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Avec le Kunstrückgabegesetz, l'Autriche a été le premier pays européen à se prononcer en faveur d'une réglementation législative des œuvres d'art dépossédées pendant le national-socialisme dans les années 1990. Cette loi renvoie directement au droit autrichien de l’après-guerre qui joue ainsi un rôle important dans la pratique autrichienne en matière de restitution. Ce droit de l’après-guerre exigeait une « Vermögensentziehung », l’équivalent de la « spoliation » en droit français, qui supposait l’établissement d’un lien de causalité entre la perte et la prise de pouvoir du national-socialisme. Par principe, le Kunstrückgabebeirat prend appui sur cette conception de la spoliation pour l’application actuelle du Kunstrückgabegesetz, mais dans des cas exceptionnels une dérogation au droit de l'après-guerre peut être admise conformément à l’esprit de la loi de restitution. Cela concerne notamment la question de savoir si la bonne foi peut jouer en faveur de l’acquéreur d’un bien spolié. With the Kunstrückgabegesetz, Austria was the first European country to decide in favor of a legislative regulation of works of Nazi-looted art in the 1990’s. The Kunstrückgabegesetz contains a technical reference to Austrian post-war legislation, which thus plays an important role in Austrian restitution practice. The post-war legislation required a "Vermögensentziehung", the equivalent of "spoliation" in French law, which presupposed a causal link between the loss and the National Socialist takeover. The Kunstrückgabebeirat adopts this concept of spoliation for the current application of the Kunstrückgabegesetz, but in exceptional cases a deviation from the post-war law may be permitted in accordance with the spirit of the restitution law. This concerns in particular the question of whether good faith acquisition can play in favor of the purchaser of spoliated property.

L’article entend fournir une analyse historique et critique du concept juridique de spoliation en France appliqué au contexte de la politique de persécution antisémite et d’expropriation en France sous l’Occupation allemande. À cette fin, l’auteur expose l’évolution de l’interprétation et de l’application de ce concept dans le droit positif de la fin de la guerre jusqu’à nos jours. L’étude démontrera que même si une définition légale du concept existe depuis la Libération, le concept n’a pas connu une stabilité durable. Aujourd’hui, loin de revêtir un sens clair et précis, la notion renvoie plutôt à un standard du droit. L’interprétation concrète du concept dépend ainsi essentiellement du texte juridique le consacrant et du contexte de son application. Au cours du temps, le concept a ainsi donné lieu à des interprétations divergentes. Du fait de l’existence en parallèle aujourd’hui de plusieurs dispositifs de réparation des spoliations antisémites, il peut y avoir des interprétations divergentes qui entrent en concurrence les unes avec les autres et risquent, de ce fait, de compromettre la stabilité et la consistance même du concept. The article intends to provide a historical and critical analysis of the legal concept of spoliation in France as applied to the context of the policy of anti-Semitic persecution and expropriation in France during the German occupation. To this end, the author outlines the evolution of the interpretation and application of this concept in positive law from the end of the war to the present day. The study will show that even if a legal definition of the concept exists since the Liberation of France, the concept has not known a lasting stability. Today, far from having a clear and precise meaning, the concept refers rather to a standard of law. The concrete interpretation of the concept thus depends essentially on the legal text enshrining it and the context of its application. Over time, the concept has thus given rise to divergent interpretations. As a result of the parallel existence today of several mechanisms for reparation of antisemitic spoliations, there may be divergent interpretations that compete with each other and thus risk compromising the stability and consistency of the concept itself.

The present text intends to point out how the military-industrial complex desperately seeks to play an essential role in the perspective of blocking the downward movement of the North American economy in the context of financial capital hypertrophy. The recurrence of the military-industrial complex in the crisis established in Ukraine reveals that the annexation of the former USSR to the capitalist world has not mitigated the contradictions of the capital system. In this process, Ukraine is a mere pawn in the balance of forces established between the two greatest military powers in the word. In order to understand the ascending movement of NATO in modern times and the growth of the industrial-military complex in Russia, we will resort to the contributions of authors such as Luiz Alberto Bandeira, Telma Luzzani, Ronald Steel, among others who deal with the theme from a critical perspective.

