ePLND-related complications we included lymphocele, lymphoedema, haemorrhage, infection and sepsis. The performances of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSKCC), Briganti 2012, Briganti 2017, Briganti 2019, Partin 2016 and Yale models were evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve [AUC]), calibration plots, and decision-curve analysis., Results: Overall, 1158 patients (9.6%) had LNI, with a mean of 17.7 and 3.2 resected and positive nodes, respectively. No significant differences in AUCs were observed between the MSKCC (0.79), Briganti 2012 (0.79), Partin 2016 (0.78), Yale (0.80), Briganti 2017 (0.81) and Briganti 2019 (0.76) models. A direct comparison of older models showed that better discrimination was achieved with the MSKCC and Briganti 2012 nomograms. A tendency for underestimation was seen for all the older models, whereas the Briganti 2017 and 2019 nomograms tended to overestimate LNI risk. Decision-curve analysis showed a net benefit for all models, with a lower net benefit for the Partin 2016 and Briganti 2019 models. ePLND-related complications were experienced by 1027 patients (8.9%), and 12.6% of patients with pN1 disease., Conclusions: The currently available nomograms have similar performances and limitations in the prediction of LNI. Miscalibration was present, however, for all nomograms showing a net benefit. In patients with only systematic biopsy, the MSKCC and Briganti 2012 nomograms were superior in the prediction of LNI., (© 2020 The Authors BJU International © 2020 BJU International Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the current evidence regarding atypical metastases in patients undergoing robotic-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC). A review of the current literature was conducted through the Medline and NCBI PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and Google Scholar databases in October 2019. From the literature search using the cited keys and after a careful evaluation of the full texts, we included 31 articles in the study. Fourteen studies (45.2%) reported at least an atypical recurrence during the follow-up period with a rate between 4 and 40% of all the recurrences. Overall, 105 (1.63%) of the 6720 patients who have been evaluated in the included studies developed an atypical recurrence. Sixty-three (60%) of these atypical metastases were peritoneal carcinomatosis, 16 (15.2%) extrapelvic lymph nodes metastases, 11 (10.5%) port-site metastases, 10 (9.5%) retroperitoneal nodal metastases, while 5 (3.8%) patients developed more than one type of atypical recurrence. In literature, there is a low but not negligible incidence of atypical recurrences after RARC. However, publication bias and retrospective design of most studies could influence the evidences. Further prospective randomized studies are needed to clarify the real risk of patients undergoing RARC to develop atypical metastases.

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the normal course of clinical practice leading to significant delays in the delivery of healthcare services for patients non affected by COVID-19. In the near future, it will be crucial to identify facilities capable of providing health care in compliance with the safety of healthcare professionals, administrative staff and patients. All the staff involved in the project of a Covid-free hospital should be subjected to a diagnostic swab for COVID-19 before the beginning of healthcare activity and then periodically in order to avoid the risk of contamination of patients during the process of care. The modifications of various activities involved in the process of care are described: outpatient care, reception of inpatients, inpatient ward and operating room. For outpatient care, modality of appointment procedure, characteristics of waiting room and personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare professionals and administrative staff are presented. Reception of inpatients shall be conditional on a negative swab for COVID-19 obtained with a drive-in procedure. The management of the operating room represents the most crucial step of the patient's care process. The surgical team should be restricted and monitored with periodic swabs; surgical procedures should be performed by experienced surgeons according to standard procedures; surgical training experimental treatments and research protocols should be suspended. Adequate personal protective equipment and measures to reduce aerosolization in the operating room (closed circuits, continuous cycle insufflators, fume extraction) should be adopted. Prevention of possible transmission of the virus during procedures in open, laparoscopic and endoscopic surgery is to use a multi-tactic approach, which includes correct filtration and ventilation of the operating room, the use of appropriate PPE (FFP3 plus surgical mask and protective visor for all the staff working in the operating room) and smoke evacuation devices with a suction and filter system.   on behalf of the UrOP Executive Committee Giuseppe Ludovico, Angelo Cafarelli, Ottavio De Cobelli, Ferdinando De Marco, Giovanni Ferrari, Stefano Pecoraro, Angelo Porreca, Domenico Tuzzolo.

The reports on the performance of robotic surgery in patients with dwarfism are anecdotal; anesthesiological issues and a challenging anatomy are the main factors that lead most of surgeons to prefer a more traditional approach. We present a case of bilateral robotic partial nephrectomy in a patient affected by achondroplastic dwarfism and aim to evaluate risks and issues in this type of surgery.

To describe the evolution of robotic laparoendoscopic single-site radical prostatectomy (R-LESS-RP) performed with the daVinci Single-Site Platform® and a home-made multiport aimed to overcome classical drawbacks of LESS, still present with this platform. Between 09/2015 and 06/2017 12 patients underwent R-LESS RP for clinical localized prostate cancer. Following a "phase 1 (development-stage)" innovation, development, exploration, assessment, long-term study (IDEAL) framework, different solutions were drawn to overcome drawbacks of daVinci Single-Site Platform®, included 3 (A, B, and C) multi-ports developed and evaluated in term of advantages/drawbacks concerning ergonomy. The end points of this study were: feasibility, safety, efficacy, by reporting rational description of multiports configuration, demographics, perioperative variables, functional and oncological results. Semi-flexible robotic 5-mm needle-holder instead of Maryland forceps, 30° lenses up and barbed-suture allowed overcoming limits of robotic-platform. Multiport-C (GelPOINT Advanced-Access® and an extra 8-mm robotic trocar outside the multiport) showed the best compromise to ensure both surgeon and bed-side assistant to reproduce a standard robotic procedure. No conversion to either standard robotic or open technique or intraoperative complications occur in any case. Two patients experienced "high-grade" Clavien-Dindo complications. After 12.4 months follow-up, all patients were continent without any sign of biochemical relapse and among 5 preoperative potent patients submitted to nerve-sparing dissection, 4 reported good erectile-function. R-LESS-RP is feasible and safe in the hands of experienced minimally-invasive surgeons. Do date, we recommend a hybrid solution with a home-made multiport and use of an additional standard robotic trocar which allows the use endowrist® technology instruments.

Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Introduction: We present a technical variation of robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP) using the Contour™ stent that allows a minimal incision of the retroperitoneum., Material and Methods: The main difference from the standard robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP) is the preventive retrograde insertion of a Contour™ stent, which is a single J stent subsequently easily convertible in a double J stent., Results: The mean operative time was 141.2 minutes. Blood losses were negligible, median length of stay was 4 days., Conclusions: The use of a Contour™ stent showed to be a safe and feasible technical variation while performing a RAP., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.