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What makes the phonons in cuprates become chiral, as measured by their thermal Hall effect, is an unresolved question. Here, the authors rule out two extrinsic mechanisms and argue that chirality comes from a coupling of acoustic phonons to the intrinsic excitations of the CuO2 planes.

The heat carriers responsible for the unexpectedly large thermal Hall conductivity of the cuprate Mott insulator La2CuO4 were recently shown to be phonons. However, the mechanism by which phonons in cuprates acquire chirality in a magnetic field is still unknown. Here, we report a similar thermal Hall conductivity in two cuprate Mott insulators with significantly different crystal structures and magnetic orders – Nd2CuO4 and Sr2CuO2Cl2 – and show that two potential mechanisms can be excluded – the scattering of phonons by rare-earth impurities and by structural domains. Our comparative study further reveals that orthorhombicity, apical oxygens, the tilting of oxygen octahedra and the canting of spins out of the CuO2 planes are not essential to the mechanism of chirality. Our findings point to a chiral mechanism coming from a coupling of acoustic phonons to the intrinsic excitations of the CuO2 planes. What makes the phonons in cuprates become chiral, as measured by their thermal Hall effect, is an unresolved question. Here, the authors rule out two extrinsic mechanisms and argue that chirality comes from a coupling of acoustic phonons to the intrinsic excitations of the CuO2 planes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with open-shell d or f-electrons are of great importance for their intriguing electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. Often termed as strongly correlated systems, they pose great challenges for first-principles studies based on density-functional theory (DFT) in the local density approximation or generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The DFT plus the Hubbard U correction (DFT + U) approach, which is widely used in first-principles studies of strongly correlated systems, depends on the local Coulomb interaction parameters (the Hubbard U and the Hund exchange J) that are often chosen empirically, which significantly limits its predictive capability. In this work, we propose a local screened Coulomb correction (LSCC) approach in which the on-site Coulomb interaction parameters are determined by the local electron density based on the Thomas-Fermi screening model in a system-dependent and self-consistent way. The LSCC approach is applied to several typical strongly correlated systems (MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, β-MnO2, K2CuF4, KCuF3, KNiF3, La2CuO4, NiF2, MnF2, KMnF3, K2NiF4, La2NiO4, and Sr2CuO2Cl2), and the results are compared to those obtained from the hybrid functional and GGA methods. We found that the LSCC method can provide an accurate description of electronic and magnetic properties of considered strongly correlated systems and its performance is less sensitive to the effective range of the local projection than the closely related DFT + U approach. Therefore, the LSCC approach provides a parameter-free first-principles approach to strongly correlated systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phonons are known to generate a thermal Hall effect in certain insulators, including oxides with rare-earth impurities, quantum paraelectrics, multiferroic materials, and cuprate Mott insulators. In each case, a special feature of the material is presumed relevant for the underlying mechanism that confers chirality to phonons in a magnetic field. A fundamental question is whether a phonon Hall effect is an unusual occurrence--linked to special characteristics such as skew scattering off rare-earth impurities, structural domains, ferroelectricity, or ferromagnetism--or a much more common property of insulators than hitherto believed. To help answer this question, we have turned to a material with none of the previously encountered special features: the cubic antiferromagnet Cu3TeO6. We find that its thermal Hall conductivity Kxy is among the largest of any insulator so far. We show that this record-high Kxy signal is due to phonons, and it does not require the presence of magnetic order, as it persists above the ordering temperature. We conclude that the phonon Hall effect is likely to be a fairly common property of solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeycomb and kagome lattices can host propagating excitations with non-trivial topology as defined by their evolution along closed paths in momentum space. Excitations on such lattices can also be momentum-independent, and the associated flat bands are of interest due to strong interactions between heavy quasiparticles. Here, we report the discovery — using circularly polarized X-rays for the unambiguous isolation of magnetic signals — of a nearly flat spin-wave band and large (compared to elemental iron) orbital moment in the metallic ferromagnet Fe3Sn2 with compact AB-stacked kagome bilayers. As a function of out-of-plane momentum, the nearly flat optical mode and the global rotation symmetry-restoring acoustic mode are out of phase, consistent