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This paper investigates on synthesis and structural, optical and magnetic properties of SnFe2O4 spinel/graphene oxide (GO)/rGO nanocomposites by sol–gel, microwave and co-precipitation methods. The synthesis of these nanoparticles was achieved through simple and cost-effective methods. A variety of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were utilized to analyse the nanoparticles. By using the crystallography different methods like Scherer, Rietveld, and Williamson-Hall, various structural properties were studied. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicated the peaks presence corresponding to graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and SnFe2O4 spinel phase in the SnFe2O4 / GO and rGO nanocomposites. The peak with the highest intensity in the (311) direction was found in the SFO/rGO nanocomposite. Additionally, morphology images by FESEM showed the formation of small cube-shaped and polyhedral structures for SnFe2O4 phase and GO and rGO as nano plates. Optical properties such as refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric constant, Urbach energy, and reflection coefficient were analysed using UV–Vis spectroscopy. The optical analysis results show that the SnFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite had the highest level of light absorption with band gap in range Eg = 2.28–3.21 eV as wide band gap semiconductor. The Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis showed that samples containing tin ferrite exhibited ferromagnetic behaviour. FTIR analysis identified metal oxide peaks (Sn–O) and (Fe–O) in the nanoparticle samples, while organic bonds such as hydroxyl, epoxide, carbonyl, and carboxylic were found in GO and rGO nanocomposite samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, tin ferrite nanoparticles (SnFe2O4) were synthesized using sol–gel, solvothermal, and co-precipitation methods, and the effect of annealing temperature on the formation of structures annealed at T = 350 °C, T = 450 °C, and T = 550 °C was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field-emission electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to investigate the structural, optical, and surface morphological properties. The results obtained from the structural analysis of the synthesized samples showed that the SFO4 sample with the spinel phase synthesized by solvothermal had the highest intensity of the preferred peak (311) and a more uniform grain size. The FESEM images of the nanostructures showed cubic and polyhedral grains with cluster growth. The optical absorbance of the samples was studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy within the wavelength range of λ = 190–1100 nm. The highest absorption in the samples was related to SFO6, and the band gap showed an increasing trend with temperature in region Eg = 2.20–2.85 eV. The reason for the increase of band gap with increasing temperature is the formation of independent oxide phases in the nanoparticle's composition. The tin ferrite oxide spinel sample SFO4 showed a value of 2.53 eV. From the UV–Vis analysis, the values of refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), dielectric constant (ϵ ), Urbach energy (Eu) and reflection coefficient were studied. The results of the FTIR analysis in the fingerprint region confirm the vibrations caused by the presence of Sn–O and Fe–O metal oxides. The presence of metal oxide bonds indicates the formation of tin ferrite structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]