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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted global healthcare utilization patterns. This study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilization rate of healthcare services in Iran. Method: In this quasi-experimental study, data on the utilization rates of laboratory services, sonography exams, CT scans, MRIs, and EKGs was collected from the Social Security Organization (SSO)'s insurance information system. This data, covering 47 months prior to the pandemic and 25 months during it, was analyzed to assess the pandemic's impact on healthcare utilization among insured individuals in Iran. The data was categorized into direct, indirect, and total sectors, and an Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) model was employed for data analysis, examining both total and sector-specific utilization rates. Findings: : The study for single group indicated that in the total sector, Utilization rate per 1000 insured significantly decreased by 25.25 for laboratory services, decreased by 3.99 for sonography, decreased by 1.08 for MRIs and decreased by 1.01 for EKGs, but increased by 2.28 for CT scans in the first pandemic month. Over following months, monthly utilization trends per 1000 insured increased significantly- laboratory services + 1.08, sonography + 0.11, CT scans + 0.12, MRIs + 0.06, and EKGs + 0.05. Pre-pandemic, monthly utilization per 1000 insured was 62.68 labs, 14.47 sonography, 0.72 CT scans, 2.06 MRIs, with all significantly higher in the indirect over direct sector except EKGs which were 2.08 higher in the direct sector. In the first pandemic month, there were significant between-sector differences per 1000 of -4.4 for sonography, + 1.89 CT scans, -1.01 MRIs and + 1.29 EKGs. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant decline in healthcare service utilization, particularly in total and direct sectors, while CT scans remained unaffected. To address these challenges and meet patient needs, Iran's health system should adopt alternative delivery methods like telemedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted global healthcare utilization patterns. This study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilization rate of healthcare services in Iran. Method In this quasi-experimental study, data on the utilization rates of laboratory services, sonography exams, CT scans, MRIs, and EKGs was collected from the Social Security Organization (SSO)’s insurance information system. This data, covering 47 months prior to the pandemic and 25 months during it, was analyzed to assess the pandemic’s impact on healthcare utilization among insured individuals in Iran. The data was categorized into direct, indirect, and total sectors, and an Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) model was employed for data analysis, examining both total and sector-specific utilization rates. Findings : The study for single group indicated that in the total sector, Utilization rate per 1000 insured significantly decreased by 25.25 for laboratory services, decreased by 3.99 for sonography, decreased by 1.08 for MRIs and decreased by 1.01 for EKGs, but increased by 2.28 for CT scans in the first pandemic month. Over following months, monthly utilization trends per 1000 insured increased significantly- laboratory services + 1.08, sonography + 0.11, CT scans + 0.12, MRIs + 0.06, and EKGs + 0.05. Pre-pandemic, monthly utilization per 1000 insured was 62.68 labs, 14.47 sonography, 0.72 CT scans, 2.06 MRIs, with all significantly higher in the indirect over direct sector except EKGs which were 2.08 higher in the direct sector. In the first pandemic month, there were significant between-sector differences per 1000 of -4.4 for sonography, + 1.89 CT scans, -1.01 MRIs and + 1.29 EKGs. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant decline in healthcare service utilization, particularly in total and direct sectors, while CT scans remained unaffected. To address these challenges and meet patient needs, Iran’s health system should adopt alternative delivery methods like telemedicine.

Background: The selection of managers with appropriate psychological competencies is crucial for organizations like social security organizations, which have profound and far-reaching effects on society. However, the lack of a specific competency model in this field underscores the need for a study to bridge the gap between theory and practice, enabling more effective evaluation and selection of managers. A review of the literature in this field has not found such a model. Aims: The research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of psychological competencies for managers to be selected in the social security organization. Methods: In terms of the purpose, the research is an applied-developmental research, and in terms of the data collection method, it is a survey-cross-sectional research. Sampling was done in a targeted way and theoretical saturation was achieved with 13 people. The statistical population of the quantitative part was estimated to be 165 people using Cochran's formula. The underlying categories of the research were identified using the foundation's qualitative data analysis method, and the final model was validated using the partial least squares method. Qualitative data analysis was done with Maxqda software and quantitative part was done with Smart PLS. Results: In the open coding phase, 227 codes were identified. The data were categorized into 6 main categories and 10 subcategories, including manager’s self-efficacy, manager’s attitudes, manager’s perceptions, adaptability, manager’s personality, the culture of competency cultivation, psychological competencies of managers, organizational meritocracy, manager selection and appointment, organizational competence and personal development, and professional ethics. Out of all the indicators obtained from the qualitative analysis of the interviews, 58 were used to present a model of psychological competencies for manager selection. Conclusion: Adopting meritocratic strategies and organizational psychological approaches not only leads to the selection of more competent managers but also represents a significant step toward providing opportunities for personal development and promoting professional ethics. These results draw a roadmap for organizations such as the Social Security Organization looking to improve their manager selection processes and strive to implement the highest performance and ethical conduct standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate drug prescription indicators in outpatient services provided at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) healthcare facilities. Methods: Data on all prescribed drugs for outpatient visits from 2017 to 2018 were extracted from the SSO database. The data were categorized into 4 main subgroups: patient characteristics, provider characteristics, service characteristics, and type of healthcare facility. Logistic regression models were used to detect risk factors for inappropriate drug prescriptions. SPSS and IBM Modeler software were utilized for data analysis. Results: In 2017, approximately 150 981 752 drug items were issued to outpatients referred to SSO healthcare facilities in Iran. The average number of drug items per outpatient prescription was estimated at 3.33. The proportion of prescriptions that included an injection was 17.5%, and the rate of prescriptions that included an antibiotic was 37.5%. Factors such as patient sex and age, provider specialty, type of facility, and time of outpatient visit were associated with the risk of inappropriate prescriptions. Conclusions: In this study, all drug prescription criteria exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. To improve the current prescription patterns throughout the country, it would be beneficial to provide providers with monthly and annual reports and to consider implementing some prescription policies for physicians.

