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The theoretical basics governing the Iranian miniature are conditioned on a special rendering of the imagery traditions based on spiritual manifestations due to the Islamic thoughts and submission to divine religion. For the same reason, Muslim miniaturist never misses in his or her creation of miniatures and adoption of transcendental attitudes the existence of God; rather, adopting an immanence-driven approach to the artwork, s/he knows the world of the miniature as a materialization of the divine instance and a demonstration of the praised God’s appearance. Thus, the present study aims at investigating the concepts of immanence and transcendence in miniaturist’s illustration style via underlining Muhi Al-Din Ibn Arabi’s approach as regards the epistemology of these two concepts. Based on the study findings, Ibn Arabi’s belief has been laid upon the underlying premise that the true knowledge depends upon an integration of immanence and transcendence. Moreover, the secret of transcendence lies in the name of the God’s nature and immanence’s secret stems from the verdicts of the apparent name of the praised God. So, the world of possibilities cannot be stripped in its interior and exterior from the God and the topic has been most eloquently expressed in the Holy Quran; and, because the Muslim artist in his or her resorting to the spiritual concepts of the Islamic and Quranic canonization tries to create an artwork and considering the idea that in Ibn Arabi’s perspective the Holy Quran and the Islamic attitude are the outcome of integration of the immanence and transcendence, it can be stated that the pictorial elements extant in Iranian miniature are as well specific kinds of a real language that have been converted to an expression of the two-dimensional illustration world being given the form of a single light in the practical arena by the artist. God’s characteristics and attributes are manifested in the miniature away from any thought of equalization to the divine creation. The present study has been carried out based on a descriptive-analytical method. The information has been collected through library research.

This paper presents a novel piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) with theoretical simulation, fabrication, and testing. Conventional methods using a PCB or an external horn to adjust the PMUT acoustic field angle are limited by the need for transducer size. To address this limitation, the stepped-tube (expanded tube) backside cavity PMUT has been proposed. The stepped-tube PMUT and the tube PMUT devices have the same membrane structure, and the acoustic impedance matching of the PMUT is optimized by modifying the boundary conditions of the back cavity structure. The acoustic comparison experiments show that the average output sound pressure of the stepped-tube backside cavity PMUT has increased by 17%, the half-power-beam-width (θ-3db) has been reduced from 55° to 30° with a reduction of 45%, and the side lobe level signal is reduced from 147 mV to 66 mV. In addition, this work is fabricated on an eight-inch wafer. The process is compatible with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), conditions are stable, and the cost is controllable, plus it facilitates the batch process. These conclusions suggest that the stepped-tube backside cavity PMUT will bring new, effective, and reliable solutions to ranging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of spatial interaction technology has greatly enriched the domain of consumer electronics. Traditional solutions based on optical technologies suffers high power consumption and significant costs, making them less ideal in lightweight implementations. In contrast, ultrasonic solutions stand out due to their lower power consumption and cost-effectiveness, capturing widespread attention and interest. This paper addresses the challenges associated with the application of ultrasound sensors in spatial localization. Traditional ultrasound systems are hindered by blind spots, large physical dimensions, and constrained measurement ranges, limiting their practical applicability. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a miniature ultrasonic spatial localization module employing piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). The module is comprised of three devices each with dimension of 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 0.5 mm, operating at a frequency of around 180 kHz. This configuration facilitates a comprehensive distance detection range of 0–800 mm within 80° directivity, devoid of blind spot. The error rate and failure range of measurement as well as their relationship with the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) are also thoroughly investigated. This work heralds a significant enhancement in hand spatial localization capabilities, propelling advancements in acoustic sensor applications of the meta-universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Mn and Fe dopants on the electromechanical and electrochemical properties of 0.88[Bi0.5Na0.5]TiO3–0.08[Bi0.5K0.5]TiO3–0.04[Bi0.5Li0.5]TiO3 piezoceramic is investigated with particular emphasis on complex impedance in the temperature range from 450 to 600 °C. The impedance spectra have been simulated with equivalent circuits in order to extract bulk and grain boundary characteristics and to determine activation energies of conduction. Mn and Fe dopants considerably enhance the mechanical quality factor and decrease the dielectric loss compared to the undoped composition. Mn doping leads to dramatically higher resistivity in the bulk and a modest increase in the bulk activation energy. On the other hand, conductivity increases dramatically via Fe doping with a significant lowering of activation energy in the bulk and corresponding raising of the activation energy at grain boundaries in comparison to Mn-doped and undoped ceramic. The bulk conductivity of Fe-doped piezoceramic reaches as high as 0.01 S cm−1 at 600 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromechanical properties and high power characteristics of Pb-free hard piezoelectric ceramics in the (BiNa0.88K0.08Li0.04)0.5 (Ti1-xMnx)O3 (x = 0, 0.014, 0.015, and 0.016) system were studied. Mn doping resulted in a considerable enhancement of mechanical quality factor Qm and vibration velocity. The lowest mechanical and dielectric losses were achieved in 1.5 mol% Mn-doped ceramics with a planar Qm of about 970 and tanδ of 0.89%. The heat dissipation and resonance frequency shift under high drive condition were remarkably suppressed upon Mn doping. The maximum vibration velocity was increased from 0.28 m/s in undoped ceramic to 0.6 m/s in 1.5 mol% Mn-doped composition. The results of this study revealed that Mn-doped BNT-based piezoelectrics exhibited a superior high power performance compared to their lead-based counterparts such as PZT4 and PZT8 ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of spatial interaction technology has greatly enriched the domain of consumer electronics. Traditional solutions based on optical technologies suffers high power consumption and significant costs, making them less ideal in lightweight implementations. In contrast, ultrasonic solutions stand out due to their lower power consumption and cost-effectiveness, capturing widespread attention and interest. This paper addresses the challenges associated with the application of ultrasound sensors in spatial localization. Traditional ultrasound systems are hindered by blind spots, large physical dimensions, and constrained measurement ranges, limiting their practical applicability. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a miniature ultrasonic spatial localization module employing piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducers (PMUTs). The module is comprised of three devices each with dimension of 1.2 mm × 1.2 mm × 0.5 mm, operating at a frequency of around 180 kHz. This configuration facilitates a comprehensive distance detection range of 0-800 mm within 80° directivity, devoid of blind spot. The error rate and failure range of measurement as well as their relationship with the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) are also thoroughly investigated. This work heralds a significant enhancement in hand spatial localization capabilities, propelling advancements in acoustic sensor applications of the meta-universe.

This paper presents a novel piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) with theoretical simulation, fabrication, and testing. Conventional methods using a PCB or an external horn to adjust the PMUT acoustic field angle are limited by the need for transducer size. To address this limitation, the stepped-tube (expanded tube) backside cavity PMUT has been proposed. The stepped-tube PMUT and the tube PMUT devices have the same membrane structure, and the acoustic impedance matching of the PMUT is optimized by modifying the boundary conditions of the back cavity structure. The acoustic comparison experiments show that the average output sound pressure of the stepped-tube backside cavity PMUT has increased by 17%, the half-power-beam-width (θ -3db ) has been reduced from 55° to 30° with a reduction of 45%, and the side lobe level signal is reduced from 147 mV to 66 mV. In addition, this work is fabricated on an eight-inch wafer. The process is compatible with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), conditions are stable, and the cost is controllable, plus it facilitates the batch process. These conclusions suggest that the stepped-tube backside cavity PMUT will bring new, effective, and reliable solutions to ranging applications.