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1. Momentum Transfer from the DART Mission Kinetic Impact on Asteroid Dimorphos

Author

Cheng, Andrew F., Agrusa, Harrison F., Barbee, Brent W., Meyer, Alex J., Farnham, Tony L., Raducan, Sabina D., Richardson, Derek C., Dotto, Elisabetta, Zinzi, Angelo, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Statler, Thomas S., Chesley, Steven, Naidu, Shantanu P., Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Li, Jian-Yang, Eggl, Siegfried, Barnouin, Olivier S., Chabot, Nancy L., Chocron, Sidney, Collins, Gareth S., Daly, R. Terik, Davison, Thomas M., DeCoster, Mallory E., Ernst, Carolyn M., Ferrari, Fabio, Graninger, Dawn M., Jacobson, Seth A., Jutzi, Martin, Kumamoto, Kathryn M., Luther, Robert, Lyzhoft, Joshua R., Michel, Patrick, Murdoch, Naomi, Nakano, Ryota, Palmer, Eric, Rivkin, Andrew S., Scheeres, Daniel J., Stickle, Angela M., Sunshine, Jessica M., Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M., Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Walker, James D., Wünnemann, Kai, Zhang, Yun, Amoroso, Marilena, Bertini, Ivano, Brucato, John R., Capannolo, Andrea, Cremonese, Gabriele, Dall'Ora, Massimo, Deshapriya, Prasanna J. D., Gai, Igor, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Ieva, Simone, Impresario, Gabriele, Ivanovski, Stavro L., Lavagna, Michèle, Lucchetti, Alice, Epifani, Elena M., Modenini, Dario, Pajola, Maurizio, Palumbo, Pasquale, Perna, Davide, Pirrotta, Simone, Poggiali, Giovanni, Rossi, Alessandro, Tortora, Paolo, Zannoni, Marco, and Zanotti, Giovanni

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission performed a kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos, the satellite of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, at 23:14 UTC on September 26, 2022 as a planetary defense test. DART was the first hypervelocity impact experiment on an asteroid at size and velocity scales relevant to planetary defense, intended to validate kinetic impact as a means of asteroid deflection. Here we report the first determination of the momentum transferred to an asteroid by kinetic impact. Based on the change in the binary orbit period, we find an instantaneous reduction in Dimorphos's along-track orbital velocity component of 2.70 +/- 0.10 mm/s, indicating enhanced momentum transfer due to recoil from ejecta streams produced by the impact. For a Dimorphos bulk density range of 1,500 to 3,300 kg/m$^3$, we find that the expected value of the momentum enhancement factor, $\beta$, ranges between 2.2 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos. If Dimorphos and Didymos are assumed to have equal densities of 2,400 kg/m$^3$, $\beta$= 3.61 +0.19/-0.25 (1 $\sigma$). These $\beta$ values indicate that significantly more momentum was transferred to Dimorphos from the escaping impact ejecta than was incident with DART. Therefore, the DART kinetic impact was highly effective in deflecting the asteroid Dimorphos., Comment: accepted by Nature

Published
2023
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2. Successful Kinetic Impact into an Asteroid for Planetary Defense

Author

Daly, R. Terik, Ernst, Carolyn M., Barnouin, Olivier S., Chabot, Nancy L., Rivkin, Andrew S., Cheng, Andrew F., Adams, Elena Y., Agrusa, Harrison F., Abel, Elisabeth D., Alford, Amy L., Asphaug, Erik I., Atchison, Justin A., Badger, Andrew R., Baki, Paul, Ballouz, Ronald-L., Bekker, Dmitriy L., Bellerose, Julie, Bhaskaran, Shyam, Buratti, Bonnie J., Cambioni, Saverio, Chen, Michelle H., Chesley, Steven R., Chiu, George, Collins, Gareth S., Cox, Matthew W., DeCoster, Mallory E., Ericksen, Peter S., Espiritu, Raymond C., Faber, Alan S., Farnham, Tony L., Ferrari, Fabio, Fletcher, Zachary J., Gaskell, Robert W., Graninger, Dawn M., Haque, Musad A., Harrington-Duff, Patricia A., Hefter, Sarah, Herreros, Isabel, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Huang, Philip M., Hsieh, Syau-Yun W., Jacobson, Seth A., Jenkins, Stephen N., Jensenius, Mark A., John, Jeremy W., Jutzi, Martin, Kohout, Tomas, Krueger, Timothy O., Laipert, Frank E., Lopez, Norberto R., Luther, Robert, Lucchetti, Alice, Mages, Declan M., Marchi, Simone, Martin, Anna C., McQuaide, Maria E., Michel, Patrick, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., Murphy, Ian W., Murdoch, Naomi, Naidu, Shantanu P., Nair, Hari, Nolan, Michael C., Ormö, Jens, Pajola, Maurizio, Palmer, Eric E., Peachey, James M., Pravec, Petr, Raducan, Sabina D., Ramesh, K. T., Ramirez, Joshua R., Reynolds, Edward L., Richman, Joshua E., Robin, Colas Q., Rodriguez, Luis M., Roufberg, Lew M., Rush, Brian P., Sawyer, Carolyn A., Scheeres, Daniel J., Scheirich, Petr, Schwartz, Stephen R., Shannon, Matthew P., Shapiro, Brett N., Shearer, Caitlin E., Smith, Evan J., Steele, R. Joshua, Steckloff, Jordan K, Stickle, Angela M., Sunshine, Jessica M., Superfin, Emil A., Tarzi, Zahi B., Thomas, Cristina A., Thomas, Justin R., Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., Tropf, B. Teresa, Vaughan, Andrew T., Velez, Dianna, Waller, C. Dany, Wilson, Daniel S., Wortman, Kristin A., and Zhang, Yun