with a bilayer exchange coupling that is larger than the already large in-plane couplings. The defining units of this topological metal are therefore triangular lattices of octahedral iron clusters rather than weakly coupled kagome planes. The spin waves are strongly damped when compared to elemental iron, opening the topic of topological boson–fermion interactions for deeper exploration within this material platform.Kagome lattices host a plethora of topological phenomena. Here, the authors identify nearly flat spin-wave bands in part of the Brillouin zone and large orbital moments in the metallic kagome ferromagnet Fe3Sn2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 61Cu (61Ni) emission Mössbauer spectra of high-temperature superconducting ceramics are measured, as well as a number of dielectric and antiferromagnetic cupric metal oxides, which are structural analogues of high-temperature superconductors. The 61Ni nuclei quadrupole coupling constants are determined and their linear correlations are established with the calculated values of the lattice electric field gradient tensor (EFG) created in the copper sites. Linear correlations are found between the 61Ni and 63Cu nuclei quadrupole coupling constants, which make it possible to determine the valence contribution to the EFG for the both probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this publication, the potential non-gadolinium magnetic resonant imaging agent—nanoparticulate K2Mn[Fe(CN)6]—its comparison sample KFe[Co(CN)6], as well as their reference samples were measured and analyzed using Mn, Co and Fe L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (L XAS). From the information obtained, we conclude that K2Mn[Fe (CN)6] has a high spin (hs)-Mn(II) and a low spin (ls)-Fe(II), while KFe[Co(CN)6] has an hs-Fe(II) and an ls-Co(III). In these Prussian blue (PB) analog structures, the L XAS analysis also led to the conclusion that the hs-Mn(II) in K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] or the hs-Fe(II) in KFe[Co(CN)6] bonds to the N in the [M(CN)6]4−/3− ions (where M = Fe(II) or Co(III)), while the ls-Fe(II) in K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] or the ls-Co(III) in KFe[Co(CN)6] bonds to the C in the [M(CN)6]4−/3− ion, suggesting the complexed metalloligand [Mn(II) or Fe(II)] occupies the N-bound site in PB. Then, nuclear resonant vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) was used to confirm the results from the L XAS measurements: the Mn(II), Eu(III), Gd(III), Fe(II) cations complexed by [M(CN)6]n−-metalloligand all take the N-bound site in PB-like structures. Our NRVS studies also prove that iron in the K2Mn[Fe(CN)6] compound has a 2+ oxidation state and is surrounded by the C donor atoms in the [M(CN)6]n− ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last two decades copper metaborate CuB2O4 with a unique noncentrosymmetric crystal structure has become the subject of active research due to its unusual magnetic and optical properties. We consider the propagation and absorption of light in CuB2O4 based on the solution of Maxwell's equations. We present an overview of the main results on the investigation of the phonon spectrum using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Studies in the region of electronic transitions in Cu2+ ions in the crystal field have allowed the separation of contributions to the optical absorption from copper ions in inequivalent positions. A splitting of zero-phonon absorption lines in a magnetic field has been detected, and these results have received a theoretical explanation in terms of the exciton model. A rich structure of exciton–magnon states has been observed in the photoluminescence spectra. We have carried out a spectroscopic study of the optical second harmonic generation in the region of excitonic transitions, which has allowed the contribution of the toroidal moment and the Fano resonance to the observed signals to be revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown using Mössbauer spectroscopy on 61Cu(61Ni) isotopes that dielectric metal oxides of divalent copper exhibit combined quadrupole and Zeeman interaction of 61Ni nuclei with local fields in copper sites, whereas superconducting metal oxides exhibit only quadrupole interaction of 61Ni nuclei. The valence contributions to the electric field gradient tensor on 61Ni2+ and 63Cu2+ nuclei are found to be identical for all metal oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an overview of selected copper-based quasi-2D square-lattice spin-1/2 materials with an easy-plane anisotropy, providing the possibility to study emergent Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) correlations. In particular, in those materials with a comparatively small exchange coupling, the effective XY anisotropy of the low-temperature spin correlations can be controlled by an applied magnetic field, yielding a systematic evolution of the BKT correlations. In cases where the residual interlayer correlations are small enough, dynamical BKT correlations in the critical regime may be observed experimentally, whereas the completion of the genuine BKT transition is preempted by the onset of long-range