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The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between educational level, employment status and sexual activity after delivery. The study was conducted on 286 women with experience of vaginal delivery who completed the questionnaire about age, education, employment, and health status for themselves and partners. Time of the first intercourse and its frequency in the first year after childbirth was observed. Relationship between the variables observed was explored by using multiple linear regression. The mean pregnancy duration was 39 weeks. The mean age of participants was 29.9 (16 to 44) years. Most women had high education (n=170, 59.4%), 114 (39.9%) had secondary, and 2 (0.7%) had primary educational level. Although there were significant differences in the time of the first intercourse and maternal educational level (p=0.013872), partner's employment status (p=0.007403) and maternal age (p= 0.01107), as well as differences in the frequency of intercourse in the first year following delivery and partner's educational level (p=0.016929), multiple correlation coefficients indicated a very weak correlation. According to study results, the correlation of educational level, employment status and sexual activity after childbirth is weak., (Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital.)

Background: This study aimed to examine satisfaction with life in patients with urinary incontinence and patients who underwent an operative procedure due to urinary incontinence., Methods: Women with a medical indication for surgery due to urinary incontinence problems but who had not yet had surgery (N = 110) and same-age women who had had a surgical procedure for urinary incontinence (N = 101) completed a set of questionnaires., Results: The results showed that women with urinary incontinence had significantly higher life satisfaction than women who underwent the operation. Contrary to expectations, women with urinary incontinence problems reported equal levels of life satisfaction to a comparable sample of postmenopausal normative women. Higher levels of life satisfaction were related to higher education level, employment, higher perceived socioeconomic level, and urban place of living., Conclusion: It is important for physicians to address the problem of urinary incontinence with their patients and to examine the present anxiety symptoms, given that they may affect their subjective wellbeing., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Sexuality is a complex social and psychological phenomenon even more complicated in the setting of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)., Subjects and Methods: In total 192 participants entered the study (96 couples) in the process of ART. Participants filled up anonymous questionnaire while waiting routine procedure. At the time of questionnaire males and females were in separate rooms without knowledge about partners answers., Results: The frequency of sexual intercourse was not related to the sociodemographic variables in women but was related to education level and work status. More educated men who were employed had more frequent sexual intercourses. Moreover, the frequency of the sexual intercourse was not related to the duration of the relationship nor the infertility treatment. The correlational analyses showed that the frequency of sexual masturbation was not related to the sociodemographic variables, except for place of living. Both women and men from more urban areas reported to engage in masturbation more often. The frequency of specific sexual activities did not differ between reports by women and men for vaginal, oral, anal, and foreplay activities. However, men reported engaging in masturbation more often than women., Conclusion: The frequency of sexual activities is similar in women and men for vaginal, oral, anal, and foreplay activities. However, men reported engaging in masturbation more often than women. ART could only slightly affect quality of sexual life. Both partners should be informed.

Purpose of the Study: to examine whether women's and men's infertility-related stress, and specifically its sexual concerns aspect, is related to their and their partner's sexual satisfaction., Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 94 couples experiencing infertility filled out the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale and Fertility Problem Inventory, which measures infertility-related stress with dimensions of social, sexual and relationship concerns, rejection of childfree lifestyle, and need for parenthood. Dyadic analyses were performed following the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM)., Results: The dyadic analysis revealed that women's and men's greater infertility-related stress contributed to their lower levels of sexual satisfaction (actor effect). Moreover, women's and men's greater sexual concerns (as the aspect of infertility-related stress) contributed to their own and their partner's lower levels of sexual satisfaction (actor and partner effect)., Conclusions: The findings suggest that both individual and relational processes are important in the association between the specific dimension of infertility-related stress and sexual satisfaction. These findings could guide the psychosocial support for couples experiencing infertility.

Aim Along with changes to the human physique recorded over the past decades in certain countries, there are also changes concerning the male-female birth ratio. The aim of this study was to establish the movement of male-female birth ratios and factors affecting the ratio. Methods This retrospective study was conducted in Zagreb, Croatia, in the period from 1985 to 2019 on a sample of 3804 newborns. Results In the 35-year period the ratio of boys and girls at birth did not change significantly. Girls had lower birth weight, and boys had higher birth length. In the war period (1992-1994), a mild increase in the ratio of boys was noted, but not statistically significant. Father's age in the last period examined (2007-2009) showed to be a statistically significant predictor of the child's gender. Namely, the descendants of younger fathers were statistically significantly more frequently girls, while the descendants of older fathers were more frequently boys. Married mothers had higher percentage of male births (51.5%), and a lower percentage (47.1%) by unmarried mothers. Conclusion The changes in birth ratios are particularly pronounced in different age and socioeconomic groups of parents nowadays when the growth of living standards is accompanied by significant changes of the human physique., (Copyright© by the Medical Assotiation of Zenica-Doboj Canton.)

