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Introduction: People who use drugs are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted and blood‐borne infections (STBBIs). While the benefits of methadone in reducing injecting‐risk behaviours are well documented, less is known on its impacts on sexual‐related risks, as well as its comparative effectiveness to buprenorphine/naloxone, particularly in the context of highly potent opioids. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative effects of buprenorphine/naloxone and methadone on injecting and STBBI risks among people with prescription‐type opioid use disorder (POUD). Methods: Secondary analysis of a pan‐Canadian pragmatic 24‐week randomized clinical trial comparing methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone models of care among 272 people with POUD (including licit or illicit opioid analgesics, fentanyl). The Risk Behaviour Survey was used to collect injecting and sexual risks at baseline, and weeks 12 and 24. Results: In total, 210 participants initiated treatment (103 buprenorphine/naloxone and 107 methadone). At baseline, 113/205 (55.1%) participants reported recently injecting drugs, 37/209 (17.7%) unsafe injection practices and 67/162 (41.4%) high‐risk sex. Both methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone were associated with reductions in the prevalence of injection drug use and high‐risk sex at weeks 12 and 24 with no interactions between treatment arm and time. Conclusion: Methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone were similarly effective in reducing injecting and sexual risk behaviours among people with POUD. Clinical Trials Registration: clinicaltrials.gov NCT03033732. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been recommended and partly subsidized in Québec, Canada, since 2013. We evaluated the population‐level impact of PrEP on HIV transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Montréal, Québec's largest city, over 2013–2021. Methods: We used an agent‐based mathematical model of sexual HIV transmission to estimate the fraction of HIV acquisitions averted by PrEP compared to a counterfactual scenario without PrEP. The model was calibrated to local MSM survey, surveillance, and cohort data and accounted for COVID‐19 pandemic impacts on sexual activity, HIV prevention, and care. PrEP was modelled from 2013 onwards, assuming 86% individual‐level effectiveness. The PrEP eligibility criteria were: any anal sex unprotected by condoms (past 6 months) and either multiple partnerships (past 6 months) or multiple uses of post‐exposure prophylaxis (lifetime). To assess potential optimization strategies, we modelled hypothetical scenarios prioritizing PrEP to MSM with high sexual activity (≥11 anal sex partners annually) or aged ⩽45 years, increasing coverage to levels achieved in Vancouver, Canada (where PrEP is free‐of‐charge), and improving retention. Results: Over 2013–2021, the estimated annual HIV incidence decreased from 0.4 (90% credible interval [CrI]: 0.3–0.6) to 0.2 (90% CrI: 0.1–0.2) per 100 person‐years. PrEP coverage among HIV‐negative MSM remained low until 2015 (<1%). Afterwards, coverage increased to a maximum of 10% of all HIV‐negative MSM, or about 16% of the 62% PrEP‐eligible HIV‐negative MSM in 2020. Over 2015–2021, PrEP averted an estimated 20% (90% CrI: 11%–30%) of cumulative HIV acquisitions. The hypothetical scenarios modelled showed that, at the same coverage level, prioritizing PrEP to high sexual activity MSM could have averted 30% (90% CrI: 19%–42%) of HIV acquisitions from 2015‐2021. Even larger impacts could have resulted from higher coverage. Under the provincial eligibility criteria, reaching 10% coverage among HIV‐negative MSM in 2015 and 30% in 2019, like attained in Vancouver, could have averted up to 63% (90% CrI: 54%–70%) of HIV acquisitions from 2015 to 2021. Conclusions: PrEP reduced population‐level HIV transmission among Montréal MSM. However, our study suggests missed prevention opportunities and adds support for public policies that reduce PrEP barriers, financial or otherwise, to MSM at risk of HIV acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) is a major public health concern in China. This study assessed the overall trends in STBBIs to improve the comprehensive understanding of the burden of STBBIs and provide evidence for their prevention and control. Methods Data for the period from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed across China on infections with hepatitis B or C; syphilis; gonorrhea; and HIV infection. Trends, annual percent change (APC), and average annual percent change (AAPC) in diagnosis rate was analyzed using joinpoint regression models for the five STBBIs together or individually. Results From 2005 to 2021, the overall diagnosis rate of all five STBBIs increased, with an AAPC of 1.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.5% to 3.1%]. Diagnosis rates of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis C increased individually, but it decreased for infections of hepatitis B and gonorrhea. Joinpoint analysis identified four phases in diagnosis rate of hepatitis C; three phases in diagnosis rate of hepatitis B, HIV infection, and syphilis; two in diagnosis rate of gonorrhea infection. Conclusion Despite national efforts to prevent and control STBBIs, their overall diagnosis rate has continued to rise in China, and they remain an important public health challenge. Further efforts should be made to educate the general population about STBBIs, particularly HIV. Interventions targeting vulnerable groups should be adopted and their efficacy monitored through regular analysis of trends.