Going all the way back to the 17th century, La Couture-Boussey in Normandy has been the cradle for the manufacturing of wooden wind instruments. In 1888, the workers of the village created a wind instrument Museum, which today has a collection of more than 300 instruments, tools, machines, a library and archives. Occupied by German troops between 9 June 1940 and 21 August 1944, a period during which many workers left for the front, the village was homme to some twenty workshops. This paper presents the state of research on the German occupation of La Couture-Boussey between 1940 and 1944 and the possible spoliation of instruments in the wind instrument museum or in the neighboring workshops, a chapter currently unknown in local history., La Couture-Boussey (en Normandie), a été le berceau de la fabrication des instruments à vent en bois depuis le XVIIe siècle. En 1888, les ouvriers du village créent le musée des instruments à vent, fort aujourd'hui d'une collection de plus de 300 instruments, des outils, des machines, une bibliothèque et des documents d'archives. Occupé par les troupes allemandes entre le 9 juin 1940 et le 21 août 1944, période pendant laquelle de nombreux ouvriers partent au front, le village hébergeait alors une vingtaine d'ateliers. Cette communication vise à présenter l'état des recherches concernant l'Occupation allemande de La Couture Boussey entre 1940 et 1944 et les possibles spoliations d'instruments au musée des instruments à vent ou dans les ateliers avoisinants, un chapitre actuellement inconnu de l'histoire locale.

El patrimonio bibliográfico adquirido a lo largo del tiempo por las órdenes religiosas, como es el fondo conservado en la Biblioteca provincial franciscana de Santiago, ha sido fruto de una actividad académica intensa que, en el momento actual, ante la escasez de vocaciones, corre un grave peligro por falta de recursos materiales y personales, lo que hace que las bibliotecas conventuales se encuentren abocadas al deterioro y posterior pérdida., The bibliographical patrimony acquired over time by religious orders, as in the case of the Franciscan Province of Santiago, has been the fruit of an intense academic activity which, at the present time of lack of vocations, is in serious danger because of a lack of material and personal resources, which means that convent libraries are doomed to deterioration and subsequent loss.

Une approche comparative de la colonisation de l’espace insulaire égéen à la fin du Moyen Âge et de l’espace antillais au début de l’époque moderne permet de dégager quatre traits communs aux rapports entre colons et colonisés ainsi qu’entre les colons et leurs métropoles respectives, à savoir : une perte de liberté et de souveraineté, une soumission aux intérêts économiques de la métropole, un basculement des hiérarchies sociales et une redéfinition des hiérarchies religieuses.

This article combines two of Isabelle Backouche’s current research topics. One is the annexation of the non aedificandi zone, a strip of land 250 meters wide where construction was banned in 1841 because it ran along the fortifications; it was largely urbanized upon its incorporation into the city of Paris in 1919. The other is the massive transfer of the apartments of Jewish families in Paris during the Occupation, overseen by the prefecture of the Seine. In both cases, some interested Parisians – evicted residents of the Zone and families trying to take over apartments formerly inhabited by Jews – wrote to the relevant administrations to plead their case. Analysis explores the spatial and social boundaries mobilized in the arguments of these ordinary writings, which provide an opportunity to understand how various actors work on social norms and allow us to reconstruct their participation in spatial dynamics at several scales that affected the capital city in the twentieth century. Isabelle Backouche rapproche deux terrains d’enquête sur lesquels elle travaille actuellement. D’une part, l’annexion de la zone non aedificandi, une bande de 250 mètres déclarée inconstructible en 1841 parce qu’elle longe la fortification, et largement urbanisée au moment de son incorporation au territoire parisien en 1919. D’autre part, le vaste transfert d’appartements des familles juives parisiennes pendant l’occupation, sous l’égide de la préfecture de la Seine. Dans les deux cas, les Parisiennes et Parisiens concernés – les zoniers expulsés, les familles qui tentent d’investir un appartement précédemment occupé par des Juifs – écrivent à l’administration pour plaider leur cause. C’est à partir de ces écrits ordinaires que l’usage des frontières spatiales et sociales mises en œuvre dans les argumentaires est analysé. Cette observation donne l’occasion de comprendre comment des normes sociales sont travaillées par les acteurs, et par là, de restituer leur participation aux dynamiques spatiales à plusieurs échelles qui affectent la capitale au 20e siècle.

