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Biochar is a porous, high-surface-area, black carbon-rich product that offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option to replace conventional charcoal. However, its specific structure and limited biodegradability pose challenges for its widespread applications. Photocatalysis is suggested as an alternative approach to harness solar energy and transform it into solar fuels. Interestingly, nanomaterials-based photocatalysts with tailored energy band properties and non-toxic characteristics, high surface areas, enhanced stability, and tunable pore sizes, have gained attention for their potential in diverse applications. Therefore, existing research on biochar-based photocatalysis systems (BBPs) aims to address different environmental issues. Interestingly, BBPs offer benefits such as excellent electrical conductivity, versatile functional groups, large surface area, and multiple surface-active sites, promoting high charge mobility, electron reservoir, superior charge separation, and small bandgap. This review provides a comprehensive overview of BBPs developments, including synthesis methods and properties. The fusion of BBPs is used in CO2 conversion, photocatalytic H2 generation, CO2 reduction, pollutants, dyes, and pharmaceutical degradation. Although the intermarriage of BBPs has potential benefits, their effectiveness may be compromised when modified photocatalysts are incorporated, which may negatively influence carrier generation efficiency and overall performance. Therefore, there is empty room for further research on their physical properties, effectiveness, long-term stability, and reusability of BBPs.

In recent years, green nanomaterials are increasingly being utilized in horticulture and agriculture due to their potential to transform plant development, improve crop yield, combat diseases, and pest management, among other applications. Significantly, green nanomaterials enhance nutrient delivery by improving stability, uptake, and solubility efficiency. Utilizing non-toxic precursors, waste reduction strategies, renewable resources, and energy-efficient processes, they offer sustainable technology advancement. Moreover, tomatoes, the largest domestic and industrial crop, yield around 200 million tons globally. They are beneficial for blood cleansing, gastrointestinal secretion, and nutrient reduction. However, they are susceptible to diseases like early blight, septoria leaf spot, late blight, and buckeye rot. In this regard, green nanomaterials have the potential to revolutionize agriculture by improving disease management, detecting diseases quickly, enhancing nutrient uptake, safely delivering agrochemicals, and reducing pesticide dosage. So, impressed by this, in this current review paper, we explored the use of green nanomaterials for tomato growth, and development and investigated their unique features, utilization, challenges, and future prospects. Ultimately, this review will open a new research gateway for plant-based nanomaterial and their utilization in various disciplines particularly for crop protection, growth, and soil health.

Background: Musculoskeletal discomfort not related by a syndrome is very communal in juvenile and puberty getting lifetime prevalence as great as 40%. It affects student’s quality of life and their productivity in education. So, the main objective of current study was to access musculoskeletal pain among undergraduate physical therapy students. Methods: A Descriptive type of cross sectional survey was conducted at Lahore Medical and Dental College (LM&DC) for duration of almost six months from April 2018 to October 2018. Sample size recruited was 321 physical therapy students and they were included according to inclusion exclusion criteria. Assessment of Musculoskeletal pain was done using Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. An analysis was done using SPSS 21. Results: The findings showed that musculoskeletal pain among students was most commonly prevalent in lower back region constituting 65.4% (n = 210) followed by upper back 53.9% (n = 173) and neck region 48.6% (n = 156). Conclusion: Musculoskeletal pain was highly prevalent among medical students and most commonly found in lower back region.

Background: Motor control and posture disorders are responsible in the development of cerebral palsy (CP). Spastic CP, the most common type of CP is associated with postural asymmetries resulting in functional limitation among children and compromising their quality of life. Therefore, the study aimed to describe the severity of postural asymmetries among special school going children with spastic cerebral palsy in correlation with Gross Motor Function Classification System levels (GMFCS). Methods: Thirty-four subjects from Lahore who were special school going children diagnosed with spastic CP for more than 6 months and less than 1 year were recruited. Children with uncontrolled seizures, hearing and visual impairment, surgery scheduled and other types of cerebral palsy were excluded. The scale used for the assessment of postural asymmetries was Posture and Postural Ability Scale with the reliability of 0.99. ANOVA test was applied with p