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors affecting the job regeneration of employees and provide a model to improve performance and productivity in the social security organization using the Grounded theory and structural equation model. The method used in this study was a hybrid method including a qualitative method based on the Grounded theory approach and a quantitative method based on the structural equation approach. In the present study, the data obtained from the text of the interviews were analyzed by MAXQDA software in order to increase the accuracy and speed of the research. In this research, 195 codes extracted from 15 detailed interviews with experts and specialists in the field of research have become 89 more abstract concepts and finally, 3 categories (Cognitive, Duty, Communicational) have been identified. The coefficients obtained from the structural equations show that the cognitive, task and communication variables have a positive and significant effect on improving performance and productivity in the social security organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In order to survive, create a competitive advantage, increase efficiency, achieve organizational goals, organizations need human resource planning within the human resource management system. Manpower in organizations is considered as human capital and the most important infrastructure and is the main source of competitive advantage, creativity, innovation, productivity, effectiveness and development and transformation and for reasons such as scarcity, irreplaceability and imitation and process impact on other variables and Extra-organizational is the most valuable and strategic asset of the organization. The main purpose of this study was to provide a model for reducing manpower planning inadequacies in the Social Security Organization. Methodology This research is mixed in terms of applied purpose, in terms of nature, exploratory and based on the method of data collection. The participants of the quality section were 24 experts who were selected by purposive sampling. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structured interviews and the data were analyzed using content analysis method. The validity and reliability of the data were assessed through aptitude test. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was the employees of the organization's resources area, and the sample size was determined according to Morgan's table of 364 people and was selected by a simple random method. In the quantitative part, the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire and was analyzed in two stages of fuzzy Delphi survey. Cronbach's alpha was estimated to be 783% and Demitel method was used to fit the extracted pattern. The statistical population at this stage was the resource staff of the Social Security Organization, which was determined using Morgan's table of 364 people and the sample was selected by simple random sampling. Results and Discussion The organization's human resource planning system faces 19 main problems, which are the indicators of lack of proper planning model, improper implementation of human resource planning, lack of monitoring, control and feedback (performance evaluation - effectiveness), human resource planning, lack of adequate support. Human resource planning, lack of prioritization of the organization's human resource planning, short-term view and elimination of the task of planning were among the most important problems and shortcomings of the organization's human resource planning system. The results show that the extractive components of the research model are community-approved. Also, 14 factors affecting the problems of the human resource planning system were identified, including factors such as managerial instability; Rental and political selection of managers; The desire to maintain the status quo; Lack of specialized and efficient planning managers; Changes in government, political, cultural, economic, and technological laws were among the most important factors influencing the problems of the organization's human resource planning system. Finally, 14 strategies were identified to overcome the problems of the human resource planning system, which are solutions to design an appropriate HR planning model; Understand and support senior planning management; Integrated human resource planning system; Managerial stability and non-political appointments; Improving, implementing and properly implementing the monitoring and performance evaluation system were among the most important solutions to overcome the problems of the human resources planning system of the Social Security Organization. The Social Security Organization can do the necessary planning to reduce the problems of the human resource planning system by identifying the shortcomings, the factors affecting it and the solutions presented in this study. Conclusion The research results show that the extracted components of the research model are approved by the society. The social security organization can do the necessary planning to reduce its human resources planning problems by considering the identified problems, the factors affecting them and the solutions presented in this research. The human resource planning system of the Social Security Organization, as one of the factors for the survival and prosperity of the organization, has a key role in achieving its goals and the findings of this study provide operational implications in improving the organizational performance of the Social Security Organization. The Social Security Organization can do the necessary planning to reduce the problems of its human resource planning system by considering the identified problems, the factors affecting it and the solutions presented in this research. The findings indicated that the organization's human resources planning system is facing 19 main problems, which are indicators of the lack of a suitable planning model, inappropriate implementation of human resources planning, lack of supervision, control and feedback of human resources planning, etc. among the most important failures of the organization's human resources planning.

Background & Purpose: Rapid environmental changes require organizations to apply adaptive changes for survival and growth. Creating the fields of employee adaptation to respond to the demand and requirements of unstable environments is one of the main challenges of today's organizations and the existence of resource governance. Human resources in organizations, while maintaining the independence of departments, also creates an environment for interaction and cooperation between units. The main goal of this research is to present the governance model of human resources in government organizations (social security organization). Methodology: This research is of a qualitative, interpretive, and inductive type, and the approach of a single case study was implemented with the homogeneity analysis method. In the search process, only studies that answer the research question are desired. Finally, using the criterion sampling method axis, studies were selected that were related to the question or purpose of the research. Findings: After investigating the results of the reviewed selected studies,14 subcategories in the form of 4 main forms of senior managers, line managers, human resource professionals, and employees were identified. which are defined along with concepts such as playing the role of a transformative leader, policy making. These subcategories construct the model of governance human resources in the social security organization. Conclusion: According to the interviews conducted at two levels of managers and experts, concepts such as playing the role of a transformative leader, playing an active and superior role in human resources committees, creating a balance between stability and innovation, developing individual and organizational insight and communication transparent between units, complete the final model. Also, the category of human resources professionals plays the most important role in the social security organization.