order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying multi-particle elementary excitations has provided unique access to understand collective many-body phenomena in correlated electronic materials, paving the way towards constructing microscopic models. In this work, we perform O K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) on the quasi-one-dimensional cuprate Sr 14 Cu 24 O 41 with weakly-doped spin ladders. The RIXS signal is dominated by a dispersing sharp mode ~ 270 meV on top of a damped incoherent component ~ 400-500 meV. Comparing with model calculations using the perturbative continuous unitary transformations method, the two components resemble the spin-conserving ΔS = 0 two-triplon bound state and continuum excitations in the spin ladders. Such multi-spin response with long-lived ΔS = 0 excitons is central to several exotic magnetic properties featuring Majorana fermions, yet remains unexplored given the generally weak cross-section with other experimental techniques. By investigating a simple spin-ladder model system, our study provides valuable insight into low-dimensional quantum magnetism. Quasi-one-dimensional spin ladders are useful models to study collective many-body phenomena. Here, the authors investigate the excitations of weakly hole-doped cuprate ladders using oxygen K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering revealing fingerprints of spin singlet multi-triplon bound state and continuum modes that are relevant to understanding various collective spin phenomena, such as Majorana fermions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical magnetic field is one of the most interesting properties of superconductors. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the surface and upper critical magnetic fields of superconductors in Fe-based and cuprate superconductors as KFeSe and LaSrCuO superconductors, respectively. The anisotropic two-band Ginzburg–Landau method was used to generate the analytic equation. The analytics were shown for the simplified equation so that a second-order polynomial temperature-dependent equation could be applied and fitted to the experimental results of KFeSe and LaSrCuO superconductors. After that, numerical calculations were applied to find the shape of the Fermi surface, which is an important component within the band structure. It was found that the anisotropy of the Fermi surface for each band structure was affected by the upper critical magnetic field and the surface critical magnetic field to the upper critical magnetic field of the superconductors. The second-order polynomial temperature-dependent model can be applied to other superconductors to predict the surface and upper critical magnetic fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of phonon thermal Hall Effect (THE) observed in a variety of insulators is yet to be identified. Here, we report on the observation of a thermal Hall conductivity in a non-magnetic elemental insulator, with an amplitude exceeding what has been previously observed. In black phosphorus (BP), the longitudinal (κii), and the transverse, κij, thermal conductivities peak at the same temperature and at this peak temperature, the κij/κjj/B is ≈ 10−4−10−3 T−1. Both these features are shared by other insulators displaying THE, despite an absolute amplitude spreading over three orders of magnitude. The absence of correlation between the thermal Hall angle and the phonon mean-free-path imposes a severe constraint for theoretical scenarios of THE. We show that in BP a longitudinal and a transverse acoustic phonon mode anti-cross, facilitating wave-like transport across modes. The anisotropic charge distribution surrounding atomic bonds can pave the way for coupling between phonons and the magnetic field. The origin of phonon thermal Hall Effect in a variety of insulators is elusive. Here, the authors find that black phosphorus hosts the largest thermal Hall conductivity ever reported and the Hall angle does not correlate with the phonon mean-free path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter is devoted to theoretical calculations aimed at determining the electronic structure of binuclear complexes, including isotropic and anisotropic interactions in both the strong and in the weak-exchange coupling limits. The theory of effective Hamiltonians is used to extract magnetic anisotropy terms in various regimes and in particular those for which the giant-spin approximation holds. While only a second-rank symmetric tensor is necessary to describe the zero-field splitting in centrosymmetric compounds with a single electron on each metal ion, a 4-rank tensor must also be introduced to describe the anisotropic exchange in the case of two unpaired electrons per metal ion. The magnitude of these additional interactions was found to be larger than those of the well admitted 2-rank tensor. Even though, the magnetic anisotropy of binuclear complexes can often be predicted from the knowledge of the local anisotropy of its mononuclear constituents, the large magnitude of the 4-rank tensor makes theoretical calculations important if not mandatory to rationalize experimental results on firm grounds in systems where anisotropic