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4. Linguistic Analysis behind Innovative Renderings of אִישׁ‎ in a Newly Published Translation

Author

Stein, David E. S.

Abstract

The Revised Jewish Publication Society translation of the Hebrew Bible (RJPS, 2023), an adaptation of the meaning-based English version known as NJPS (1985, 1999), has changed many renderings of the personal noun אִישׁ‎ (usually glossed as “man; person”). This article explains the cognitively based, communication-oriented thinking behind seventy new renderings. In these cases, singular אִישׁ‎ appears in construct with a group name (most often יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ “Israel”) and refers to a specific plurality of persons regarded as a single body. The analysis views אִישׁ‎ as a situating noun, that is, its use profiles its referent in terms of the depicted situation. The proposed motivation for singular collective usage is to make a pragmatic contrast with אֲנָשִׁים‎ (the standard plural of אִישׁ‎) to situate the participant in the bigger picture. This situation-oriented approach readily yields coherent and informative texts while solving interpretive cruxes. Principles for translating a situating noun are also briefly discussed.

Published
2024
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5. Cognitive Factors as a Key to Plain-Sense Biblical Interpretation: Resolving Cruxes in Gen 18:1–15 and 32:23–33

Author

Stein David E. S.

Subjects
agency, angels, cognitive scripts, communication, lexical semantics, online language processing, messaging, messengers, narrative conventions, participant reference tracking, pragmatics, ’ish (the hebrew word), Religion (General), BL1-50
Abstract

Both the accounts of Abraham’s three visitors (Gen 18:1-15) and of Jacob’s nighttime intruder (32:23- 33) are famous interpretive cruxes. This article shows why the plain sense is that both Abraham and Jacob recognize right away that the newly introduced figures represent their deity. It does this by: (1) accounting for the place of messengers in the mental life of ancient Israel; (2) recovering an under-appreciated yet cognitively based narrative convention regarding messengers; (3) setting the starting point of each narrative with care; (4) attending to the semantics and pragmatics of the main noun in both accounts; and (5) emulating the online processing of language that an audience’s mind automatically employs, which is incremental and prediction-driven. In the emulation exercise, the audience’s mental parser arrives at a “recipient recognition” (RR) construal quickly-already before the end of 18:2, and by the end of 32:25. Furthermore, handling 32:25 in this manner resolves a third crux at the same time (32:2-3). An RR construal is cognitively favored because it yields a coherent and informative text, unlike the “obscured origin” (OO) construal that theologians presently favor. Meanwhile, the emulation validates a previously proposed hypothesis that the noun אִישׁ ’îš functions as the generic label for designating an “agent”-that is, someone who is representing the interests of another party. All told, this article employs a variety of cognitive factors as keys to plain-sense interpretation. Finally, it touches upon the theological implications of the RR construal of the two passages under study.

Published
2018
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15. List of contributors