The purpose of this research is to present the customer loyalty model of social security organization (components, antecedents and consequences). The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and exploratory in nature, and descriptive in terms of the method of collecting and analyzing information, and the method used in the research according to its exploratory nature is grounded theory. The sampling used in this research is random sampling that 370 people were selected based on Cochran's formula. The main basis for collecting information was to conduct in-depth interviews with social security managers of Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Hamedan and Lorestan provinces and academic experts by snowball sampling method until reaching theoretical saturation. The tools for collecting data required for research are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The findings of the research, obtained after three stages of open, central and selective coding, show that the final model of the research consists of 6 general categories and 32 sub-categories. The results led to the identification of causal, contextual, intervening and The dimensions of evaluation in the analysis of customer behavior were based on the presentation of the customer loyalty model. The direct and significant effect of the causal factors on the category, the category on the strategy and the strategy on the consequences, the direct and significant effect of the contextual factors on the category and strategies, and the intervening factors on the categories and strategies were confirmed. The results of this research indicated the appropriate fit of the conceptual model of the current research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily aims to introduce a model to enhance the performance of the stock market portfolio of the Iran Social Security Organization. Performance indices were measured using documentary-based research and expert interviews based on theoretical saturation to evaluate the stock portfolio performance of the Iran Social Security Organization relative to companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange (T.S.E.) during 2016-2020. The Delphi technique was employed to ensure the validity of the indices. Drawing on the analytical hierarchy process (A.H.P.), the indices were prioritized and ranked based on the weight vector. The Iran Social Security Organization was found to have poor stock portfolio performance based on risk, return, liquidity, Sharpe ratio, and T.O.P.S.I.S. Hence, several solutions were identified based on expert interviews through thematic analysis to improve the stock portfolio performance of the Iran Social Security Organization. The solutions were validated through the Delphi technique, prioritizing and quantifying the performance improvement indices using the A.H.P. Based on expert views and T.O.P.S.I.S., a stock portfolio performance improvement model was proposed for the Iran Social Security Organization. Handling the non-profitable, lowreturn, and out-of-strategy companies is the optimal solution for the portfolio performance improvement of the I.S.S.O., with portfolio modification based on liquidity, effective stock market-making, return-based stock risk management, synergy between the portfolio and value chain completion, and value-added creation approach to stock management and exchange having the second-fifth ranks, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Purpose: Rapid environmental changes require organizations to apply adaptive changes for survival and growth. Creating the fields of employee adaptation to respond to the demand and requirements of unstable environments is one of the main challenges of today's organizations and the existence of resource governance. Human resources in organizations, while maintaining the independence of departments, also creates an environment for interaction and cooperation between units. The main goal of this research is to present the governance model of human resources in government organizations (social security organization). Methodology: This research is of a qualitative, interpretive, and inductive type, and the approach of a single case study was implemented with the homogeneity analysis method. In the search process, only studies that answer the research question are desired. Finally, using the criterion sampling method axis, studies were selected that were related to the question or purpose of the research. Findings: After investigating the results of the reviewed selected studies,14 subcategories in the form of 4 main forms of senior managers, line managers, human resource professionals, and employees were identified. which are defined along with concepts such as playing the role of a transformative leader, policy making. These subcategories construct the model of governance human resources in the social security organization. Conclusion: According to the interviews conducted at two levels of managers and experts, concepts such as playing the role of a transformative leader, playing an active and superior role in human resources committees, creating a balance between stability and innovation, developing individual and organizational insight and communication transparent between units, complete the final model. Also, the category of human resources professionals plays the most important role in the social security organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Social Security Organization, as the largest pension fund in Iran, has unfavorable financial and demographic situation. Many researchers and policymakers have proposed increasing the retirement age as a solution to solve this problem, which is evaluated in the present study. Method: The method used in this study is the microsimulation model, in which a sample of 1 percent of the contributors and pensioners of the Social Security Fund is selected and the effect of increasing the official retirement age in a 100-year period (from 2019 to 2118) is investigated. Findings: The results show that if the retirement age is increased by 5 years at the beginning of the simulation period, the contribution rate required to equalize the expenditures and cash incomes of the fund in 2043 will be 56% (instead of 63% in the case of no reform) and in 2118, it will reach 118% (instead of 125%). Discussion: The lack of significant effect of increasing the retirement age on the fund’s financial balance can be due to the high population of people close to retirement, the absence of a minimum retirement age for hard and arduous jobs, and the 41% share of expenses independent of retirement age. In this way, in addition to plan for increasing the retirement age, it is necessary to take other measures such as reforming the rules of retirement in hard and arduous jobs and increasing the number contributors by encouraging voluntary contribution, reducing contribution evasion and increasing the working population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is an ethnographic study of employee participation in the Social Security Organization. This study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative research in terms of methodology and has been done with an ethnographic strategy. In this study, were used in-depth and problem-oriented interviews with the employees of the organization. The statistical population of the study was the Social Security Organization of Tabriz. The experts of this research have been selected during the study and through the theoretical sampling method. Based on the research findings, the causal conditions of the research include work environment, organizational trust, work commitment, resources and facilities, punctuality, social interactions, adaptation, organizational learning, professionalism, work discipline, influence, social status, organizational justice, Responsibility, healthy competition, and job security. These conditions lead to the following types of participation: formal participation, forced participation, passive participation, utilitarian participation, informal participation, benevolent participation, engaging participation, and voluntary participation. Finally, the consequences of research lead to job satisfaction, human resource excellence, collective responsibility, and increased trust and empathy among employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Social Security Organization, as the largest insurance and treatment institution in the country, has a great responsibility to the members of the society. Conceptualizing the model of selection and appointment of managers of Social Security Organization based on competency models will have significant consequences. Therefore, conducting research to select and appoint managers based on competency to develop human resources and take advantage of opportunities has been neglected. Aims: This study aimed to conceptualize the model of selection and appointment of managers of the Social Security Organization based on competency models with the foundation data approach. Methods: This study is developmental and cross-sectional research. The statistical population of the qualitative section is university professors and managers of the Social Security Organization. By the purposive sampling method, 13 people participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by the Grounded theory approach and Maxqda software. Results: The coding of interviews has shown that Organizational support and knowledge management are causal conditions that promote the implementation of the competency models in the organization (central phenomenon). The organizational culture and the rule of law are contextual conditions. The Environmental and organizational factors are intervening conditions that influence the strategies (including human resource empowerment, the implementation of information systems in the appointment of managers, and strategic organization management). It will help the selection and then ordination of qualified managers. Conclusion: Findings show that the selection and appointment of competent managers of the organization depend on several factors, including implementation of the competency model and empowerment of human resources, and the necessary conditions for its establishment must be provided by individuals and the environment.

This research seeks to identify and analyze the drivers affecting the future of the income sources of social security organization. The theoretical population was the managers of the social security organization and experts in this field. The sampling was done judgmentally, and the sample size amounts to 15 people. Data collection tools were interviews and questionnaires. As for the findings, 35 sub-drivers were classified as economic, socio-cultural, structural, financial and investment, policy, marketing, environmental and legal drivers. These drivers were screened by distributing expert questionnaires and using Binominal's test. 13 drivers have significance coefficient of less than five percent and were selected for final prioritization. These drivers were evaluated by the Copras method and account for three criteria of experts' expertise, certainty, and importance. The driver of using the capacity of FinTechs and their innovations for financing and investment had the highest priority. Accordingly, the concluding suggestions were: using digital financial technologies and artificial intelligence to increase investment efficiency, using new financing methods such as crowd-funding, avoiding divesting loss-making companies to the organization, and strengthening good and efficient governance in the holdings of the organization.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to design and explain the development model of future managers based on talent management and personality types with the grounded theory approach in the headquarters of the National Social Security Organization.Method: This research was conducted with a qualitative-inductive approach and Strauss-Corbin's grounded theory method. The research tool was a semi-structured interview. Using the grounded theory method, the data obtained from interviews with 12 elites and qualified specialists of the Social Security Organization were analyzed in three open, axial, and selective coding stages.Findings: 19 general categories in the form of a paradigm model in which these factors include causal conditions (individual factors, organizational factors, lack of proper selection, knowledge and skills of employees), central phenomenon (future managers based on talent management and personality types), contextual conditions (Organizational context, Talent Selection, Talent utilization), intervening conditions (psychological (individual) factors, Individual factors, Management factors), and strategies (Talent sourcing, Empowerment of managers and employees, Proportion of job and employment, Succession, Foresight and Cognitive Strategy) and Consequences (Organizational results, Public satisfaction, Futurization).Conclusion: Conclusion: Recent developments in the field of human resources have made this field doubly important. Organizations try to employ the most specialized people at management levels, and therefore talent management, as a key king, examines the types of situations involved in this field. Proper use of talents leads to success and puts the organization on the right track.