Resumen En este documento se presentará, desde el enfoque de la antropología social, una reflexión sobre la relación que se ha establecido en México entre la desaparición forzada y el desplazamiento interno forzado; dos hechos victimizantes que, en México, suelen ser abordados de manera separada tanto en el ámbito jurídico como en el académico, con la intención de singularizar los agravios. Sin embargo, siete años de trabajo de investigación sobre la violencia que se ha producido en México en el contexto de la guerra contra el narcotráfico han permitido observar que los agravios producidos por la desaparición forzada y el desplazamiento interno forzado son experimentados por los sobrevivientes en un flujo de continuidad. Bajo esta lógica, nos apoyamos en el método del caso ampliado con el fin de presentar cómo la desaparición forzada ha sido una herramienta para despojar de sus parcelas a los productores agrícolas de aguacate y frutos rojos en el estado de Michoacán, siendo su consecuencia la paulatina aparición de situaciones de desplazamiento forzado interno. Abstract This paper offers a reflection on the relationship that has been established in Mexico between forced disappearance and forced internal displacement. These victimizing facts are usually studied separately, both in the legal and academic fields, with the aim of highlighting grievances. However, seven years of research on the drug war, related violence, and Human Rights violations in Mexico, has allowed me to observe that the grievances, caused by forced disappearance and forced internal displacement, are experienced by the survivors in a continues flux. Under this logic, I use the extended case method to present how forced disappearance has been a tool to strip away agricultural avocado and red fruit producers from their plots in the state of Michoacán, and the last consequence has been gradual process of forced internal displacements. Resumo Este artigo oferece uma reflexão sobre a relação estabelecida no México entre desaparecimento forçado e deslocamento interno forçado. Esses fatos vitimizadores são geralmente estudados separadamente, tanto no campo jurídico quanto no acadêmico, com o objetivo de destacar as queixas. No entanto, sete anos de pesquisa sobre a guerra às drogas, a violência relacionada e as violações de direitos humanos no México, permitiram-me observar que as queixas produzidas pelo desaparecimento forçado e deslocamento interno forçado são vividas por sobreviventes como um fluxo contínuo. Sob essa lógica, uso o método de caso estendido para apresentar como o desaparecimento forçado tem sido uma ferramenta para retirar os produtores agrícolas de abacate e frutas vermelhas de suas parcelas no estado de Michoacán, e a última consequência foram os processos paulatinos de deslocamento interno forçado.

O artigo analisa aspectos da formação histórica da burguesia empresarial brasileira, identificando as práticas econômicas, políticas e sociais subjacentes ao padrão de participação na acumulação capitalista constituído ao longo dessa formação, bem como os valores e comportamentos que se vinculam a essas práticas e as reanimam em diferentes contextos. A superexploração e a espoliação do trabalhador e da natureza, bem como a relação utilitária e desdenhosa com a ciência, dentre outros aspectos, são analisados como elementos constitutivos de uma subjetividade que, no contexto de eclosão mundial da gravíssima pandemia de Covid-19, manifesta-se no apoio irresponsável a políticas desumanas que, para preservar formas egoístas e lesivas de produção e apropriação econômica, não hesitam em descartar vidas. El artículo analiza aspectos de la formación histórica de la burguesía empresarial brasileña, identificando las prácticas económicas, políticas y sociales subyacentes al patrón de participación en la acumulación capitalista constituida a lo largo de esta formación, así como los valores y comportamientos que están vinculados a estas prácticas y revivirlos en diferentes contextos. La sobreexplotación y la expoliación del trabajador y la naturaleza, así como la relación utilitaria y desdeñosa con la ciencia, entre otros aspectos, se analizan como elementos constitutivos de una subjetividad que, en el contexto de la eclosión mundial de la pandemia extremadamente grave de Covid-19, se manifiesta en un apoyo irresponsable a políticas inhumanas que, para preservar formas de producción y apropiación económica egoístas y dañinas, no duden en descartar vidas. Cet article reprend les pratiques économiques, politiques et sociaux concernant à la formation historique de la bourgeoisie brésilienne, ainsi qu’il souligne les valeurs et les comportements de cette classe sociale réanimés selon différents contextes. La surexploitation et la spoliation des ouvriers et de la nature, liées à une relation dédaigneuse et utilitaire devant la science, sont analysées à l’intérieure d’une subjectivité dont les politiques économiques inhumaines au nom de la plus-value sont les résultats les plus perverses — y compris l’élimination de la vie face aux défis de la Covid-19. The article analyzes aspects of historical formation of Brazilian bourgeoise, identifying the economic, political and social practices underlying the pattern of participation in capitalist accumulation constituted throughout this formation as well as the values ​​and behaviors that are linked to these practices and revive them in different contexts. Overexploitation and the plundering of workers and nature, just as the utilitarian and disdainful relationship with science among other aspects, they are analyzed as constitutive elements of a subjectivity that, in the context of the worldwide outbreak of the extremely serious pandemic of Covid-19, manifests itself in irresponsible support for inhuman policies that, in order to preserve selfish and harmful forms of production and economic appropriation, do not hesitate to discard lives.