Modern industries rapid expansion has heightened energy needs and accelerated fossil fuel depletion, contributing to global warming. Additionally, organic pollutants present substantial risks to aquatic ecosystems due to their stability, insolubility, and non-biodegradability. Scientists are currently researching high-performance materials to address these issues. LaFeO3 nanosheets (LFO-NS) were synthesized in this study using a solvothermal method with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a soft template. The LFO-NS demonstrate superior performance, large surface area and charge separation than that of LaFeO3 nanoparticles (LFO-NP). The LFO-NS performance is further upgraded by incorporating ZIF-67. Our results confirmed the ZIF-67/LFO-NS nanocomposite have superior performances than pure LFO-NP and ZIF-67. The integration of ZIF-67 has enhanced the charge separation and promote the surface area of LFO-NSwhich was confirmed by various characterization techniques including TEM, HRTEM, DRS, EDX, XRD, FS, XPS, FT-IR, BET, PL, and RAMAN. The 5ZIF-67/LFO-NS sample showed significant activities for CO2 conversion, malachite green degradation, and antibiotics (cefazolin, oxacillin, and vancomycin) degradation. Furthermore, stability tests have confirmed that our optimal sample very active and stable. Furthermore, based on scavenger experiments and the photocatalytic degradation pathways, it has been established that H+ and •O2− are vital in the decomposition of MG and antibiotics. Our research work will open new gateways to prepare MOFs-Perovskites nanocatalysts for exceptional CO2 conversion, organic pollutants and antibiotics degradation.

Nanomaterials (NMs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades due to their versatile applications in a wide range of fields. Thanks to their tiny size, enhanced surface modifications, impressive volume-to-surface area ratio, magnetic properties, and customized optical dispersion. NMs experienced an incredible upsurge in biomedical applications including diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery. This minireview will focus on notable examples of NMs that tackle important issues, demonstrating various aspects such as their design, synthesis, morphology, classification, and use in cutting-edge applications. Furthermore, we have classified and outlined the distinctive characteristics of the advanced NMs as nanoscale particles and hybrid NMs. Meanwhile, we emphasize the incredible potential of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a highly versatile group of NMs. These MOFs have gained recognition as promising candidates for a wide range of bio-applications, including bioimaging, biosensing, antiviral therapy, anticancer therapy, nanomedicines, theranostics, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, gene therapy, and drug delivery. Although advanced NMs have shown great potential in the biomedical field, their use in clinical applications is still limited by issues such as stability, cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and health concerns. This review article provides a thorough analysis offering valuable insights for researchers investigating to explore new design, development, and expansion opportunities. Remarkably, we ponder the prospects of NMs and nanocomposites in conjunction with current technology.

Objective: The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of navicular drop among the patient of hallux valgus (HV) in grade II Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Ghurki trust and teaching hospital among patients of grade II hallux valgus. The total duration of study was 6 months from June, 2020 to December 2020. The data was collected from 89 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were selected through non probability purposive sampling technique. Navicular drop test was used to collect data and results were analyzed using its NDT values. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics including the frequency of navicular drop and demographic characteristic of the participant was collected. Results: The mean age of participant was 44.90 ± 8.22 years and the mean BMI of participants was 27.15 ± 2.96 kg/m2. Navicular drop was normal in 10 patient11.2 %), whereas 15 patients (16.8 %) had low navicular drop and 63 patients (70.7 %) had high navicular drop. Conclusion: It was observed that the frequency of navicular drop among patients of grade II hallux valgus was high. It suggests the urgent need of carrying out evidence based physical health promotion for patients with foot deformity to control this growing problem.