The future of Indigenous STBBI (sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections) research must address the unique needs of diverse First Nations, Inuit, and Métis (FNIM) communities across Canada. This requires the expansion of culturally responsive research approaches centred on FNIM ways of being, knowing, and doing. The Feast Centre for Indigenous STBBI Research (Feast Centre) is dedicated to expanding the use of FNIM research methods in response to the unique needs of distinct Indigenous communities and foregrounds the voices of Indigenous Peoples living with or affected by STBBI. Indigenous Peoples in Canada experience higher rates of STBBI compared to other populations, and this is linked to significant health disparities, meaning that conventional public health approaches are not meeting the needs of Indigenous communities. Canada's colonial health policies sustain health disparities through a lack of culturally responsive approaches to STBBI prevention, treatment, and care. In this article we examine Indigenous STBBI initiatives foundational to the Feast Centre by focusing on the outcomes of a CAAN Communities, Alliances & Networks–led national Indigenous community consultation, the findings of the project's Indigenous HIV and AIDS scoping review, and vital theoretical insights from Indigenous STBBI literature. We provide key recommendations that emphasize culturally responsive approaches to STBBI research that strive to meet community-identified needs while cultivating the inherent strengths of FNIM communities. We envision these key recommendations within the theoretical framework of Indigenous futurisms in ways that reconceptualize Indigenous STBBI research through cultural strengths and offer guidance for the direction of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Describe the proportion of people newly living with HIV with sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) before, at, and after HIV diagnosis in Manitoba, Canada., Methods: A retrospective cohort study reviewed clinical charts of all 404 people ≥18 years old newly diagnosed with HIV in Manitoba, Canada between 2018 and 2021. Syphilis, hepatitis C and B, gonorrhea, and chlamydia infections before, at, and after HIV diagnosis were recorded and analyzed by sex at birth, injection drug use status, use of methamphetamines, and housing status., Results: A total of 53% of people were diagnosed with syphilis, 44.1% with gonorrhea, 42.8% with chlamydia, and 40.6% with hepatitis C at least once. Among females, 64.1% had at least one or more STBBIs diagnoses before HIV diagnosis compared with 44.8% of males. Over 70% of people experiencing houselessness had at least one STBBI diagnosis before their HIV diagnosis compared with 43.9% of people not houseless. Among people who used methamphetamines, 68.3% had one or more STBBIs before HIV diagnosis compared with 28.9% of people who do not use methamphetamines. In a multivariable analysis houselessness, methamphetamine use, and younger age were associated with increased risk of any STBBIs., Conclusions: In our Manitoba cohort of people living with HIV, disproportionately more females, people experiencing houselessness, and those who use methamphetamine were diagnosed with STBBIs. The proportion of new infections before HIV diagnoses highlights a missed opportunity to provide prevention modalities, including pre-exposure prophylaxis, and the proportion after HIV diagnosis emphasizes the importance of enhancing engagement, repeated testing, and educational strategies to ameliorate ongoing exposures., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Abstract Background The relationship between incarceration and women’s vulnerability to sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) is understudied in Canada, despite numerous studies showing that justice-involved women experience very high rates of infection. Justice-involved women in Canada are highly mobile, as a result of high rates of incarceration and extremely short sentences. From a public health perspective, it is productive to understand how the mobility of justice-involved women shapes their vulnerability to STBBI. Results This narrative review demonstrates that mobility between incarceration facilities and communities drives sexually transmitted and blood-borne disease risk for justice-involved women in Canada. Associations and interactions between epidemics of gender-based and intimate partner violence, substance use, and STBBIs shape the experiences of justice-involved women in Canada. In correctional facilities, the pre-existing vulnerability of justice-involved women is compounded by a lack of comprehensive STBBI care and limited harm reduction services. On release, unstable housing, disruptions to social support networks, interruptions in medical care, and relapse to or continuation of substance use, significantly increase individual disease risk and the likelihood of community transmission. High rates of incarceration for short periods perpetuate this cycle and complicate the delivery of healthcare. Conclusions