Introduction: The present study was conducted to present a model for reducing behavioral emotions through the mindset of Social Security employees. Methods: it is applied and developmental research in nature. The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative). This research used a non-random and snowball sampling method to collect the opinions of 30 participants (university professors and staff of the Social Security Organization) within three phases. The statistical population included all managers and employees of the Social Security Organization, which was about 420 people, of whom 200 people were selected as the sample size according to the Krejcie and Morgan Table. Also, the Fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify the components, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine the effect of the identified variables. Results: The results identified 76 themes and factors. Twelve sub-indices for behavioral emotions were classified in the form of variables, including descriptive observation, conscious deed, acceptance without judgment, and lack of reaction. Another 12 sub-indices for mindfulness were classified in the form of variables, including anger, anxiety, stress, fear, and sadness. Conclusion: Considering high occupational tension and the Social Security Organization workplace, it is possible to reduce behavioral emotions by providing a calm and stress-free workplace for the staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social security organization, as the largest active institution in the field of social security and insurance of the country, plays a critical role in the social, livelihood and economic situation, so that any kind of disturbance in the economic situation of that organization creates a crisis in the entire economic system. Provides Since the fulfillment of the obligations of the organization to the society is based on the economic ability and the resources it has, it is necessary to make a detailed analysis of the factors affecting the resources of the organization and make policies accordingly. In this research, the effect of monetary and financial policies on the state of social security organization's resources has been investigated in two models. The time period of the research is between 1350 and 1399, and in order to analyze the data, the vector auto regression method with distributed intervals (ARDL) was used. The results of the research show that interest rate in the long term, the real GDP, liquidity, the ratio of other employees to the total number of insured persons have a positive and significant impact on the state of social security organization's resources. Also, the effect of the ratio of tax revenues to GDP on the organization's resources is negative. In this regard, in order to improve the situation of resources, it is suggested that, in addition to economic policies (such as no excessive growth of taxes, regulation of liquidity and interest rates at a level commensurate with the increase in economic growth), population policies and increasing youth The population should also be given enough attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Social Security Organization, as the largest insurance and treatment institution in the country, has a great responsibility to the members of the society. Conceptualizing the model of selection and appointment of managers of Social Security Organization based on competency models will have significant consequences. Therefore, conducting research to select and appoint managers based on competency to develop human resources and take advantage of opportunities has been neglected. Aims: This study aimed to conceptualize the model of selection and appointment of managers of the Social Security Organization based on competency models with the foundation data approach. Methods: This study is developmental and cross -sectional research. The statistical population of the qualitative section is university professors and managers of the Social Security Organization. By the purposive sampling method, 13 people participated in semi -structured interviews. Data were analyzed by the Grounded theory approach and Maxqda software. Results: The coding of interviews has shown that Organizational support and knowledge management are causal conditions that promote the implementation of the competency models in the organization (central phenomenon). The organizational culture and the rule of law are contextual conditions. The Environmental and organizational factors are intervening conditions that influence the strategies (including human resource empowerment, the implementation of information systems in the appointment of managers, and strategic organization management). It will help the selection and then ordination of qualified managers. Conclusion: Findings show that the selection and appointment of competent managers of the organization depend on several factors, including implementation of the competency model and empowerment of human resources, and the necessary conditions for its establishment must be provided by individuals and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

goal: Increasing efficiency is one of the important goals of manufacturers. Social capital is one of the factors affecting efficiency. But the results of some studies have shown that social capital can be different in men and women, so the aim of this research is to investigate gender differences in relation to factors affecting efficiency with emphasis on social capital in in the Social Security Organization of Shiraz City.Methods: the statistical society of this research includes official employees of Shiraz City’s Social Security organization and 200 people of employees (man and woman) has been sampled by random sampling method. Questionnaire was used to gather data. SPSS and AMOS software, Structural Equation Method, Levin Test and T test of two independent groups are used in order to analyze data and testing hypothesizes.Findings: The results showed there is not significant difference in men and women’s social capital and between men and women's structural dimension and men and women's communication dimension of research. But there is a meaning different between men and women’s cognitive dimension. Also findings show that social capital and its behavioral dimension have a positive effect on men and women’s efficiency. while, cognitive dimension has no effect on women’s efficiency, this dimension has had most effect on men’s efficiency.The structural dimension has no effect on men's efficiency but has a positive effect on women's efficiency as well, the results show that social capital has positive and meaning effect on men and women’s efficiency indirectly through organizational creativity

Subject and Purpose of the Article: The crisis of deficit financing of long-term liabilities in the Social Security has been one of the most important issues facing the organization in recent years. The present study deals with the effect of parametric corrections in financing long-term commitments with the aim of introducing the optimal model of parametric corrections.Research Method:In order to achieve the objectives of the research by changing the three main parameters including: premium rate, retirement age and premium payment history, their impact on the resources of the Social Security over a period of 70 years according to actuarial and related computing software ( ILO – PENS and PRAST) estimated. The research data were also analyzed based on statistical calculations and SPSS software. Finally, the findings of both methods are compared.Research Findings: A- According to the obtained results, in case of applying any of the above reforms, the end point in the resources of the will be postponed until 2035, 2036 and 2038, respectively, and the necessary resources will be provided to pay the long-term obligations. B- The priority of each parametric correction is introduced and managers can make decisions based.C- The results of the findings of both methods are compared.Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to the Knowledge: By carrying out parametric reforms, the Social Security, in the short term, while resolving the current financing crisis, providing the necessary resources to meet long-term commitments, also has ample opportunity to plan structural and long-term reforms.,

Although Iran is a developing country, social responsibility has not yet found a strong footing in Iranian organizations and companies. Hence, this study aimed at designing a social responsibility pyramid at Social Security Organization from its stakeholders’ perspective. To this end, an open-ended analytic interview was conducted with 20 experts at different levels whose views were analyzed using a thematic approach in MaxQDA software version 12. Further, the relationships among themes initially identified in the qualitative stage were determined via Interpretive Structural Modelling and using manual calculations and Excel Software. The findings from the designed social responsibility pyramid indicated service improvement and voluntary optional activities as the first level variables, economic and financial activities as those of the second level, political activities, education and research as the third level and finally regulations, organizational components and organizational culture as the fourth level variables. The study underscores the new insights that can be drawn from a constructive phenomenological approach about social responsibility in the specific context of the social security organization and can offer implications for its stakeholders.