Pathogens cause infections and millions of deaths globally, while antipathogens are drugs or treatments designed to combat them. To date, multifunctional nanomaterials (NMs), such as organic, inorganic, and nanocomposites, have attracted significant attention by transforming antipathogen livelihoods. They are very small in size so can quickly pass through the walls of bacterial, fungal, or parasitic cells and viral particles to perform their antipathogenic activity. They are more reactive and have a high band gap, making them more effective than traditional medications. Moreover, due to some pathogen’s resistance to currently available medications, the antipathogen performance of NMs is becoming crucial. Additionally, due to their prospective properties and administration methods, NMs are eventually chosen for cutting-edge applications and therapies, including drug administration and diagnostic tools for antipathogens. Herein, NMs have significant characteristics that can facilitate identifying and eliminating pathogens in real-time. This mini-review analyzes multifunctional NMs as antimicrobial tools and investigates their mode of action. We also discussed the challenges that need to be solved for the utilization of NMs as antipathogens.

Background: Individuals with diabetes have an incremental risk of developing a number of complications and among them, the most prevalent complication is, diabetic neuropathy causing sensory and motor deficits resulting in balance impairments and increases the risk of fall. Objective: To determine the risk of fall in chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: A descriptive case series was conducted at Diabetic Out-Patient Unit of Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore. 59 diagnosed cases of chronic type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited based on inclusion criteria. Each participant was questioned before conducting an assessment. The inclusion criteria were established neuropathy and patients having diabetes mellitus for at least ten years. Exclusion criteria were patients with recent onset of diabetes, rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases which interfere with daily activities, neurological conditions which affects balance (Parkinson’s and Stroke) and severe pain. Data were recorded through interviews and balance test. Berg Balance Scale was used to assess the static and dynamic balance of the patients. Results: Mean age of the patients was 57.43±7.28 years. 19 (32.2%) of the patients were male and 40 (67.8%) patients were female. In a sample size of 59, 17(28.8%) patients were at high risk of falling, whereas 33 (55.9%) patients were at medium and 9 (15.3%) patients were at low risk of fall respectively. Conclusions: Greater numbers of patients with diabetic neuropathy have moderate risk of fall. Keywords: Balance impairments, Berg balance scale, Diabetes Mellitus type 2, Diabetic Neuropathy, Fall Risk.

Objective: This systematic review was conducted to explore the current evidences on effects of trigger point dry needling as a treatment strategy on pain and range of motion among the subjects with lower extremity myofascial trigger areas. Methods: A systematic review was performed and searched databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, SPORTDiscus and PEDro. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Inclusion and exclusion of studies were made according to PICOS format. Ten studies were recruited for assessment based on eligibility. Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the Randomized and Non-Randomized controlled trials and the methodological assessment was also performed using PEDro 10-point scale. Data synthesis was performed by Vote Counting Method as a descriptive tool. Results: Seven of the total ten studies deemed High score on PEDro and three were scored Fair on the scale. Each of the ten studies documented improvement in the pain over time with the dry needling strategy. None of the studies targeted the other outcomes like anxiety and sleep disturbances related with myofascial trigger points. Conclusion: On basis of the best evidences available dry needling seems to be effective in pain reduction related to lower extremity myofascial trigger points. Evidence also suggests that there is not much positive effect of myofascial trigger point dry needling on depression, anxiety, muscular strength and quality of life. Keywords: Acupuncture therapy, Dry Needling, Lower extremity, Myofascial trigger points Continuous....

Objective: Rehabilitation is considered vital aspect of treatment strategy post total hip replacement and results in improvement in functional activities as well as reduction in pain. Telerehabilitation is emerging as alternative to traditional face to face rehabilitation in home care. To explore the current evidence on effectiveness of telerehabilitation as compared to face to face rehabilitation for patients after total hip replacement. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted. Data bases were searched including Cochrane, Medline, Embase and PEDro from 2000 to latest. A thorough search was performed to retrieve articles missed through databases as well as unpublished grey literature. Methodological quality assessment was performed using Cochrane risk of bias tool and included studies were critically appraised using PEDro scale. Results: 13 articles finally met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review based on eligibility. However data was not extractable from 1 study due to which 12 studies were finally reviewed. There were 4 Randomized trials, 3 randomized controlled protocols, 3 randomized pilot studies and 1 prospective cohort study. The summary of critical appraisal of included studies through Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was done which showed that majority of studies had high quality and few studies fall under the category of fair. Conclusion: Telerehabilitation group reported similar improvement in terms of activities of daily living and quality of life as compared to traditional rehabilitation. This systematic review has established that home based telerehabilitation mode of health care services delivery is an acceptable practical alternative among patients who underwent Continuous...