The review provides evidence of the need for stronger gender-transformative public health planning and responses for incarcerated women, in both federal and provincial corrections settings in Canada. A supportive, evidence-based approach to STBBI identification and treatment for incarcerated women - one that that removes stigma, maintains privacy and improves access, combined with structural policies to prevent incarceration - could decrease STBBI incidence and interrupt the cycle of incarceration and poor health outcomes. A coordinated and accountable program of reintegration that facilitates continuity of public health interventions for STBBI, as well as safe housing, harm reduction and other supports, can improve outcomes as well. Lastly, metrics to measure performance of STBBI management during incarceration and upon release would help to identify gaps and improve outcomes for justice-involved women in the Canadian context.

Background: The relationship between incarceration and women's vulnerability to sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) is understudied in Canada, despite numerous studies showing that justice-involved women experience very high rates of infection. Justice-involved women in Canada are highly mobile, as a result of high rates of incarceration and extremely short sentences. From a public health perspective, it is productive to understand how the mobility of justice-involved women shapes their vulnerability to STBBI. Results: This narrative review demonstrates that mobility between incarceration facilities and communities drives sexually transmitted and blood-borne disease risk for justice-involved women in Canada. Associations and interactions between epidemics of gender-based and intimate partner violence, substance use, and STBBIs shape the experiences of justice-involved women in Canada. In correctional facilities, the pre-existing vulnerability of justice-involved women is compounded by a lack of comprehensive STBBI care and limited harm reduction services. On release, unstable housing, disruptions to social support networks, interruptions in medical care, and relapse to or continuation of substance use, significantly increase individual disease risk and the likelihood of community transmission. High rates of incarceration for short periods perpetuate this cycle and complicate the delivery of healthcare. Conclusions: The review provides evidence of the need for stronger gender-transformative public health planning and responses for incarcerated women, in both federal and provincial corrections settings in Canada. A supportive, evidence-based approach to STBBI identification and treatment for incarcerated women - one that that removes stigma, maintains privacy and improves access, combined with structural policies to prevent incarceration - could decrease STBBI incidence and interrupt the cycle of incarceration and poor health outcomes. A coordinated and accountable program of reintegration that facilitates continuity of public health interventions for STBBI, as well as safe housing, harm reduction and other supports, can improve outcomes as well. Lastly, metrics to measure performance of STBBI management during incarceration and upon release would help to identify gaps and improve outcomes for justice-involved women in the Canadian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For over 30 years, the Government of Canada has developed guidelines on sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBI) with a group of subject matter experts. This expert group provided advice to the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) from 2004 to 2019; transitioning to the National Advisory Committee on STBBI (NAC-STBBI) in 2019. NAC-STBBI supports PHAC's mandate to prevent and control infectious diseases by providing advice for the development of STBBI guidelines. The methodology for developing the NAC-STBBI recommendations is evolving to a more rigorous, systematic and transparent process that is consistent with current standards in guideline development. It is also informed by-and aligned with-the methods of several other major guideline developers. The methodology incorporates the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, as appropriate, when conducting evidence reviews and developing recommendations. Recommendations will be published on the canada.ca website with the supporting NAC-STBBI Statement detailing the methodology and evidence used to develop them. This process will ensure that PHAC provides trustworthy evidence-based STBBI recommendations to primary care providers and public health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A national approach to addressing sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) was recently articulated in the Public Health Agency of Canada's new A Pan-Canadian Framework for Action: Reducing the health impact of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections in Canada by 2030. This Framework promotes an integrated approach, with a focus on the key populations that are affected