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

While no known asteroid poses a threat to Earth for at least the next century, the catalog of near-Earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation. Several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with Earth by deflecting or disrupting an asteroid. A test of kinetic impact technology was identified as the highest priority space mission related to asteroid mitigation. NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is the first full-scale test of kinetic impact technology. The mission's target asteroid was Dimorphos, the secondary member of the S-type binary near-Earth asteroid (65803) Didymos. This binary asteroid system was chosen to enable ground-based telescopes to quantify the asteroid deflection caused by DART's impact. While past missions have utilized impactors to investigate the properties of small bodies those earlier missions were not intended to deflect their targets and did not achieve measurable deflections. Here we report the DART spacecraft's autonomous kinetic impact into Dimorphos and reconstruct the impact event, including the timeline leading to impact, the location and nature of the DART impact site, and the size and shape of Dimorphos. The successful impact of the DART spacecraft with Dimorphos and the resulting change in Dimorphos's orbit demonstrates that kinetic impactor technology is a viable technique to potentially defend Earth if necessary., Comment: Accepted by Nature

Published
2023
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3. Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos

Author

Li, Jian-Yang, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Farnham, Tony L., Sunshine, Jessica M., Knight, Matthew M., Tancredi, Gonzalo, Moreno, Fernando, Murphy, Brian, Opitom, Cyrielle, Chesley, Steve, Scheeres, Daniel J., Thomas, Cristina A., Fahnestock, Eugene G., Cheng, Andrew F., Dressel, Linda, Ernst, Carolyn M., Ferrari, Fabio, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Ieva, Simone, Ivanovski, Stavro L., Kareta, Teddy, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, Lister, Tim, Raducan, Sabina D., Rivkin, Andrew S., Rossi, Alessandro, Soldini, Stefania, Stickle, Angela M., Vick, Alison, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Weaver, Harold A., Bagnulo, Stefano, Bannister, Michele T., Cambioni, Saverio, Bagatin, Adriano Campo, Chabot, Nancy L., Cremonese, Gabriele, Daly, R. Terik, Dotto, Elisabetta, Glenar, David A., Granvik, Mikael, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Herreros, Isabel, Jacobson, Seth, Jutzi, Martin, Kohout, Tomas, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Lazzarin, Monica, Lin, Zhong-Yi, Lolachi, Ramin, Lucchetti, Alice, Makadia, Rahil, Epifani, Elena Mazzotta, Michel, Patrick, Migliorini, Alessandra, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., Orm., Jens, Pajola, Maurizio, nchez, Paul S., Schwartz, Stephen R., Snodgrass, Colin, Steckloff, Jordan, Stubbs, Timothy J., and Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Some active asteroids have been proposed to be the result of impact events. Because active asteroids are generally discovered serendipitously only after their tail formation, the process of the impact ejecta evolving into a tail has never been directly observed. NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, apart from having successfully changed the orbital period of Dimorphos, demonstrated the activation process of an asteroid from an impact under precisely known impact conditions. Here we report the observations of the DART impact ejecta with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) from impact time T+15 minutes to T+18.5 days at spatial resolutions of ~2.1 km per pixel. Our observations reveal a complex evolution of ejecta, which is first dominated by the gravitational interaction between the Didymos binary system and the ejected dust and later by solar radiation pressure. The lowest-speed ejecta dispersed via a sustained tail that displayed a consistent morphology with previously observed asteroid tails thought to be produced by impact. The ejecta evolution following DART's controlled impact experiment thus provides a framework for understanding the fundamental mechanisms acting on asteroids disrupted by natural impact., Comment: accepted by Nature