Objective: According to the community conditions and the prevalence of COVID-19 disease, the evolution of education, awareness and familiarity of officials and managers with the concepts, attitudes and approaches of virtual education in the organization to achieve goals, respond to problems and establish a virtual education system. Efficient seems necessary. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to design a model for providing virtual education in line with the strategies of the Social Security Organization. Methods: The research method is applied in terms of purpose and using the data theory of the foundation qualitatively and sampling in a theoretical way and using targeted techniques (judgment) and snowball (chain), based on which to saturation Theoretical data, interviews with experts and experts of the organization were conducted. Results: The results of data analysis obtained through an open, centralized and selective coding process, led to the creation of data-based theory in the field of virtual education and the designed model includes causal, contextual, mediating, constituent elements. Shows the consequences and strategies for implementing a public policy. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used by brokers and policymakers in order to increase the effectiveness of virtual training in the organization. Also, providing virtual education in the current situation, especially the common disease, is a basic need and enriches the theoretical gap in terms of literature and theoretical foundations. Finally, practical suggestions for improving virtual education were provided.

Background: Health & Well-being is one of the most important fundamental human requirements and the main indicators of development and social welfare. However, with rising health costs and unlimited needs and dwindling health system resources, it is necessary to rethink new remedial behavior. Paraclinical services are an important and costly part of health services, it appears crucial to understand the elements that influence them. Methods: This is a qualitative study that has been designed & performed from 23rd September 2019 to 23rd September 2021 through face-to-face interviews with selected experts. The project has been approved by the institutional review board of Islamic Azad University, Semnan branch through ethical registration codes as IR.IAU.SEMNAN.REC.1399.014. The first stage was to identify the dimensions and components affecting paraclinic services offered at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) clinics & hospitals. A semi-structured questionnaire was prepared. The interview has been arranged with SSO managers, experts and officials and finally analyzed through the thematic analysis method. Results: Doing qualitative research and conducting thematic analysis, paraclinical services were classified into three categories: input, process, and outcome. The inputs category had 5 organizing themes including paraclinical structure, human resource empowerment, cost management, social responsibility and service purchasing. The processes consisted of four themes: organizing the acceptance and delivery of services, monitoring and evaluating implementation, interdisciplinary coordination, applying innovation, and creativity in service delivery. Finally, outputs included three themes: organizing disease prevention and health promotion, gaining a competitive advantage, and reducing health costs. Conclusion: According to the study's findings, to purchase or rationally use paraclinical services, it is necessary to know the dimensions and components that affect them. Managers of the social security organization are urged to lay a greater focus on employee empowerment, the employment of innovative approaches, and interdepartmental collaboration to enhance paraclinical service supply. Additionally, they may better fulfill their social duties and enhance their workers' health services by monitoring and evaluating executive actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, social capital is a multidimensional concept. Research on this concept will be complete and "representative" if it deals with the various dimensions of capital asset and the relationship between its dimensions. By studying different texts, two structural and cognitive dimensions can be considered for social capital. The structural dimension of social capital, including flexible rules and communication networks, and the cognitive dimension refer to the trust and group cooperation of members within an organization. In this study, the dimensions of social capital are considered as an independent variable and the performance of human resources as a dependent variable. The statistical population of this study consists of all employees of the eastern branches of the Social Security Organization. The research method is descriptive-survey and the method of data collection is field-library. The results show that the social capital dimensions (structural dimension, cognitive dimension and relational dimension) on the performance of human resources in the eastern branches of Tehran Social Security Organization has a positive effect.

Background & Aims: Attention to the psychological effects of individual and group behaviors and decisions as a concern should always be considered (1). Concerns about paying attention to decisions and identifying related psychological effects have led various researchers to evaluate the psychological effects of decisions and prepared organizational, group and individual programs (3). In this regard, one of the important aspects in today's organizations is the strategic document (5). Today, most organizations need to develop a strategic document to increase capabilities, long-term growth and survival and reduce the risk of their operations. These programs are directly related to the policies, goals, missions, size, dynamism, degree of complexity and structure of the organization. Therefore, the strategic document is determined by looking at those factors (6). The uncertainty of the psychological dimensions of the strategic document for the development of sports has caused that not enough information is available today about the functions and psychological dimensions of these programs. On the other hand, the ambiguity regarding the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development has caused that today practical procedures regarding the improvement of the psychological effects of the strategic document have not been formed. Given the importance of the Social Security Organization and the need to expand sports in this organization, the psychological effects of the strategic document for the development of sports in the Social Security Organization should be identified. This issue has caused the present study to be conducted with the aim of analyzing the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. Therefore, the main question of the present study is what are the psychological effects of the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization? Methods: The present research is an applied and survey study that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of this study consisted of employees of the Social Security Organization. Cluster and random sampling method was used to select the sample. Based on this, at first, 31 units of the Social Security Organization in the center of each province were extracted and 6 clusters were randomly selected from the northern, eastern, western, southern and central areas. The units of Mashhad, Rasht, Zahedan, Tehran, Sanandaj and Isfahan Social Security Organization were selected clusters. Then, a researcher-made questionnaire with 28 questions based on library studies and Delphi method was prepared electronically and distributed among the sample for 2 months, and finally 59 questionnaires were provided to the researcher. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the research data. Results: The results of the present study showed that all psychological variables will have a significant effect due to the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. In other words, according to the research samples, it can be expected that the strategic document for sports development of the Social Security Organization has psychological effects including sports motivation, sports orientation, sports participation culture, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior (Table 1). On the other hand, it was found that the culture of sports participation with an average of 4.25 has the highest average among other psychological effects. In other words, it can be stated that the strategic document for the development of sports of the Social Security Organization will have the greatest impact on the culture of sports participation and will improve the culture of sports participation of the audience of this document (Figure 1). Conclusion: The results showed that all psychological variables will have a significant effect due to the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization. Rapid progress and development in today's world and rapid environmental changes have made it necessary to be aware of developments. Although a strategic document has been formed to create goals in this competitive environment, but the ambiguities about the psychological effects of these documents have caused serious risks today. It seems that the Strategic Document for Sports Development of the Social Security Organization, due to its comprehensiveness and practicality, has been able to play an important role in various fields including sports motivation, sports orientation, culture of sports participation, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior. And play a practical role. On the other hand, it seems that the use of experts in compiling this document has caused this document to take into account the environmental realities of the Social Security Organization in order to determine logical goals and programs. This capacity has been able to have a good impact on the strategic document of sports development of the Social Security Organization in various psychological fields including sports motivation, sports orientation, culture of sports participation, perfectionism, social adjustment, sports identity and citizenship behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Delivering health services to the elderly is one of the most important responsibilities of the health care system of any country. In order to improve the provision of health services to the elderly population under its coverage, the National Social Security Organization conducted this study with the aim of designing, implementing and evaluating a model for providing outpatient health care services to the elderly population under the coverage of its Tehran Province Office. Materials and Methods: This was a sequential-exploratory mixed-method study. The initial model was developed and validated using the integrated review method and the final model using the Delphi technique and group discussions with experts. Then the educational program was developed and implemented for the health team. Assessment of the effectiveness of the program was done using a researcher-made knowledge and attitude questionnaire (pre- and post-test). The model was then implemented in the Khandan-e-Hakim Clinic. The effectiveness of the model implementation was determined based on the qualitative content analysis of the interviews with the elderly and qualitative content analysis of the health team comments. Results: The outpatient care model of the elderly included an organized clinical process consisting of 6 phases. The mean age of the health team members was 45.7±15.11 years. The difference between the health team satisfaction total scores before and after participating in the educational program was statistically significant (P≤0.05). Further analysis of the data showed, based on the interviews with the elderly, the main categories to be "assessment of cognitive function, mood and behavior", "physical assessment", "appreciation of the health and dignity of the elderly" and "satisfaction of the elderly and their companions". Analysis of the comments of the health team revealed their satisfaction with the implementation of the model. Conclusion: The introduced model can make possible rapid identification of health problems and timely intervention in the elderly population. This implementation model will help disease prevention and complications at different levels. The findings of this study can help service providers to provide better care and health services for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pension coverage of the Iranian Social Security Organization for self-employed workers is offered at three contribution rates of 12, 14 and 18 percent, but looking at the statistics shows that the demand for these types of insurances is low. This research investigates the characteristics of these insured groups by using data mining and applying two machine learning algorithms, decision tree and random forest, and predicts their behavior by providing a classification model. This will help the Social Security Organization to improve customer relationship management. For this purpose, the information of 1286174 insured persons of selfemployed in 2020 was used, which includes the characteristics of age, gender, average monthly income, the years of service, and the type of selfemployed pension scheme. The obtained results show that women mainly apply for the scheme with 12 percent contribution, while men tend to be covered by schemes with contribution rates of 14 and 18 percent due to the burden of supporting the family. Also, for men, the demand for schemes of 14 and 18 percent increases with the increase of age, income and years of service, but there are no such trends for women. According to the obtained results, years of service and then gender are decisive in choosing the type of pension scheme in such a way that according to the prediction of the model, people with less than 4.5 years of service are known as definite applicants for 12 percent self-employed pension scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subject and Purpose of the Article: The Social Security Organization, like any other for-profit and non-profit organization, is always faced with the issue of budget allocation. This article aims to design a performance-based budgeting model with an emphasis on the model used in performance based budgeting (input, process, output and outcome continuum) in the Social Security Organization. Research Method: The elements of this model are identified using cognitive mapping technique, organizational experts' opinions and semi-structured interviews, identification, based on hierarchical analytical technique of leveling, using pairwise comparisons to determine the coefficient of importance and using TOPSIS technique at each priority level. Were classified. Research Findings: The research findings show that the organization for its survival should pay special attention to the sustainability of economic activities in the country and on the other hand to perform optimal organizational affairs, reduce unnecessary traffic… Virtual social security should be expanded and developed. Conclusion, Originality and its Contribution to the Knowledge: In order to get rid of the current recession, the organization should refrain from relying solely on receiving premiums as the main source and spend most of its funds on major matters such as developing national organizational, operational and evaluation plans.