by overlapping epidemics (i.e., syndemics). We advance the idea that integrating surveillance would be helpful in characterizing and understanding the populations, locations, risk behaviours and other drivers that contribute to STBBI syndemics. The creation of matched or linked data systems that would allow routine reporting of integrated data is challenged by the technical barriers of integrating data silos as well as by the privacy and ethical considerations of merging sensitive individual-level data. Lessons can be learned from jurisdictions where an improved understanding of syndemics, through integrated STBBI surveillance, has led to more efficient and effective operational, program and policy decisions. Emerging enablers include the development of data standards and guidelines, investment in resources to overcome technical challenges and community engagement to support the ethical and non-stigmatizing use of integrated data. The Framework's call to action offers an opportunity for national discussion on priorities and resources needed to advance STBBI syndemic surveillance for local, regional and national reporting in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neisseria gonorrhoeae have acquired resistance to many antimicrobials, including third generation cephalosporins and azithromycin, which are the current gonococcal combination therapy recommended by the Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections.Objective: To describe antimicrobial susceptibilities for N. gonorrhoeae circulating in Canada between 2012 and 2016.Methods: Antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined using agar dilution of N. gonorrhoeae isolated in Canada 2012-2016 (n=10,167) following Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data were analyzed by applying multidrug-resistant gonococci (MDR-GC) and extensively drug-resistant gonococci (XDR-GC) definitions.Results: Between 2012 and 2016, the proportion of MDR-GC increased from 6.2% to 8.9% and a total of 19 cases of XDR-GC were identified in Canada (0.1%, 19/18,768). The proportion of isolates with decreased susceptibility to cephalosporins declined between 2012 and 2016 from 5.9% to 2.0% while azithromycin resistance increased from 0.8% to 7.2% in the same period.Conclusion: While XDR-GC are currently rare in Canada, MDR-GC have increased over the last five years. Azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae is established and spreading in Canada, exceeding the 5% level at which the World Health Organization states an antimicrobial should be reviewed as an appropriate treatment. Continued surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities of N. gonorrhoeae is necessary to inform treatment guidelines and mitigate the impact of resistant gonorrhea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing rates of gonococcal (GC) infection and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) GC, are a serious public health concern for Canada and around the world. Previously recommended treatments are ineffective against many of the gonorrhea strains circulating today. The current recommendation for combination therapy is now being threatened by globally emerging and increasingly resistant strains. It is important that coordinated efforts be made now to ensure these new global strains do not become established in Canada. Otherwise, we will be faced with the possibility of persistent GC infection which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and chronic pelvic pain in women; and epididymitis in men. The presence of GC can also increase the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. There are a number of reasons why we are facing this public health threat. GC infection is often asymptomatic and it is highly transmissible. People may hesitate to seek testing (or to offer testing). Treatment is complex: recommendations vary by site of infection and risk of resistance. Sexual contact during travel is an important source of imported emerging resistant global strains. The new screening and diagnostic Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) is excellent but has decreased the number of cultures being done and therefore our capacity to track AMR-GC. There are four key actions that clinicians and front-line public health professionals can take to stem the increase in rates of GC and drug resistant GC. First, normalize and increase GC screening based on risk factors and emphasize the need for safer sex practices. NAAT is useful for screening, but culture is still needed for extra-genital sites. Second, conduct pretravel counselling and include a travel history as part of the risk assessment. Third, use culture along with NAAT to establish the diagnosis and follow up for test-of-cure. Finally, refer to the most current Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections or provincial/territorial recommendations on combination therapies for patients and their contacts as recommendations may have changed in response to evolving AMR-GC trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]