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Adithan Aravinthan,1,* Muthusamy Govarthanan,2,3,* Kandasamy Selvam,4 Loganathan Praburaman,2,3 Thangasamy Selvankumar,3 Rangachari Balamurugan,1 Seralathan Kamala-Kannan,2 Jong-Hoon Kim1 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea; 2Division of Biotechnology, Advanced Institute of Environment and Bioscience, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea; 3PG and Research Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts and Science College, Kalippatti, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India; 4Centre for Biotechnology, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: A rapid, green phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of Helianthus tuberosus (sunroot tuber) was reported in this study. The morphology of the AgNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that biomolecules in the tuber extract were involved in the reduction and capping of AgNPs. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the AgNPs, using an energy range of 2–4 keV, confirmed the presence of elemental silver without any contamination. Further, the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated against phytopathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas axonopodis. The AgNPs (1–4 mM) extensively reduced the growth rate of the phytopathogens. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized AgNPs was analyzed using rat splenocytes. The cell viability was decreased according to the increasing concentration of AgNPs and 67% of cell death was observed at 100 µg/mL. Keywords: cytotoxicity, Helianthus tuberosus, nanobiotechnology, phytosynthesis, splenocytes

Ziziphus jujuba plant belongs to Rhamnaceous family and grows mainly in Europe, southern and eastern Asia, and Australia. Recent phytochemical investigation of plants provided some information on their biological effects, such as the hepatoprotective, immunostimulating, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. The current study investigated 34 phytocompounds from Z. jujuba and three anti-cancer drugs against three lung cancer target proteins. Drug likeliness screening revealed that two compounds dodecanoic acid and 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro[4,5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione possess zero violation, and compound azelaic acid possesses single violation against five drug rules. Molecular docking study reveals that 34 phytocompounds from Z. jujuba and three anti-cancer drugs showed docking score values in the range of −3.9 to −10.2 kcal/mol and −7.2 to −9.0 kcal/mol against three significant lung cancer target proteins. Furthermore, in silico screening top scored three phytocompounds campesterol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro[4,5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione and three anti-cancer drugs etoposide, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin utilized. Pharmacokinetic profile of three phytocompounds from Z. jujuba showed excellent absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile than standard drugs. Furthermore, bioactivity and density functional theory analysis showed that phytocompounds from Z. jujuba possess better bioactivity scores and molecular electrostatic potentials than standard drugs. Molecular dynamics simulation results revealed that campesterol with CDK2 (PDB ID 1GII) and MDM2/P53 (4HFZ) target proteins possess better simulation trajectories and binding affinity than standard drugs. Further clinical trials of compounds (campesterol, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro[4,5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione) are needed to check clinical pertinence toward lung cancer target proteins to commercialize these novel drug molecule in the drug industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an important research area focused on developing innovative, cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques with a wide range of applications. This study employs a straightforward and practical method to produce TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) for use in photocatalysis, antibacterial, antifungal, and antidiabetic applications. It utilizes extract-assisted biosynthesis with Moringa oleifera. To enhance the material and evaluate the impact of bioinspiration on various parameters, the resulting TiO2 NPs undergo calcination at 500 °C. Structural confirmation, bandgap analysis, and functional group studies of MO/TiO2 (Moringa oleifera/TiO2) nanoparticles are conducted using XRD, UV-DRS, FT-IR, and PL analysis. To examine the surface morphological characteristics of the anatase TiO2 nanoparticles, SEM and TEM-EDS electron microscopy analyses were accomplished. The produced TiO2 nanoparticles are also assessed for their photocatalytic and antidiabetic properties. Photocatalytic activity is determined by decolorizing methylene blue dye in the presence of sunlight, revealing that optimal conditions for complete color removal involve using 0.3 g of TiO2 and a concentration of 4 × 10− 5 M at pH 7. A