Published
2023
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4. Effects of impact and target parameters on the results of a kinetic impactor: predictions for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission

Author

Stickle, Angela M., DeCoster, Mallory E., Burger, Christoph, Caldwell, Wendy K., Graninger, Dawn, Kumamoto, Kathryn M., Luther, Robert, Ormö, Jens, Raducan, Sabina, Rainey, Emma, Schäfer, Christoph M., Walker, James D., Zhang, Yun, Michel, Patrick, Owen, J. Michael, Barnouin, Olivier, Cheng, Andy F., Cochron, Sidney, Collins, Gareth S., Davison, Thomas M., Dotto, Elisabetta, Ferrari, Fabio, Herreros, M. Isabel, Ivanovski, Stavro L., Jutzi, Martin, Lucchetti, Alice, Martellato, Elena, Pajola, Maurizio, Plesko, Cathy S., Syal, Megan Bruck, Schwartz, Stephen R., Sunshine, Jessica M., and Wünnemann, Kai

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft will impact into the asteroid Dimorphos on September 26, 2022 as a test of the kinetic impactor technique for planetary defense. The efficiency of the deflection following a kinetic impactor can be represented using the momentum enhancement factor, Beta, which is dependent on factors such as impact geometry and the specific target material properties. Currently, very little is known about Dimorphos and its material properties that introduces uncertainty in the results of the deflection efficiency observables, including crater formation, ejecta distribution, and Beta. The DART Impact Modeling Working Group (IWG) is responsible for using impact simulations to better understand the results of the DART impact. Pre-impact simulation studies also provide considerable insight into how different properties and impact scenarios affect momentum enhancement following a kinetic impact. This insight provides a basis for predicting the effects of the DART impact and the first understanding of how to interpret results following the encounter. Following the DART impact, the knowledge gained from these studies will inform the initial simulations that will recreate the impact conditions, including providing estimates for potential material properties of Dimorphos and Beta resulting from DARTs impact. This paper summarizes, at a high level, what has been learned from the IWG simulations and experiments in preparation for the DART impact. While unknown, estimates for reasonable potential material properties of Dimorphos provide predictions for Beta of 1-5, depending on end-member cases in the strength regime., Comment: Accepted to PSJ Didymos-DART Focus Issue

Published
2022

5. Predictions for the Dynamical States of the Didymos System before and after the Planned DART Impact

Author

Richardson, Derek C., Agrusa, Harrison F., Barbee, Brent, Bottke, William F., Cheng, Andrew F., Eggl, Siegfried, Ferrari, Fabio, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Karatekin, Özgür, McMahon, Jay, Schwartz, Stephen R., Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, Bagatin, Adriano Campo, Dotto, Elisabetta, Fahnestock, Eugene G., Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar, Gkolias, Ioannis, Hamilton, Douglas P., Jacobson, Seth A., Jutzi, Martin, Lyzhoft, Josh, Makadia, Rahil, Meyer, Alex J., Michel, Patrick, Nakano, Ryota, Noiset, Guillaume, Raducan, Sabina D., Rambaux, Nicolas, Rossi, Alessandro, Sánchez, Paul, Scheeres, Daniel J., Soldini, Stefania, Stickle, Angela M., Tanga, Paolo, Tsiganis, Kleomenis, and Zhang, Yun

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft is planned to impact the natural satellite of (65803) Didymos, Dimorphos, around 23:14 UTC on 26 September 2022, causing a reduction in its orbital period that will be measurable with ground-based observations. This test of kinetic impactor technology will provide the first estimate of the momentum transfer enhancement factor $\beta$ at a realistic scale, wherein ejecta from the impact provides an additional deflection to the target. Earth-based observations, the LICIACube spacecraft (to be detached from DART prior to impact), and ESA's follow-up Hera mission to launch in 2024, will provide additional characterization of the deflection test. Together Hera and DART comprise the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) cooperation between NASA and ESA. Here the predicted dynamical states of the binary system upon arrival and after impact are presented. The assumed dynamically relaxed state of the system will be excited by the impact, leading to an increase in eccentricity and slight tilt of the orbit together with enhanced libration of Dimorphos with amplitude dependent on the currently poorly known target shape. Free rotation around the moon's long axis may also be triggered and the orbital period will experience variations from seconds to minutes over timescales of days to months. Shape change of either body due to cratering or mass wasting triggered by crater formation and ejecta may affect $\beta$ but can be constrained through additional measurements. Both BYORP and gravity tides may cause measurable orbital changes on the timescale of Hera's rendezvous., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, published in PSJ