Objective (s): The aim of this study was to evaluate the outpatient visits of elderly people under the Social Security Organization (SSO) and to compare it with other age groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study that used outpatient data of SSO in 2017. All data (14chr('39')418chr('39')911 cases) were analyzed after restoring and cleaning processes. SPSS software was used for data analysis. Results: Findings showed that 6.5% of all outpatient visits were by elderly. The elderly group had been referred to outpatient services at an average rate of 6.8 times per year. Elderly people over the age of 85 years referred to physicians 48.1% more than children under the age of 2 year and this was 78.3% for elderly aged 65 to 85 years.. Conclusion: A considerable portion of the economic burden and costs of the health system under social security organization belong to the elderly group, which will continue to increase in the future. In this regard, it seems necessary to manage services demanded by this age group using appropriate measures.

Background and Objective: Human beings are at the center of concerns for sustainable development in which they deserve health and safety. The rapid growth of industrialization coupled with insufficient attention to safety principles has led to an increase in the rate of occupational accidents in developing countries. This study aimed to estimate the years of life lost due to work-related accidents among workers covered by the National Organization of Social Security from 2007 to 2017. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on the statistics of occupational accidents reported by the National Organization of Social Security using the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) index. Disability percentiles were used to estimate the disability burden in this study. Moreover, Excel software was utilized to estimate the number of years lost due to early death and disability, and the overall years of life lost regarding the social values. Results: The results showed that 181900 years were lost due to occupational accidents. Moreover, 15.8% and 84.2% of the lost years were due to early death and disability, respectively. It should be noted that the majority of the work-related lost years (i.e., 39860 years, 21.9%) were related to construction activities. Conclusion: The results of this study highlighted the poor supervision on construction activities and the need for training the construction workers and contractors.

Background: Considering the increasing growth in health care costs along with the resources finitude; therefore, improving the efficiency and efficient use of resources is considered as one of the main priorities of the health system. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian Social Security Organization using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) Method in 2008-2015. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, performance of 30 units of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian Social Security Organization was analyzed using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) Method. The number of active beds, physicians, nurses and staff were used as inputs and combined variables obtained from factor analysis were selected as output. Frontier version 4.1 was used to determine the efficiency and Stata version 14 was used to study the effective factors on efficiency. Results: The average technical efficiency of studied units was 0.816. Based on the value of index of likelihood ratio test ( LR = 100.45 ), Cobb-Douglas production function was selected as the best model. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, adjusting surplus manpower, congenital planning for increasing efficiency and resource management should be the priority of the managers so that they can increase the level of efficiency of studied units and reduce the costs to the least possible.

Today, one of the most important issues that managers always face are financial and investment decisions. Managers try to choose the best financing and investment methods for their organization that have the lowest risk and investment cost in the organization, in the right time and place, and from their perspective it is the best investment method with the highest returns. This quantitative study was performed in 2018 on a sample of 234 people covered by the Zahedan Social Security Organization. Data were analysed through a questionnaire. For quantitative data analysis, analytical and descriptive tests, simple linear regressions and correlation coefficient were used using SPSS 22 software. The results of the hypothesis showed that the variable of improving the business environment explains 0.832% of the changes in the variable of employers' participation in fulfilling insurance obligations. Considering the correlation of variables in this hypothesis, it can be concluded that if the business environment improves, the participation of employers will increase significantly.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate drug prescription indicators in outpatient services provided at Iran Social Security Organization (SSO) healthcare facilities., Methods: Data on all prescribed drugs for outpatient visits from 2017 to 2018 were extracted from the SSO database. The data were categorized into 4 main subgroups: patient characteristics, provider characteristics, service characteristics, and type of healthcare facility. Logistic regression models were used to detect risk factors for inappropriate drug prescriptions. SPSS and IBM Modeler software were utilized for data analysis., Results: In 2017, approximately 150 981 752 drug items were issued to outpatients referred to SSO healthcare facilities in Iran. The average number of drug items per outpatient prescription was estimated at 3.33. The proportion of prescriptions that included an injection was 17.5%, and the rate of prescriptions that included an antibiotic was 37.5%. Factors such as patient sex and age, provider specialty, type of facility, and time of outpatient visit were associated with the risk of inappropriate prescriptions., Conclusions: In this study, all drug prescription criteria exceeded the recommended limits set by the World Health Organization. To improve the current prescription patterns throughout the country, it would be beneficial to provide providers with monthly and annual reports and to consider implementing some prescription policies for physicians.