Background: Childbirth is major event in the life of closer and extended family. The aim of this study is to explore sex desire after childbirth and challenges for usual rhythm of intercourse., Subjects and Methods: We studied 113 women who filled up questionnaire at the follow up examination. Inclusion criteria were: all women were secundigravidae and time between pregnancies was more than a year. Women anonymously filled out a survey with question on the time before first intercourse after delivery, frequency of sexual intercourse after delivery, sexual desire after delivery, sexual desire of partner after delivery, reasons for postponing sexual intercourse after delivery and frequency of intercourse in the first year after delivery., Results: Most women had same number of intercourse after delivery like before pregnancy (Hi-square test: χ 2 (2)=22.04, p<0.0001). Significant proportion of women find their partners sexual desire to be the same like in the pre-pregnancy period (Hi-square test: χ 2 (2)=64.64, p<0.0001). Most women had intercourse once a week (several times a month) during first year after delivery (Hi-square test: χ 2 (3)=91.93, p<0.001). Fatigue, sleep deprivation, bad mood and lack of time are the most common reasons for intercourse postponement. Most women find life conditions to be very good. They do not find that they neglect their children and partners find them attractive., Conclusion: Sex life after delivery is still taboo in most countries. Women should have the information that sex life after delivery will turn to normal after a certain time.

The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of endometrial premalignant and malignant lesions in women undergoing hysteroscopy and to identify anthropologic factors related to the presence of malignancy. Data on 3470 women with submucosal myomas or endometrial polyps suspected on ultrasound were retrospectively analyzed. Hysteroscopy was performed in all these women in order to make a more precise diagnosis. Histologic analysis of endometrial samples obtained during hysteroscopy was used to confirm the diagnosis. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0.0 software. The mean age of study women was 49.1±13.3 years. The number of procedures performed due to the referral diagnosis of endometrial or submucosal myoma significantly increased over the 16-year study period. A significantly higher number of women had a benign histopathologic diagnosis. Histologic analysis revealed malignancy in 67 women. The youngest woman and oldest woman with malignant findings was aged 32 and 75, respectively. A significantly higher number of women with atypical hyperplasia and malignancy were in menopause. A comparable number of women with different histologic findings lived in urban and rural areas. There were a significantly larger proportion of widows among women with the histologic diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia or malignancy. The prevalence rate of malignancy in women having undergone hysteroscopy for polyps and myoma found by ultrasound was 1.93%. Postmenopausal status and older age were associated with an increased risk of malignancies, but premalignant changes and malignancies were also found in young and premenopausal women. Therefore, diagnostic hysteroscopy can be recommended in women of all age groups.

The aim of our retrospective study was to compare the performance of transvaginal sonography in relation to histologic diagnosis of samples obtained by hysteroscopy through analysis of data collected over 16 years. Data on suspected formation of endometrial polyp or submucosal fibroid found on ultrasound examination were extracted. The study included a total of 3679 women examined during the 2000-2015 period. All women underwent ultrasound examination preoperatively for better planning the type and scope of operation to be performed. The study included only women with samples for histopathologic analysis collected during the operation. Ultrasound diagnosis of polyps compared with histology showed 89.6% sensitivity and 39.1% specificity. For submucosal myomas, sensitivity was 69.2% and specificity 91.3%. In conclusion, ultrasound is not reliable method for definitive diagnosis but it is an excellent orientation method.

Aim: Our study aims to determine the weight gain of pregnant women and their body weight one year after delivery. We compared these changes in body weight with education and place of residence (urban/rural)., Methods: Secundigravidae women (N = 113) filled out the structured checklist regarding anthropological characteristics, such as body weight (the current and before and after the first pregnancy). Some sociodemographic characteristics were also obtained., Results: Average weight gain in pregnancy was 16.9 kg (Sd 6.1, median 16 kg; range 6-40 kg). Women with high school education only gained 2 kg more than women with college/university degree (F (1, 108) 4.11, p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference in weight gain when the place of residence was compared (F (1, 111) 2.86, p ≥ 0.05). The average weight difference one year after delivery was 3.3 kg (Sd 4.3, median 2 kg; spread -5 to 20 kg). There was no significant difference in weight difference one year after delivery in different educational groups. Women from rural area retained 2.5 kg more than women in an urban area (F (1, 109) 7.50, p ≤ 0.01)., Conclusion: Our research has shown that women with higher education level gain less weight than women with lower degrees. They had more possibility to get access to information about health risks. The overall impression is that women do care about weight gain in pregnancy and actively work on getting back to desirable weight after delivery. This is even more important if we know that body weight before pregnancy, weight gain in pregnancy, pregnancy overweight and pregnancy obesity impact later life of mother and child. Therefore, the need for weight control in pregnancy and between pregnancies should be properly addressed.

Endometriosis is a common chronic disease characterized by growth of the endometrial gland and stroma outside the uterus. Symptoms affect physical, mental and social well-being. Extrapelvic location of endometriosis is very rare. Abdominal wall endometriosis occurs in 0.03%-2% of women with a previous cesarean section or other abdominopelvic operation. The leading symptoms are abdominal nodular mass, pain and cyclic symptomatology. The number of cesarean sections is increasing and so is the incidence of abdominal wall endometriosis as a potential complication of the procedure. There are cases of malignant transformation of abdominal wall endometriosis. Therefore, it is important to recognize this condition and treat it surgically. We report a case of a 37-year-old woman with abdominal wall endometriosis 11 years after cesarean section. She had low abdominal pain related to menstrual cycle, which intensified at the end of menstrual bleeding. A nodule painful to palpation was found in the medial part of previous Pfannenstiel incision. Ultrasound guided biopsy was performed and the diagnosis of endometriosis confirmed. Surgery is the treatment of choice for abdominal wall endometriosis. Excision with histologically proven free surgical margins of 1 cm is mandatory to prevent recurrence. A wide spectrum of mimicking conditions is the main reason for late diagnosis and treatment of abdominal wall endometriosis. In our case, the symptoms lasted for eight years and had intensified in the last six months prior to surgery.