total decolorization efficiency is achieved after 180 min in the presence of MO/TiO2. The biosynthesized Moringa oleifera leaf extracted TiO2 (MO/TiO2) was used for photocatalytic and biomedical applications. MO/TiO2 exhibited the best photocatalytic activity and showed maximum inhibitoin in invitro antidiabetic activity. Invivo antidiabetic activity showed the Moringa oleifera leaf-extracted TiO2 catalyst significantly reduced blood glucose levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study develops polyamine‐functionalized graphene oxide–supported NiCo2S4 nanomaterial using a metal–organic framework (MOF). This modification adds free amines and oxygen functionality to the graphene oxide electrode surface, resulting in the decrease in the 2 theta value from 11.2 to 7.1 and an increase in the interlayer spacing value from 1.4 to 7.8 nm. This modification enhances the surface properties, leading to improved wettability and dispersion stability. Additionally, bimetallic nanoparticles of NiCo2S4, synthesized via the ZIF‐67 MOF template, further enhance performance. Analysis confirms the successful fabrication of ZIF‐67/f‐GO/NiCo2S4 electrode material through various techniques such as XPS spectra, FE‐SEM, XRD, and Raman spectra. The resulting Salen‐fGO@NiCo2S4 composite exhibits impressive specific capacitance, reaching 2581.65 F g−1 at 10 A g−1 with 82% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. Employing this composite in a hybrid supercapacitor yields remarkable energy and power densities of 40 and 920 W kg−1, individually, while maintaining 74% capacity retention rate at 10 A g−1. These findings offer promising prospects for advanced energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a crucial research area aimed at developing innovative, cost‐effective, and eco‐friendly synthesis techniques for various applications. Herein, we synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Couroupita guianensis flower extract via a simple green synthesis method. These green CuNPs demonstrate promising antimicrobial activity and anticancer activity against A549 nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We comprehensively characterized the CuNPs using UV spectrum, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDS analyses. The antibacterial and anticancerous performance is attributed to their spherical‐like morphology, which enhances effective interaction with bacterial and cancer cells. Moreover, CuNPs proved effective in inactivating Escherichia coli, achieving 2%, 52%, and 99% inactivation at 0, 30, and 60 min, respectively, and Listeria monocytogenes, achieving 1%, 48%, and 98% inactivation at 0, 30, and 60 min, respectively, under visible light. Furthermore, the CuNPs exhibited significant anticancer activity against A549 NSCLC cells, achieving cell viability reductions of 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 83%, and 91% at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 μg/mL, respectively. The green synthesized CuNPs demonstrate their potential in biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to investigate the drug delivery potential of chitosan‐conjugated Spondias pinnata phytocompounds for anticancer and antibacterial applications. The phytochemical composition of the aqueous extract of S. pinnata plant leaves revealed seven major compounds, including stearic acid, 2H‐Indol‐2‐one, beta amyrin, oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, 7‐hexadecenoic acid, and phytol. Additionally, five minor compounds were identified through GC–MS analysis. SEM analysis of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds revealed amorphous particles. This demonstrates the attainment of optimized larger crystallites, which differ in size and shape extensively. The antioxidant potential of both the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds and S. pinnata leaf extracts was evaluated via DPPH and ABTS assays, and the results revealed that the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds exhibited significant scavenging activity, with IC50 values of 18.20 and 33.15 μg/mL, respectively. Chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds also demonstrated antibacterial activity against four clinically significant infections, with zones of inhibition ranging from 16 ± 0.07, 19 ± 0.10, 17 ± 0.09, and 19 ± 0.11 mm against Escherichia coli (MTCC 452), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 733), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 39), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1688), respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds was assessed against A549 lung cancer cells, and the results revealed a significant reduction in cell viability (33.85) at higher concentrations of 150 μg/mL. The IC50 values of S. pinnata leaf extract (149.2 mg/mL) and chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata (126.4 mg/mL) toward A549 lung cancer cells were recorded. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the therapeutic applications of chitosan‐conjugated S. pinnata phytocompounds, particularly in the context of their anticancer and antibacterial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By promoting tissue regeneration, porous nano‐scaffolds offer improved chances for the maintenance, repair, and enhancement of damaged tissues and organ functioning. In this study, the nanosilica extract obtained from the agricultural waste, that is, rice husk after surface modification shows higher hydrophobicity in the hexamethyldisilazane and methyltrimethoxysilane‐modified nanosilica and hydrophilic nature in 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane‐modified nanosilica. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results reveal the functional groups exist in the scaffold and its surface morphology was evaluated by Field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis which shows a cross‐network structure that could impart the proper cell adhesion. The presence of amorphous nanosilica in ultrapure form was confirmed using X‐ray diffraction analysis where a broad peak was obtained in the range of 15°–40°. The crystallization phase of the hybrid scaffold shows 2θ values obtained at 22.6°, 28.7°, and 40.6°. The graph thus obtained confirms that the material used is 3‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane‐modified silk/silica nanocomposite. The decomposition rates and temperature of the composite were analyzed using the thermogravimetry/differential thermal technique. The antibacterial activity of the hybrid scaffolds and silk and silica shows the metabolic pathways were not disrupted for both Gram‐positive and ‐negative microbes. Cell cytotoxicity analysis proved that the electrospun hybrid scaffold was nontoxic to L929 cells and promoted cell adhesion and growth. The cells were highly proliferated onto the surface layers in a regular systematic pattern thus proving that these scaffolds were suitable for bone regeneration applications. Hence these economically viable scaffolds turn to be biocompatible and are promising as a novel product for cell culture regneration realted to therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, strontium‐doped mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (Sr‐MBGNs) were incorporated into a poly(xylitol‐citrate‐sebacate) (PXCS) matrix using solution mixing techniques. The resulting composites, including PXCS, PXCS/1.5% Sr‐MBGNs, PXCS/3% Sr‐MBGNs, and PXCS/5% Sr‐MBGNs, were characterized for biomedical applications using FTIR, DSC, and x‐ray diffraction analyses. High‐resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and a universal testing machine were employed to investigate the structure, morphology, and mechanical properties of the polymer and its nanocomposites. Our findings indicate that the introduction of polymer and its nanocomposites minimally affects the glass transition and crystallinity. The observed decrease in glass transition temperature with increasing Sr‐MBGNs content suggests a plasticizing effect. These results are consistent with previous studies. Additionally, in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate antibacterial properties, VERO cell line proliferation, degradation, and swelling percentage of the scaffolds. Metal ions release behavior was assessed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) Furthermore, the drug loading and release of curcumin from PXCS/5% Sr‐MBGNs and PXCS/Sr‐MBGNs nanocomposite scaffolds were investigated at varying pH levels (pH: 5.5, 6.8, and 7.4). Both PXCS/5% Sr‐MBGNs and PXCS/5% Sr‐MBGNs scaffolds demonstrated enhanced biological properties, highlighting their potential for use in bone regeneration approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is gaining attention of researchers because of their varieties of biomedical and environmental applications. This study reported the novel eco-friendly synthesis of AuNPs using green macroalgae Halimeda macroloba (HM) extract and evaluate their photocatalytic potential. The green synthesized H. macroloba mediated gold nanoparticles (HM-AuNPs) was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and particle size distribution (PSD) anlaysis. The UV-visible spectrum shows a sharp intense plasmonic resonance peak at 543 nm. The bioactive compounds present in HM were primarily responsible for the biological reduction of gold ions validated by FT-IR analysis. XRD analysis proved the crystalline face centered cubic structure of the HM-AuNPs. The average particle size of 18.72 nm and morphological evidences were obtained from the images from TEM. The metallic form of biosynthesised HM-AuNPs was confirmed by XPS results with a distinctive binding energy. The photocatalytic degradation ability of the green synthesized HM-AuNPs was investigated against the methylene blue (MB) and methylene orange (MO) dyes under sunlight irradiation. The HM-AuNPs exhibited 97.23% and 89.91% photocatalytic activity against MB and MO after 90 min of exposure to sunlight, respectively. The overall results of this research indicate that H. macroloba mediated HM-AuNPs can be used as an effective option for the degradation of industrial dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]