binuclear interactions are important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on a first-principles study of SrCoOCl which contains CoO square planes separated by SrCl layers.Our results reveal that its striking behavior relies on the occupation of the 3d d / d orbitals of high-spin Co. Such an electronic state avoids Jahn-Teller effects, which cause electrostatic and hybridization effects. Therefore, it is easier to distinguish the shift of orbital arrangement with the variation of the Co-Cl distance and the Co-O distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present computations of the thermal Hall coefficient of phonons scattering off a defect with multiple energy levels. Using a microscopic formulation based on the Kubo formula, we find that the leading contribution perturbative in the phonon--defect coupling is proportional to the phonon lifetime and has a "side-jump" interpretation. Consequently, the thermal Hall angle is independent of the phonon lifetime. The contribution to the thermal Hall coefficient is at resonance when the phonon energy equals a defect-level spacing. Our results are obtained for three different defect models, which apply to different correlated electron materials. For the pseudogap regime of the cuprates, we propose a model of phonons coupled to an impurity quantum spin in the presence of quasistatic magnetic order with an isotropic Zeeman coupling to the applied field and without spin--orbit interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As nitric oxide (NO) plays significant roles in a variety of physiological processes, the capability for real-time and accurate detection of NO in live organisms is in great demand. Traditional assessments of NO rely on indirect colorimetric techniques or electrochemical sensors that often comprise rigid constituent materials and can hardly satisfy sensitivity and spatial resolution simultaneously. Here, we report a flexible and highly sensitive biosensor based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) capable of continuous and wireless detection of NO in biological systems. By modifying the geometry of the active channel and the gate electrodes of OECTs, devices achieve optimum signal amplification of NO. The sensor exhibits a low response limit, a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity, with a miniaturized active sensing region compared with a conventional electrochemical sensor. The device demonstrates continuous detection of the nanomolar range of NO in cultured cells for hours without significant signal drift. Real-time and wireless measurement of NO is accomplished for 8 d in the articular cavity of New Zealand White rabbits with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture injuries. The observed high level of NO is associated with the onset of osteoarthritis (OA) at the later stage. The proposed device platform could provide critical information for the early diagnosis of chronic diseases and timely medical intervention to optimize therapeutic efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become common knowledge that phonons can generate thermal Hall effect in a wide variety of materials, although the underlying mechanism is still controversial. We study longitudinal κxx and transverse κxy thermal conductivity in Pr2Ir2O7, which is a metallic analog of spin ice. Despite the presence of mobile charge carriers, we find that both κxx and κxy are dominated by phonons. A T/H scaling of κxx unambiguously reveals that longitudinal heat current is substantially impeded by resonant scattering of phonons on paramagnetic spins. Upon cooling, the resonant scattering is strongly affected by a development of spin ice correlation and κxx deviates from the scaling in an anisotropic way with respect to field directions. Strikingly, a set of the κxx and κxy data clearly shows that κxy correlates with κxx in its response to magnetic field including a success of the T/H scaling and its failure at low temperature. This remarkable correlation provides solid evidence that an indispensable role is played by spin-phonon scattering not only for hindering the longitudinal heat conduction, but also for generating the transverse response. The thermal Hall effect, or a temperature gradient transverse to a heat current and a magnetic field, has been observed in many materials, but its mechanism is not fully understood. Uehara et al. demonstrate the dominant phonon contribution to both longitudinal and transverse thermal response in a metallic spin ice Pr2Ir2O7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper optical absorption of high-Tc superconductors in the infrared region is investigated within the framework of the spin polaron theory. The approach uses a representation where holes are spinless fermions while spins are normal bosons. Thus, we explored infrared absorption in high-Tc superconductors at finite temperature in a completely analytical way. This task is done through the use of the Matsubara Green's function method in the spin polaron formulation. Infrared absorption is then analyzed in terms of the conductivity which is a function of the energy gap and the frequency of the infrared energy. Our main result