Introduction:Occupational accidents result in pain, suffering, death of workers in some cases, many financial losses, reduce production levels and so forth; thus it is counted as a national loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of occupational accidents in the industries and plants supported by the Social Security Organization of Ilam during the years 2010-2012. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 462 occupational accidents occurring for employees covered by the Social Security Organization were evaluated. Data were collected using the pre-designed checklist filled out with the records of the accidents available in the Social Security Organization by the researcher. Data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 23) software. Results:The results of the study showed that 42.6% of the accidents occurred in 2010. The most accidents occurred in the age group of 21-30 years old (46.8%) and 461 of injured people (99.8%) were male. The majority of the people (62.55%) were married and 90% had work experience less than five years. Unsafe acts were the most cause of the incidents (57.1%). The most important type of the incident was dropping and slipping (37.9%). There was significant correlation between the cause of incident, type of incident and type of injury (P

The Laffer curve represents a parabola relationship between tax revenues and tax rates, and identifies the tax rate that maximizes tax revenues for the government. The aim of this paper is to test whether there is such a relationship between contribution revenues and contribution rate in Iranian Social Security Organization. Moreover, if the answer is yes, what is the contribution rate that maximizes revenues for the Organization? In this regard, we have used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The results for the period of 1979-2016 show that the impact of effective contribution rate on the Organization’s revenues has the shape of an inverted U. Therefore, the results confirm the Laffer effects of this rate on the Organization’s contribution revenues. Additionally, a contribution rate of 20.34 percent will maximize the Organization's revenues.

Objective: There can be different incentives in the private versus public healthcare systems across countries influencing the delivery of health care. The implementation of regulations along with financial incentives and quality targets are key initiatives to improve rational prescribing. However, there are concerns in Iran that the different incentives in the Direct versus Indirect sectors can influence the delivery of care even among the same physicians. Consequently, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Social Security Organization (SSO) rules and regulations on the prescribing patterns of physicians working simultaneously in both sectors of the SSO in Iran. Subsequently use the findings to suggest initiatives to improve future prescribing if needed. Methods: Retrospective cross‐sectional study on claims data. All prescriptions written by general practitioners, internists, gynaecologists and paediatricians that had at least 100 claims and working in both sectors were collected. Non‐parametric tests were undertaken to compare prescribing patterns. Key findings: 455 549 prescriptions were analysed. The average number of medicine items per prescription was 4 in the direct treatment setting versus 2 in the indirect treatment setting, while the proportion of prescriptions including at least one antibiotic, injectable, corticosteroid and injectable corticosteroid, were 31.5, 16.1, 8.7 and 3% respectively in the indirect treatment setting versus 28.7,13.7, 7.7 and 3.2% in the direct treatment setting. Except for antibiotic prescribing, all other differences were significant. Conclusions: There are a number of areas of potential concern with physician prescribing in this study. These include the high use of antibiotics in both sectors, potentially inappropriate polypharmacy in the Direct sector, as well as possibly the overuse of injections especially in the Indirect sector, increasing costs and potentially patient harm. These will be the subject of future research projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social Security Organization (SSO) is regarded as one of the most important social and economic institutions for its effective role in protection of labor. In the past decades, it was keeping balance between SSO’s incomes and costs that constituted the main concern of the SSO officials. The problem of contractorship premiums has been one of the main legal challenges the SSO has experienced with its premium-payers. Since 1370, SSO by issuing the Directive 149 provided for some fixed rates for non-state projects that caused a serious legal challenge between SSO and economic actors. By landmark judgement of 1378, Administrative Justice Tribunal (ADT) solved the problem in favor of SSO. Contractors who were not satisfied with the judgement raised the externalities originating from the Directive before legislatures, and since 1384 were able to cause some legislations aimed at reforming SSO practices to be enacted. However, SSO, has continued to insist on its previous position by raising some legal scepticism. This article, shall seek, based on legal and economic foundations, to study the SSO practice and its judicial confirmation by ADT from a critical point of view.

Introduction: Since hospitals and clinics are confronting the challenge of resource shortages and rising costs, the information of the costs of health services can be efficient in optimal resource allocation and identifying the performance of centers active in using resources, budget reform and tariff rates. Method: This study applies the practical-developmental method and it is descriptive-survey research. The library and field methods were administered to collect and analyze data. The costs of service for 51 types of tests were compared through time-driven activity-based costing and tariffs approved over 2015. Finally, the difference between the mean of cost and the mean of tariff rates was analyzed by paired sample t-test. Results: The expenses of the laboratory is estimated 1,068, 912, 636 Rials, which the maximum amount is dedicated to staffs’ salaries and benefits (66%), the expenses of logistic centers (18%), and the depreciation expenses of the laboratory equipment (7%). The cost of some services provided in this department is more and sometimes less than the approved tariffs. Conclusion: According to the results, there is a difference between the real cost of services and the approved tariffs, thus in order to price the services more accurately, precise methods such as time-driven activity-based costing can be used. Regarding the high expanses of staff and costs allocated by the logistic centers, taking these resources into consideration significantly as well as spending them properly and effectively, reviewing the structure of human powers, assigning certain tasks to staff, identifying and removing the extra expenses of human powers and determining the unused capacity of the laboratory may raise increase efficiency and avoid unnecessary expenses.

Background and Objectives: Productivity and efficiency are the most important and the most common mechanisms of evaluation and measurement of the performance of an enterprise including the Social Security Organization. In the past decades, performance evaluation of various economic sectors has been attractive to researchers in different disciplines. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the efficiency of the direct treatment section of treatment management units of Social Security Organization by data envelopment analysis method. Methods: This descriptive- analytic study was conducted to measure the efficiency of the direct treatment section of treatment management units of Social Security Organization through the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method in 2014. Data and relevant statistics were collected from the Statistical Center of Social Security Organization. The Deap2.1 software was used to calculate the efficiency and the EMS software was used to calculate the super efficiency. Then, the hypotheses of the research were studied using the Stata software. Results: The average technical efficiency, managerial efficiency, and scale efficiency in 2014 was 0.924, 0.992, and 0.932, respectively. Twelve decision making units (DMUs) had the maximum technical efficiency (1), 16 DMUs had technical efficiency between 0.8 and 1, and 3 units had technical efficiency less than 0.8. Conclusion: This study introduces a functional pattern to managers of Social Security Organization that enables them to have more accurate planning for the development and saving of resources.