Published
2022
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6. DART Mission Determination of Momentum Transfer: Model of Ejecta Plume Observations

Author

Cheng, Andrew F., Stickle, Angela M., Fahnestock, Eugene G., Dotto, Elisabetta, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Chabot, Nancy L., and Rivkin, Andrew S.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft will impact the secondary member of the [65803] Didymos binary in order to perform the first demonstration of asteroid deflection by kinetic impact. Determination of the momentum transfer to the target body from the kinetic impact is a primary planetary defense objective, using ground-based telescopic observations of the orbital period change of Didymos and imaging of the DART impact ejecta plume by the LICIACube cubesat, along with modeling and simulation of the DART impact. LICIACube, contributed by the Italian Space Agency, will perform a flyby of Didymos a few minutes after the DART impact, to resolve the ejecta plume spatial structure and to study the temporal evolution. LICIACube ejecta plume images will help determine the vector momentum transfer from the DART impact, by determining or constraining the direction and the magnitude of the momentum carried by ejecta. A model is developed for the impact ejecta plume optical depth, using a point source scaling model of the DART impact. The model is applied to expected LICIACube plume images and shows how plume images enable characterization of the ejecta mass versus velocity distribution. The ejecta plume structure, as it evolves over time, is determined by the amount of ejecta that has reached a given altitude at a given time. The evolution of the plume optical depth profiles determined from LICIACube images can distinguish between strength-controlled and gravity-controlled impacts, by distinguishing the respective mass versus velocity distributions. LICIACube plume images discriminate the differences in plume structure and evolution that result from different target physical properties, mainly strength and porosity, thereby allowing inference of these properties to improve the determination of momentum transfer., Comment: 45 pages, 16 figures. Accepted by Icarus

Published
2020
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10. The Dimorphos ejecta plume properties revealed by LICIACube

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Dotto, Elisabetta, Deshapriya, J. D. Prasanna, Gai, Igor, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Poggiali, Giovanni, Rossi, Alessandro, Zanotti, Giovanni, Zinzi, Angelo, Bertini, Ivano, Brucato, John Robert, Dall’Ora, Massimo, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Ivanovski, Stavro, Lucchetti, Alice, Pajola, Maurizio, Amoroso, Marilena, Barnouin, Olivier, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Capannolo, Andrea, Caporali, S., Ceresoli, M., Chabot, Nancy, Cheng, Andy F., Cremonese, Gabriele, Fahnestock, Eugene G., Farnham, Tony, Ferrari, Fabio, Gomez Casajus, L., Gramigna, E., Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Ieva, Simone, Impresario, Gabriele, Jutzi, Martin, Lasagni Manghi, R., Lavagna, Michèle, Li, Jian-Yang, Lombardo, M., Modenini, Dario, Palumbo, Pasquale, Perna, Davide, Pirrotta, Simone, Raducan, Sabina D., Richardson, Derek C., Rivkin, Andy, Stickle, Angela M., Sunshine, Jessica M., Tortora, Paolo, Tusberti, Filippo, Zannoni, Marco, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Dotto, Elisabetta, Deshapriya, J. D. Prasanna, Gai, Igor, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Poggiali, Giovanni, Rossi, Alessandro, Zanotti, Giovanni, Zinzi, Angelo, Bertini, Ivano, Brucato, John Robert, Dall’Ora, Massimo, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Ivanovski, Stavro, Lucchetti, Alice, Pajola, Maurizio, Amoroso, Marilena, Barnouin, Olivier, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Capannolo, Andrea, Caporali, S., Ceresoli, M., Chabot, Nancy, Cheng, Andy F., Cremonese, Gabriele, Fahnestock, Eugene G., Farnham, Tony, Ferrari, Fabio, Gomez Casajus, L., Gramigna, E., Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Ieva, Simone, Impresario, Gabriele, Jutzi, Martin, Lasagni Manghi, R., Lavagna, Michèle, Li, Jian-Yang, Lombardo, M., Modenini, Dario, Palumbo, Pasquale, Perna, Davide, Pirrotta, Simone, Raducan, Sabina D., Richardson, Derek C., Rivkin, Andy, Stickle, Angela M., Sunshine, Jessica M., Tortora, Paolo, Tusberti, Filippo, and Zannoni, Marco