is consistent with the conductivity of superconductors in the clean limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic properties of the 2D anisotropic antiferromagnetic spin‐1/2 Heisenberg model with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and in‐plane frustration are studied. The method of spin Green's functions within the framework of Tyablikov's random‐phase‐approximation decoupling scheme is used to derive expressions for the spin‐wave spectrum, sublattice magnetization, and transition temperature. Based on these expressions, a detailed analysis of the influence of varying values of model parameters on their magnetic properties is conducted. The model is also applied to the high‐Tc superconducting parent compound La2CuO4 and the results compared with available experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature superconductivity in cuprates arises from doping a parent Mott insulator by electrons or holes. A central issue is how the Mott gap evolves and the low-energy states emerge with doping. Here we report angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy measurements on a cuprate parent compound by sequential in situ electron doping. The chemical potential jumps to the bottom of the upper Hubbard band upon a slight electron doping, making it possible to directly visualize the charge transfer band and the full Mott gap region. With increasing doping, the Mott gap rapidly collapses due to the spectral weight transfer from the charge transfer band to the gapped region and the induced low-energy states emerge in a wide energy range inside the Mott gap. These results provide key information on the electronic evolution in doping a Mott insulator and establish a basis for developing microscopic theories for cuprate superconductivity. How a Mott insulating state evolves into a conducting or superconducting state is a central issue in doping a Mott insulator and important to understand the physics in high temperature cuprate superconductors. Here, the authors visualize the electronic structure evolution of a Mott insulator within the full Mott gap region and address the fundamental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intermittent electromagnetic fields with a large ∂ B / ∂ t can enhance the properties of ferromagnetic materials and significantly affect paramagnetic materials. In this study, the effect of a pulsed electromagnetic field on the crystal orientation of the primary phase and microstructure evolution of an Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy was investigated. A mathematical model was developed to describe crystal rotation under a pulsed electromagnetic field. The model predictions show that the magnetic energy difference generated by the magnetic anisotropy of the primary crystal produces primary phases with sizes of 225–100 μm to rotate into a <111> preferred orientation. The lattice constant, the interplanar spacing, and the microstrain increase with the duty cycle of the pulsed magnetic field, especially for the (111) and (200) crystal planes. This study provides preliminary theoretical support for using pulsed electromagnetic fields to control the orientation and microscopic properties of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting with a minimal model in which the on-site Hilbert space is reduced to only three effective valence centers (nominally ), we present a unified approach to the description of variety of the local intra-unit-cell order parameters in high-T cuprates going beyond Zhang–Rice model and address recent experimental findings. Central point of the model implies the occurrence of unconventional on-site quantum superpositions of three valent states characterized by different hole occupation: = 0, 1, 2 for centers, respectively, different conventional spin: s = 1/2 for center and s = 0 for centers, and different orbital symmetry: for the ground state of the centers, for the centers, and the Zhang–Rice (ZR) or more complicated low-lying non-ZR states for center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that even when spins and orbitals disentangle in the ground state, spin excitations are renormalized by the local tuning of eg orbitals in ferromagnetic planes of K2CuF4 and LaMnO3. As a result, dressed spin excitations (magnons) obtained within the electronic model propagate as quasiparticles and their energy renormalization depends on momentum. Therefore magnons in spin-orbital systems go beyond the paradigm of the effective Heisenberg model with nearest neighbor spin exchange derived from the ground state—spin-orbital entanglement in excited states predicts large magnon softening at the Brillouin zone boundary, and in case of LaMnO3 the magnon energy at the M = (π, π) point may be reduced by ∼45%. In contrast, simultaneously the stiffness constant near the Goldstone mode is almost unaffected. We elucidate physics behind magnon renormalization in spin-orbital systems and explain why long wavelength magnons are unrenormalized while simultaneously energies of short wavelength magnons are reduced by orbital fluctuations. In fact, the -dependence of the magnon energy is modified mainly by dispersion which originates from spin exchange between second neighbors along the cubic axes a and b. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous experimental data point to cuprates as d-d charge transfer unstable systems whose description implies the inclusion of the three many-electron valence states CuO47−,6−,5− (nominally Cu1+,2+,3+) on an equal footing as a well-defined charge triplet. We introduce a minimal model to describe the charge degree of freedom in cuprates with the on-site Hilbert space reduced to only the three states and make use of the S = 1 pseudospin formalism. The formalism constitutes a powerful method to study complex phenomena in interacting quantum systems characterized by the coexistence and competition of various ordered states. Overall, such a framework provides a simple and systematic methodology to predict and discover new kinds of orders. In particular, the pseudospin formalism provides the most effective way to describe different topological structures, in particular, due to a possibility of a geometrical two-vector description of the on-site states. We introduce and analyze effective pseudospin Hamiltonian with on-site and inter-site charge correlations, two types of a correlated one-particle transfer and two-particle, or the composite boson transfer. The latter is of a principal importance for the HTSC perspectives. The 2D S = 1 pseudospin system is prone to a creation of different topological structures, which form topologically protected inhomogeneous distributions of the eight local S = 1 pseudospin order parameters. We present a short overview of localized topological structures, typical for S = 1 (pseudo)spin systems, focusing on unexpected antiphase domain walls in parent cuprates and so-called quadrupole skyrmion, which are believed to be candidates for a topological charge excitation in parent or underdoped cuprates. Puzzlingly, these unconventional structures can be characterized by an uniform distribution of the mean on-site charge, that makes these invisible for X-rays. Quasi-classical approximation and computer simulation are applied to analyze localized topological defects and evolution of the domain structures in "negative-U" model under charge order-superfluid phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite-type oxides have proven to be a versatile class of compounds with systematic study of their structure and various properties. Further structural variations and properties can be added by adding a second anionic species other than oxide, such as hydride, fluoride, nitride, or others. The different charge, covalency, size, and new modes of local coordination offer convenient ways to further control carrier doping, magnetism, conductivity, and even chemical reactivity. In this review we examine the recent work concerning various mixed-anion perovskites and conclude with potential new directions for the further development of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest release of the Crystal program for solid‐state quantum‐mechanical ab initio simulations is presented. The program adopts atom‐centered Gaussian‐type functions as a basis set, which makes it possible to perform all‐electron as well as pseudopotential calculations. Systems of any periodicity can be treated at the same level of accuracy (from 0D molecules, clusters and nanocrystals, to 1D polymers, helices, nanorods, and nanotubes, to 2D monolayers and slab models for surfaces, to actual 3D bulk crystals), without any artificial repetition along nonperiodic directions for 0–2D systems. Density functional theory calculations can be performed with a variety of functionals belonging to several classes: local‐density (LDA), generalized‐gradient (GGA), meta‐GGA, global hybrid, range‐separated hybrid, and self‐consistent system‐specific hybrid. In particular, hybrid functionals can be used at a modest computational cost, comparable to that of pure LDA and GGA formulations, because of the efficient implementation of exact nonlocal Fock exchange. Both translational and point‐symmetry features are fully exploited at all steps of the calculation, thus drastically reducing the corresponding computational cost. The various properties computed encompass electronic structure (including magnetic spin‐polarized open‐shell systems, electron density analysis), geometry (including full or constrained optimization, transition‐state search), vibrational properties (frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities, phonon density of states), thermal properties (quasi‐harmonic approximation), linear and nonlinear optical properties (static and dynamic [hyper]polarizabilities), strain properties (elasticity, piezoelectricity, photoelasticity), electron transport properties (Boltzmann, transport across nanojunctions), as well as X‐ray and inelastic neutron spectra. The program is distributed in serial, parallel, and massively parallel versions. In this paper, the original developments that have been devised and implemented in the last 4 years (since the distribution of the previous public version, Crystal14, occurred in December 2013) are described. This article is categorized under: Software > Quantum Chemistry Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic and vibrational features of the single- (I1N) and double- (I2N) nitrogen interstitial defects in diamond are investigated at the quantum mechanical level using a periodic supercell approach based on hybrid functionals constructed from all electron Gaussian basis sets within the Crystal code. The results are compared with those of the well characterized 〈100〉 split self-interstitial defect (I2C). The effect of defect concentration has been investigated using supercells with different size, containing 64 and 216 atoms. Band structure, formation energy, charge and spin density distributions of each defect are analyzed. Irrespective of the defect concentration, these defects show important features for both IR and Raman spectroscopies. Stretching modes of the two atoms involved in the defect are calculated to be around 1837, 1761 and 1897 cm−1 for the I1N, I2N and I2C case, respectively. Since they are well removed from the one-phonon mode of pristine diamond (1332 cm−1), they are, in principle, detectable from the experimental point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The correlation between the charge-order wave vector QCD and second-neighbor hopping t′ in cuprate superconductors is studied based on the t- t′- J model. It is shown that the magnitude of the charge-order wave vector QCD increases with the increase of t′, and then the experimentally observed differences of the magnitudes of the charge-order wave vector QCD among the different families of cuprate superconductors at the same doping concentration can be attributed to the different values of t′. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last century, inorganic oxide compounds laid foundations for materials synthesis, characterization, and technology translation by adding new functions into devices previously dominated by main-group element semiconductor compounds. Today, compounds with multiple anions beyond the single-oxide ion, such as oxyhalides and oxyhydrides, offer a new materials platform from which superior functionality may arise. Here we review the recent progress, status, and future prospects and challenges facing the development and deployment of mixed-anion compounds, focusing mainly on oxide-derived materials. We devote attention to the crucial roles that multiple anions play during synthesis, characterization, and in the physical properties of these materials. We discuss the opportunities enabled by recent advances in synthetic approaches for design of both local and overall structure, state-of-the-art characterization techniques to distinguish unique structural and chemical states, and chemical/physical properties emerging from the synergy of multiple anions for catalysis, energy conversion, and electronic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) has wide application potential owing to its 2D structure and diverse modification sites for various targeted uses. The introduction of magnetism into GO structures has further advanced the controllability of the application of GO materials. Herein, the concept of modular design and modeling was applied to tune the magnetism of GO. To obtain desirable magnetic properties, diradical-structured GO patches were formed by the introduction of two functional groups to break the Kekule structure of the benzene ring. In these diradical GO patches, the energy of the triplet state was lower than those of the open-shell broken-symmetry singlet state and closed-shell singlet state. To create such multi-radical patches, a practical approach is to determine a substantial spatial separation of the α and β spin densities in the molecule. Thus, systematic design strategies and tests were evaluated. The first strategy was extending the distance between the distribution center of the α and β spin densities; the second was controlling the delocalization directions of the α and β electrons; the third was controlling the delocalization extension of the α and β electrons by oxidative modification, and finally introducing multi-radical structures into the molecular system and controlling the position of each radical. Herein, successful molecular models with a large magnetic coupling constant (∼3600 cm−1) were obtained. This study paves the way to explore ferromagnetic MGO guided by theoretical study, which may become reality soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) at the Cu L3 edge to measure the charge and spin excitations in the "half-stuffed" Cu-O planes of the cuprate antiferromagnet Ba2Cu3O4Cl2. The RIXS line shape reveals distinct contributions to the dd excitations from the two structurally inequivalent Cu sites, which have different out-of-plane coordinations. The low-energy response exhibits magnetic excitations. We find a spin-wave branch whose dispersion follows the symmetry of a CuO2 sublattice, similar to the case of the "fully stuffed" planes of tetragonal CuO (T-CuO). Its bandwidth is closer to that of a typical cuprate material, such as Sr2CuO2Cl2, than it is to that of T-CuO. We interpret this result as arising from the absence of the effective four-spin inter-sublattice interactions that act to reduce the bandwidth in T-CuO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]