Background and Objectives: Awareness about prescribing pattern and comparing that with standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) can affect health policy-makers in adopting policies and implementing necessary interventions for rational use of drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of drug prescribing in outpatients covered by Social Security Organization in Semnan province. Material and Methods: In this study, 952,712 prescriptions in Semnan province in 1396 were investigated and indicators of use of drugs include average price of each prescription, average number of drugs in each prescription, percentage of prescriptions containing 4 drugs or more, percentage of prescriptions containing antibiotics, injections and corticosteroids, physicians by specialty and by the length of activity were extracted and compared with those provided by the WHO standards. Results: The average price of prescriptions was 254,377 IRR and average number of drugs per prescription was 2.65. Generally, 26.9 percent of the prescriptions included 4 or more drugs. Percentage of the prescriptions containing antibiotics, injections and corticosteroids was 55 percent, 29 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. All of the examined indicators were higher than the recommended level by the WHO. Conclusion: This study showed some evidence of irrational drug prescription especially in the polypharmacy, antibiotics and injectable drugs. Therefore, it is suggested that adequate supervision of the prescribing and training of prescribing principles for physicians should be considered in continuing education programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hospitals, major components of health system, have a high contribution to healthcare resources. Therefore, considering the importance of hospital holding in effective and efficient hospital management, the current study aimed to identify and explain the role and importance of factors affecting hospital holding administration in Iran Social Security Organization. Methods: This was an applied-descriptive study. First, the variables and key factors affecting hospital holding administration were extracted through a literature review and an interview with 15 content experts. Based on the results a questionnaire was developed and distributed among 405 staff and line managers and experts working in the Social Security Organizations in Iran. Data were analyzed by SPSS23 and AMOS24 using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses Structural Equations Modeling. Results: Five factors affecting hospital holding administration were identified including strategic planning, financing, decision rights, monitoring and evaluation, and accountability. Financing and decision rights, with factor loadings of 0.83 and 0.44, had the most and least significant effects on Social Security Organization hospital holding administration, respectively. Conclusion: All five factors are required for effective and efficient hospital holdings administration; however, it is recommended to pay more attention to financing and monitoring and evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nurses are exposed to a lot of tension due to their sensitive job, which can lead to aggressive and violent behavior among them. Anger is a complex emotion in human being, which is considered a normal response to unwanted situation or behavior. However, it could turn to destructive aggression if it gets out of control. Moral intelligence can be considered as a fundamental criterion for human behavior to guide him what is right or wrong. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and anger in nurses. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive correlational research that is carried out through a sampling of 140 nurses in the Social Security Organization hospitals in Gonbad and Gorgan. Two questionnaires including Lennick & Kiel Moral Intelligence Test and AGQ aggression Test were used for data collection. The data analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS16, implementing descriptive statistics (tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, independent T-test and analysis of variance). Results: The measures of 148/1 ± 18/7 for the moral intelligence and 68/5 ± 13/3 for the aggression indicated a statistically meaningful relationship in a way that the increase in one (moral intelligence) caused a decrease in another (aggression) rate. There was no meaningful relationship between moral intelligence and aggression with demographic characteristics. Conclusion: The results showed that by improving and enhancing ethical intelligence, the level of anger in nurses can be reduced. Hence, through planning and holding courses and workshops on ethical and communication issues, hospital authorities and supervisors can increase the intelligence and ethical attitude of nurses and prevent conflict between nurses and patients and colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Considering the increasing growth in health care costs along with the resources finitude; therefore, improving the efficiency and efficient use of resources is considered as one of the main priorities of the health system. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian Social Security Organization using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) Method in 2008-2015. Materials & Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, performance of 30 units of direct medical services affiliated with Iranian Social Security Organization was analyzed using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) Method. The number of active beds, physicians, nurses and staff were used as inputs and combined variables obtained from factor analysis were selected as output. Frontier version 4.1 was used to determine the efficiency and Stata version 14 was used to study the effective factors on efficiency. Results: The average technical efficiency of studied units was 0.816. Based on the value of index of likelihood ratio test ( LR = 100.45 ), Cobb-Douglas production function was selected as the best model. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, adjusting surplus manpower, congenital planning for increasing efficiency and resource management should be the priority of the managers so that they can increase the level of efficiency of studied units and reduce the costs to the least possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Nurses are exposed to a lot of tension due to their sensitive job, which can lead to aggressive and violent behavior among them. Anger is a complex emotion in human being, which is considered a normal response to unwanted situation or behavior. However, it could turn to destructive aggression if it gets out of control. Moral intelligence can be considered as a fundamental criterion for human behavior to guide him what is right or wrong. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between moral intelligence and anger in nurses. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive correlational research that is carried out through a sampling of 140 nurses in the Social Security Organization hospitals in Gonbad and Gorgan. Two questionnaires including Lennick & Kiel Moral Intelligence Test and AGQ aggression Test were used for data collection. The data analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS16, implementing descriptive statistics (tables, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, independent T-test and analysis of variance). Results: The measures of 148/1 ± 18/7 for the moral intelligence and 68/5 ± 13/3 for the aggression indicated a statistically meaningful relationship in a way that the increase in one (moral intelligence) caused a decrease in another (aggression) rate. There was no meaningful relationship between moral intelligence and aggression with demographic characteristics. Conclusion: The results showed that by improving and enhancing ethical intelligence, the level of anger in nurses can be reduced. Hence, through planning and holding courses and workshops on ethical and communication issues, hospital authorities and supervisors can increase the intelligence and ethical attitude of nurses and prevent conflict between nurses and patients and colleagues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the factors of successful return to employment among participants in the return to work program (RTW) following work-related injury. Data were obtained from the Social Security Organization database containing 9850 injured workers who underwent RTW in 2010 to 2013. About 65% had successfully returned to employment. Significant factors of successful return include gender, employer interest, motivation, age, intervention duration, and type of injury. Male and motivated employees were more likely to return to employment compared with female and unmotivated employees, respectively. Participants from interested employers were 23.22 times more likely to return to work than those from uninterested employers, whereas participants whose intervention period exceeded 5 months were 41% less likely to return to work compared with those whose intervention period was within 3 months. Appropriate strategy and enhanced collaboration between the stakeholders would improve the proportion of successful return to employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]