Author

Abadi, Arad, Abdoli, Sherwin, Acton, Benjamin, Adams, Alexandra M., Aderonmu, Aderinsola A., Ahuja, Rakesh, Aiyash, Saleh, Akopian, Gabriel, Allar, Benjamin G., Amendola, Michael F., Anderson, Taylor, Andreadis, Athena, Ang, Darwin N., Anghel, Ersilia, Anthony, Favour Mfonobong, Anthony, Precious Idorenyin, Apfeld, Jordan C., Aref, Youssef, Arias, Fernando D., Arnold, Margaret, Badami, Abbasali, Bakal, Jeffrey Alexander, Bansal, Varun V., Barney, J., Barson, Jessica, Beck, Lauren L., Bender, Andrew R., Bhat, Vivek, Biswas, Saptarshi, Blitzer, David, Boeckholt, Tayt, Bolton, John S., Bose, Sourav K., Bowers, Gerald M., Brindle, Mary E., Brown, Matthew A., Brunicardi, F. Charles, Burkhart, Richard A., Byk, Jennifer L., Campbell, M., Carmona Matos, Danilea M., Castro-Ochoa, Kenny J., Cendan, Juan, Charles, Shane, Chavez-Rivera, Angel D., Chen, Hao Wei, Chen, Herbert, Chen, Kevin, Chen, Wendy, Cheng, Darren C., Cherng, Nicole B., Chopra, Christina Shree, Clifton, G. Travis, Crowner, Jason, Curtis, Houston, Daramola, Temilolaoluwa O., Darbandi, Aria, Dasani, Serena, DeJarnette, Kaci, Deneve, Jeremiah, Dewan, Karuna, Dial, Marcus, DiGiacomo, Jody C., DiMatteo, Andrew L., Dirkhipa, Tsering Y., Dittman, James M., Dodd, Ashley C., Dowlat, Israel, Drawbert, Hans E., Duchesne, Juan, Elfanagely, Omar, Elfanagely, Yousef, Eliyas, Javed Khader, Eruchalu, Chukwuma N., Etheridge, James C., Faridmoayer, Erfan, Faruqi, Arjumand, Feliz, Jessica Dominique, Fleming, Martin D., Fluke, Laura M., Flynn, Jason M., Fowler, Kathryn L., Garcia, Miguel, Garg, Tushar, Gedeon, Patrick C., Gilmor, Ruby, Goldman, Julie, Gonzalez, Christian, Guenter, Rachael E., Gulack, Brian C., Handmacher, Matthew, Haskins, Ivy N., Haupt, Carl, Hemal, Kshipra, Hey, Matthew T., Holguin, Perez, Hollenbeak, Christopher S., Holmes, Andrew, Hong, Hyo Jung, Huerta, Nicholas, Hussain, Mohamad A., Inostroza-Nieves, Yaritza, Kahn, Marc J., Karhadkar, Sunil S., Kashem, Mohammed A., Kawaji, Qingwen, Kazim, Syed Faraz, Kelley, Kathryn C., Khajanchi, Monty U., Khan, Shaarif Rauf, Kieu, Quynh, Kim, Charissa, Klein, Roger, Kool, Suzanne, Kruger, Jessica S., Kulaylat, Afif N., Kulaylat, Audrey S., Laikhter, Elizabeth, Lance, Samuel, LeBlanc, Megan, Lee, David, Lefevre, Frank V., Levy, Jacob, Lile, Deacon J., Lin, Carol A., Luo, Xinyi, Machado-Aranda, David A., Majeed, Kashif, Mamidala, Madhu, Mamode, Nizam, Mane, Abhishek, Manstein, Samuel M., Maroney, Jenna, Maxwell, Jessica, McCarthy, Patrick M., McCarthy, Philip, Mejia, Hector, Menon, Pallavi, Moeller, Albert, Morris, Dennis Spalla, Nadone, Haley, Nanda, Anil, Nauta, Allison, Navarro, Matthew, Nelson, Daniel W., Neubauer, Daniel C., Nguyen, Kaitlin A., Nguyen, Louis L., Nielson, Katherine, O. McCrea, Austin, Ocaña Narváez, Delia S., Oro, Peter, Ortega, Gezzer, Osband, Adena J., Ozair, Ahmad, Palanki, Rohan, Palau, Jaime Pardo, Panichella, Juliet, Patankar, Panini, Patel, Aneri, Patel, Nirmit, Pendlebury, Gehan A., Poa-Li, Christina, Prabhakaran, Sangeetha, Qamar, Hashir, Raghupathi, Ramesh, Rahman, Faique, Ramalingam, Mohan, Razi, Syed S., Razzack, Aminah Abdul, Razzaq, Abdul, Reich, Amanda J., Reid, Christopher, Resweber, Clay, Riddle, Mark, Rojas-Alexandre, Mehida, Rowell, Susan, Roxo, Vanessa, Roy, Debosree, Russell, Jacqueline L., Sachdev, Mala, Salas-Parra, Ruben D., Salim, Ali, Sampson, John H., Sanchez, Andrea Valquiria, Sanchez, Tiffany R., Schubart, Jane R., Schwartz, C., Schwartzman, Alexander, Scott, Erin M., Seifi, Ali, Sekhani, Aditya, Shen, Chan, Shiah, Eric, Shupp, Jeffrey W., Sievers, Meaghan, Silver, Rachel E., Singh, Kirit, Sinyard, Robert D., Smith, Kevin L., Soltani, Tandis, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Soyland, Dallas J., Stanley, Mackinzie A., Stein, David E., Stuart, Sean C., Tran, Linh, Vierra, Andrew, Welten, Vanessa M., Whelihan, Kate, White, Brandon M., Williams-Karnesky, Rebecca L., Witt, Emily E., X. Rhodes, Heather, Yamaguchi, Seiji, Yenduri, Ravali, Yiu, Andrew, Zambetti, Benjamin R., Zino, Christa, and Zlomke, Haley A.

Published
2023
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16. Reinstating Elective Surgeries in MedStar Health

Author

Stein, David E., primary, Chia, Stanley H., additional, Breakey, Thomas H., additional, Song, David H., additional, Woo, Edward Y., additional, Fairbanks, Rollin J., additional, Jordan, David, additional, Curl, Leigh Ann, additional, Boucher, Henry R., additional, Boyle, Lisa, additional, Edwards, Karol, additional, Friedrich, Hanna, additional, Gilbert, Robert J., additional, Matton, Jeffrey, additional, Mucci, Kathy, additional, Chambers, Bradley, additional, Sachtleben, Michael, additional, and Watson, Thomas J., additional

Published
2020
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20. Malate–aspartate shuttle promotes l‐lactate oxidation in mitochondria.

Author

Altinok, Oya, Poggio, Juan L., Stein, David E., Bowne, Wilbur B., Shieh, Adrian C., Snyder, Nathaniel W., and Orynbayeva, Zulfiya

Subjects
GLYCOLYSIS, NAD (Coenzyme), OXIDATIVE phosphorylation, CELL metabolism, LACTATE dehydrogenase, COLON cancer, OXIDATION
Abstract

Metabolism in cancer cells is rewired to generate sufficient energy equivalents and anabolic precursors to support high proliferative activity. Within the context of these competing drives aerobic glycolysis is inefficient for the cancer cellular energy economy. Therefore, many cancer types, including colon cancer, reprogram mitochondria‐dependent processes to fulfill their elevated energy demands. Elevated glycolysis underlying the Warburg effect is an established signature of cancer metabolism. However, there are a growing number of studies that show that mitochondria remain highly oxidative under glycolytic conditions. We hypothesized that activities of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are coordinated to maintain redox compartmentalization. We investigated the role of mitochondria‐associated malate–aspartate and lactate shuttles in colon cancer cells as potential regulators that couple aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrated that the malate–aspartate shuttle exerts control over NAD+/NADH homeostasis to maintain activity of mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase and to enable aerobic oxidation of glycolytic l‐lactate in mitochondria. The elevated glycolysis in cancer cells is proposed to be one of the mechanisms acquired to accelerate oxidative phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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