Background: Why do patients sue following spine surgery? Here we reviewed some of the most frequent reasons for medical negligence suits against surgeons, adjunctive medical personnel, and or institutions/hospitals. Methods: Summarizing the multiple reasons for suits against spine surgeons, their colleagues/consultants, and hospitals should help surgeons identify the problems leading to suits, and improve patient care. Results: Several of the most common reasons for medical negligence suits include: lack of informed consent, ghost surgery, failure to diagnose and treat (e.g. including preoperative, perioperative, and post-surgical complications), performing unnecessarily risky, excessive and/or unnecessary surgery; failure to provide adequate postoperative care; absent or inadequate intraoperative neural physiological monitoring; and spoliation (e.g. fraudulent surgical, office, and/or hospital notes/records). Conclusions: There are many reasons why patients sue their spine surgeons. Being aware of the factors that lead to suits, spine surgeons should learn to provide better preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care, and, thus, limit perioperative morbidity and mortality.

Submitted by Eliane Carola (eliane.carola@ufba.br) on 2020-02-11T15:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_LucasZenhaAntonino_2019_FINAL_a3.pdf: 9483707 bytes, checksum: b1dac21196d03d341807c3cbe4183663 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Solange Rocha (soluny@gmail.com) on 2020-04-01T01:57:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_LucasZenhaAntonino_2019_FINAL_a3.pdf: 9483707 bytes, checksum: b1dac21196d03d341807c3cbe4183663 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-04-01T01:57:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_LucasZenhaAntonino_2019_FINAL_a3.pdf: 9483707 bytes, checksum: b1dac21196d03d341807c3cbe4183663 (MD5) CAPES Os conflitos territoriais gerados a partir da atividade mineral estão presentes em todas as regiões do estado da Bahia. Os territórios extrativo-mineral avançam com ações de “espoliação”, ocasionando “amputações” sobre os territórios terra-abrigo de populações do campo, comunidades tradicionais e até mesmo bairros urbanos periféricos. A Bahia ainda é marcada pela alta concentração de terras e pelos baixos índices sociais. O setor mineral, em conjunto com ações dos poderes públicos das diferentes esferas, atua violando direitos humanos, não exercendo as atividades de forma transparente e na ausência de um verdadeiro diálogo com a população, contribuindo para a continuação do drama e da “sangria do território” brasileiro. A isso, somam-se os diversos casos trabalhistas e de saúde ocupacional que atingem os trabalhadores das minas, dos beneficiamentos e seus familiares. Ao analisar as dinâmicas e os processos de consolidação dos territórios extrativo-mineral na América Latina, no Brasil e na Bahia, compreendeu-se parte da estrutura desse modelo mineral predatório e violento. A operacionalização da categoria território, destacando seus usos prioritários, serviu metodologicamente para destrinchar as diferentes concepções que emergem sobre a natureza e a sociedade. A presente pesquisa contou com estudos conceituais e percorreu um caminho teórico conectado ao prático-empírico. Buscou-se ir do concreto ao plano das ideias e, novamente, retornar ao concreto, como propõe o método dialético. Assim, com pesquisas e trabalhos de extensão desenvolvidas no âmbito do GeografAR/UFBA, foram levantados diversos conflitos territoriais que envolvem a mineração na Bahia. Dos casos registrados, 15 foram abordados de forma mais abrangente e seguiram a seguinte proposta metodológica: os territórios extrativo-mineral do passado, os do presente e os que estão em fase de prospecção e de pesquisa. Nesse sentido, compreendeu-se as conflitualidades do campo baiano, em sua diversidade de territórios terra-abrigo. Uma disputa territorial mais específica sobre o município