Background: Precompetitive anxiety refers to an indistinct but unrelenting feeling of uneasiness and dread in hours prior to the competition. Precompetitive anxiety has been shown to affect an athlete at various levels including match performance, sporting injuries, rehabilitation of sports injuries, return to activity and risk or re-injury. It has become a common practice to differentiate between the two common forms of anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of current study was to assess precompetitive anxiety in footballers of Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross section survey was conducted on 58 male footballers aged between 18-26 years. The data was collected from Pakistan football federation club and Fame football club. Total 34 footballers were assessed at the Pakistan football federation club and 24 at the Fame football club. The sampling strategy utilized was non-probability convenience sampling. The study was conducted over a period of 6 months from July 2018 to January 2019. Competitive state anxiety inventory was used to assess precompetitive anxiety 1 hour preceding the competition. Data analysis was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21and results were presented in the form of frequency and percentages. Results: Out of 58 participating footballers, 44.8% (n=26) reported moderate levels of somatic state anxiety, 72.4% (n=42) reported moderate levels of cognitive state anxiety and 48.3% (n=28) reported moderate levels of self-confidence. Conclusion: The study concluded that moderate to low levels of somatic state anxiety, moderate levels of cognitive state anxiety and moderate to high levels of self-confidence were present in majority of participating footballers.

Background: Joint substitution of lower limbs like hip and knee replacements are viewed as a high volume surgery with great achievement rates and physical restoration assumes a significant role in recovery of these patients. However, access to recovery and follow up is restricted. Post joint substitution patients living in remote territories and those with the danger of joint dislocation find difficulty to recovery benefits once they are released from emergency clinic. Access issues produce extra burden. The purpose of current study was to evaluate whether telerehabilitation performed from a health center to patient’s place after discharge from hospital among knee replacement was practically effective as alternative treatment. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 50 post total knee replacement patients for a period of 6 months at Ghurki hospital. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A received telerehabilitation. Group B received face to face rehabilitation for 2 months. Ranges, muscle strength and functional status were measured through goniometer, manual muscle testing and timed get up and go test. Assessment was done using Fischer exact test at baseline, after 2 weeks and followed up after 2 months. Results: p-value for knee flexion came out to be 0.03 where as for quadriceps it was 0.02 after 2 weeks, which was found to be statistically significant. After 2 months, p-value for knee flexion was 0.016 and 0.000 for functional status. Conclusion: Use of telerehabilitation is found to be equally effective as compared to face to face rehabilitation among knee replacement patients.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a commonly prevailing disease among women. Disease progression deformities such as ulnar and radial shift of the wrist, Boutonnière, swan neck deformity and mallet finger become evident, which results in marked limitation of hand function. Patients usually lose the ability to hold, grasp and pinch thus activities of daily living are compromised. This study aimed to diagnose stage II Rheumatoid Arthritis through assessing the limitations of hand functions in adult females. Methods: A sample of 37 adult females with Stage II RA presenting to the rheumatology department of National hospital, Lahore and Combined Military Hospital, Lahore were recruited in the study. Patients with clinically diagnosed Stage II RA presenting with pain and dysfunction of the hands and wrist joints were included. Patients with any traumatic condition or any other bone disease that limits hand function were excluded from the study. The scale used for the assessment was Patient Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) with the reliability of >0.75 and validity of 0.7. Results: In a sample of adult women with a mean age of 42, 39% reported moderate pain and 61% had severe pain whereas the functional limitations was reported to be moderate in 47.3% while 52.7% had severe limitation of hand function. These results prove that there is a negative impact of hand malformations on hand function. Conclusion: The adult females with stage II Rheumatoid Arthritis had severely limited hand function. The functional limitations of hand were increased with disease progression especially in adult females.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an orthopedic surgical technique in which the knee joint surfaces, the femoral condyles and tibial plateau, are substituted with prosthetic components.TKA is found effective for improving perambulating purposes, but some other impairment such as proprioception, muscle strength, and balance may continue postoperatively. Balance is defined as an individual’s ability to maintain a desired position within their base of support. The aim of the study was to asses balance among patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty post six months. A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted for a period of 6 months from August 2018 till January 2019 at Ghurki Trust and Teaching hospital and Horizon Hospital Lahore, in which 26 subjects (7 Males and 19 Females) were included according to inclusion criteria. Permission from the Ethical Committee of the Lahore College of Physical Therapy was obtained. The sampling technique used was convenient sampling. Balance of each patient was assessed with Berg Balance Scale. The Berg Balance Scale grades execution on 14 different tasks, utilizing a scale of five points ranging from 0 to 4; the isolated scores are summed, for a total score of 56 where greater scores show enhanced stability of task execution. The results of the study showed that out of the total (n = 26) patients, 19 patients had low risk of fall, 6 patients had moderate risk of fall, while only one patient had high risk of fall. The study concluded that patients, who underwent total knee arthroplasty, had low risk of fall when balance was assessed with Berg Balance Scale after six months of Total knee Arthroplasty procedure.