de Nordestina, onde doze comunidades quilombolas vivenciam e resistem à implantação e à extração dos diamantes kimberlitos, ganha maior destaque entre os exemplos concretos. Nas atividades de mineração, questões relacionadas a terra, a água e ao ar entram diretamente em conflitos com os modos de vida tradicional e à relação com a natureza destas populações centenárias, historicamente relacionadas aos processos coloniais violentos de invasão das terras indígenas e de escravização dos negros africanos; populações que ainda aguardam demarcações territoriais que lhes são de direito. Toda a dinâmica da globalização perversa e contraditória, aqui focada nas explorações e exportações de commodities minerais, leva a essa conjuntura territorial de “guerra aos povos” nos territórios terra-abrigo. The territories conflicts caused by mineral activity are present in all regions of Bahia state. Mineral extractive territories have proceeded with “spoliation” actions originating “amputations” over the land-shelters territories of rural population, traditional communities and peripheral urban neighborhood. Bahia is still constituted for the high concentration of lands and low social indexes. The mineral sector with actions of public powers from different scopes violate human rights, do not practice the activities transparently and without a true dialogue with the population, contributing for the continuation of drama and Brazilian “bleeding of territory”. Thus, there are also several labor and occupational health cases that reach mine workers, the beneficiations and their families. When analyzing the dynamics and the consolidation processes of mineral extractive territories in Latin America, Brazil and Bahia comprehended part of the structure of this predatory and violent mineral model. The operationalization of territory category, highlighting its priority uses, serves methodologically to analyze different conceptions that appear about nature and society. The present research included conceptual studies and examined a theoretical method connected to the empiric practical. This analysis searched from concrete to the plan of ideas and, again, returned to concrete plan, as dialectical method proposes. Therefore, with researches and extension works developed in the field of GeografAR/UFBA, several territories conflicts that involve mining at Bahia were observed. Fifteen from registered cases were studied comprehensively and followed this methodological proposal: the extractive mineral territories from the past, from the present time and those which are in the prospecting and research phase. In this context, the conflicts in Bahia were understood under its diversity of land-shelters territories. Among concrete examples, a more specific territorial dispute happens in the city of Nordestina, where twelve Quilombola communities live and resist the implantation and extraction of kimberlitic diamonds. Issues related to land, water and air directly conflict with traditional ways of life and the relationship with the nature of these centenarian populations, historically related to violent colonial processes of invasion of indigenous lands and, also the slavery of African people. They still await territorial demarcations because it is a point of law. All dynamics of the perverse and contradictory globalization, here focused on the explorations and exports of mineral commodities, leads to this territorial conjuncture of "War to peoples" in land-shelters territories.

À Florence, la succession médicéenne en 1465-1446 donne lieu à la conjuration du Poggio. La répression de celle-ci prend la forme d’une humiliation mettant en jeu espaces physiques et dimension symbolique. Dans l’espace citadin, il s’agit d’abord de faire disparaître physiquement les ennemis, en ciblant leur résidence ; cette action se double d’une portée symbolique. Au-delà, l’humiliation de la sanction redéfinit les relations extrafamiliales et produit des discours variés.

Each of the two great law-making events of 1215, Magna Carta and the Fourth Lateran Council, included provisions relating to dispossession (spoliation, disseisin) and how to remedy some of its previous deficiencies. This paper considers the legal texts in some detail and the history behind them, in canon law and, in relation to this topic, its Roman base; and in England, notably the legislation of the Anglo-Norman King Henry II (1154-1189). It then considers the effect of these changes in both canon and secular law after 1215 in the rest of the 13th century and a little beyond. The Anglo-Norman royal law is also compared with variants found in boroughs or cities (like London); in northern France; and in the Liber Augustalis of Frederick II for his kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy. Los dos grandes acontecimientos legislativos de 1215, la Carta Magna y el Cuarto Concilio de Letrán, incluyeron disposiciones relativas a la desposesión (expoliación, usurpación) y a la forma de remediar algunas de sus deficiencias anteriores. Este artículo considera los textos legales en detalle y la historia detrás de ellos, en derecho canónico y, en relación con este tema, su base romana, y en Inglaterra, en particular la legislación del rey anglo-normando Enrique II (1154-1189). A continuación, considera el efecto de estos cambios tanto en derecho canónico como secular después de 1215 y en el resto del siglo XIII, y un poco más allás. La ley real anglo-normanda también se compara con las variantes que se encuentran en distritos o ciudades (como Londres); en el norte de Francia; y en el Liber Augustalis de Federico II para el reino de Sicilia y el sur de Italia. Ciencias Religiosas Derecho

Gli interventi di archeologia preventiva nell’ambito dei lavori di ristrutturazione delle S.S.P.P. via del Mare e via Ostiense si sono concentrati nell’area immediatamente all’esterno dell’attuale confine del Parco archeologico di Ostia Antica. I saggi di scavo, seppur di limitata ampiezza a causa dei condizionamenti della viabilità moderna, hanno consentito di indagare in due distinte aree, proprio a cavallo dell’ipotetica linea di costa antica, i depositi sabbiosi riferibili all’antica area costiera e le stratigrafie archeologiche riconducibili alla fase di spoliazione dell’antica via Severiana consentendo di formulare una nuova ipotesi ricostruttiva circa il suo tracciato antico. Preventive archeology interventions in the renovation of S.S.P.P. via del Mare and via Ostiense were concentrated in the area immediately outside the current border of the Parco Archeologico di Ostia Antica. The excavations, albeit of limited amplitude due to the modalities of modern roads, allowed to investigate, in two distinct areas located precisely on the hypothetical line of the ancient coast, sand deposits related to the ancient coastal area and archaeological stratigraphies which can be traced back to the disintegration phase of the ancient via Severiana, allowing a new hypothesis about its ancient path.

The euphoria of the art market under the Nazi Occupation is also a reflection of an influx of goods resulting from the artistic spoliations of the Jewish community along with any opponent of the Third Reich. The main concern of this thesis deliberately places itself on this question. It proposes an analysis of the paradigms of an art market during a war period under the control of a collaborationist State., L'euphorie du marché de l'art sous l'Occupation est aussi le reflet d'un afflux de marchandises issues des spoliations artistiques des personnes de confessions juives ou de tout opposant du IIIe Reich. Le nœud d'exploration de la présente thèse se place volontairement sur cette question. Elle propose une analyse des paradigmes d'un marché de l'art en période de guerre sous contrôle d'État collaborationniste.

RESUMEN:Este artículo aborda el desarrollo de la norma que llenó un vacío jurídico existente en la materia objeto de análisis. A lo largo de este estudio se analizará el régimen jurídico de la Convención del Patrimonio Cultural Subacuático de 2001, estudiando su nacimiento, los objetivos y principios generales que establece, y la protección del patrimonio cultural subacuático en los distintos espacios marinos. Por último, se hará referencia a la entrada en vigor de la misma y a la relación de Estados que la han ratificado o aprobado. El objeto de análisis es especialmente relevante ya que debe considerarse que hasta el año 2001 no existía ningún texto internacional que protegiese esta materia de manera específica. ABSTRACT:This article discusses the development of the rule that filled a legal vacuum on this matter. Throughout this study, the legal status of the Underwater Cultural Heritage Convention 2001 will be analyzed, such as the studying of its birth, objectives and the general principles that establishes and the protection of the underwater cultural heritage in various marine areas. Finally, its entry into force will and the relation of states that have ratified or approved it will be highlighted. The object of analysis is especially relevant since it should be noted that until 2001 there wasn’t international text that would protect this area specifically.