Background: Lymphedema is abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in skin due to malfunction of lymphatic system. After axillary lymph node dissection breast surgery lymphedema of involved arm is one of the complications. So the aim of current study is to evaluate the effectiveness of home based decongestive lymphatic therapy on lymphedema and range of motion. Methods: A quasi experimental study was conducted on 100 female patients who have undergone axillary lymph node dissection in Shuakat khanum Memorial hospital Lahore. Study period was from March 2017 to September 2017. Sampling technique utilized was non probability convenience sampling. Written informed consent was taken from each patient. Patients were trained to do self massage and self lymphatic drainage technique once a day. Exercises were instructed to the patients keeping diaphragmatic exercises in between. Girth measurement was assessed pre and post operatively using calibrated tape. Range of motion was measured pre and post operatively through goniometer. Measurement was taken at baseline, and on 1st day, 10th day and 4th week of treatment. Effectiveness of home based decongestive lymphatic therapy was assessed through repeated measure ANOVA. Results: Home based decongestive lymphatic therapy showed statistically significant changes in arm and forearm circumference (p value < 0.05). Significant increase in degree of shoulder flexion, shoulder abduction, shoulder external rotation and shoulder internal rotation was observed after home based treatment (p value < 0.001) Conclusion: Home based lymphatic decongestive therapy proved to be effective in improving shoulder range of motion and reducing lymphaedema post breast cancer surgery.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate effects of dry needling on pain and function among individuals with myofascial trigger points due to patellofemoral pain syndrome. Study Design: It was a single centered quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: It was performed at University of Lahore teaching hospital from August 2018 to January 2019. Materials and Methods: Thirty participants aged between 20 to 40 years were recruited. Participants obtained a single treatment session of dry needling. Function and pain was assessed at baseline and at 72 hours of trigger point dry needling. Mean and standard deviation were reported, pre and post intervention scores were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank. P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant improvement was measured in pain (92.7±15.9) at 72 hours of intervention as compared to baseline value (89.0±12.2) on Knee Society Score. The function score (73.6±11.1) was also improved. 90% individuals showed positive ranks on the Lower Extremity Functional Scale at 72 hours after the dry needling intervention. Conclusion: Dry needling cause's immediate and clinically significant reduction in pain and improvement in function of knee joint in the subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome at 72 hours post treatment session. The immediate effects were studied but it is suggested that dry needling should be studied for its long term effects in patients with PFPS. Dry needling needs further investigation to be accepted as an isolated intervention for patients with Patellofemoral Pain.