Abstract

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) had an impact with Dimorphos (a satellite of the asteroid Didymos) on 26 September 20221. Ground-based observations showed that the Didymos system brightened by a factor of 8.3 after the impact because of ejecta, returning to the pre-impact brightness 23.7 days afterwards2. Hubble Space Telescope observations made from 15 minutes after impact to 18.5 days after, with a spatial resolution of 2.1 kilometres per pixel, showed a complex evolution of the ejecta3, consistent with other asteroid impact events. The momentum enhancement factor, determined using the measured binary period change4, ranges between 2.2 and 4.9, depending on the assumptions about the mass and density of Dimorphos5. Here we report observations from the LUKE and LEIA instruments on the LICIACube cube satellite, which was deployed 15 days in advance of the impact of DART. Data were taken from 71 seconds before the impact until 320 seconds afterwards. The ejecta plume was a cone with an aperture angle of 140 ± 4 degrees. The inner region of the plume was blue, becoming redder with increasing distance from Dimorphos. The ejecta plume exhibited a complex and inhomogeneous structure, characterized by filaments, dust grains and single or clustered boulders. The ejecta velocities ranged from a few tens of metres per second to about 500 metres per second.

Published
2024

11. The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Barnouin, Olivier, Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, Marchi, Simone, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Agrusa, Harrison F., Zhang, Yun, Ernst, Carolyn, Pajola, Maurizio, Tusberti, Filippo, Lucchetti, Alice, Daly, R. Terik, Palmer, Eric E., Walsh, Kevin J., Michel, Patrick, Sunshine, Jessica M., Rizos, Juan L., Farnham, Tony, Richardson, Derek C., Parro, Laura M., Murdoch, Naomi, Robin, Colas Q., Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Kahout, Tomas, Asphaug, Erik, Raducan, Sabina D., Jutzi, Martin, Ferrari, Fabio, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Chabot, Nancy, Li, Jian-Yang, Cheng, Andy F., Nolan, Michael C., Stickle, Angela M., Karatekin, Ozgür, Dotto, Elisabetta, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Rossi, Alessandro, Gai, Igor, Deshapriya, J. D. Prasanna, Bertini, Ivano, Zinzi, Angelo, Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., Beccarelli, Joel, Ivanovski, Stavro, Brucato, John Robert, Poggiali, Giovanni, Zanotti, Giovanni, Amoroso, Marilena, Capannolo, Andrea, Cremonese, Gabriele, Dall’Ora, Massimo, Ieva, Simone, Impresario, Gabriele, Lavagna, Michèle, Modenini, Dario, Palumbo, Pasquale, Perna, Davide, Pirrotta, Simone, Tortora, Paolo, Zannoni, Marco, Rivkin, Andy, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Barnouin, Olivier, Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, Marchi, Simone, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Agrusa, Harrison F., Zhang, Yun, Ernst, Carolyn, Pajola, Maurizio, Tusberti, Filippo, Lucchetti, Alice, Daly, R. Terik, Palmer, Eric E., Walsh, Kevin J., Michel, Patrick, Sunshine, Jessica M., Rizos, Juan L., Farnham, Tony, Richardson, Derek C., Parro, Laura M., Murdoch, Naomi, Robin, Colas Q., Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Kahout, Tomas, Asphaug, Erik, Raducan, Sabina D., Jutzi, Martin, Ferrari, Fabio, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Chabot, Nancy, Li, Jian-Yang, Cheng, Andy F., Nolan, Michael C., Stickle, Angela M., Karatekin, Ozgür, Dotto, Elisabetta, Della Corte, Vincenzo, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Rossi, Alessandro, Gai, Igor, Deshapriya, J. D. Prasanna, Bertini, Ivano, Zinzi, Angelo, Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., Beccarelli, Joel, Ivanovski, Stavro, Brucato, John Robert, Poggiali, Giovanni, Zanotti, Giovanni, Amoroso, Marilena, Capannolo, Andrea, Cremonese, Gabriele, Dall’Ora, Massimo, Ieva, Simone, Impresario, Gabriele, Lavagna, Michèle, Modenini, Dario, Palumbo, Pasquale, Perna, Davide, Pirrotta, Simone, Tortora, Paolo, Zannoni, Marco, and Rivkin, Andy

Abstract

Images collected during NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission provide the first resolved views of the Didymos binary asteroid system. These images reveal that the primary asteroid, Didymos, is flattened and has plausible undulations along its equatorial perimeter. At high elevations, its surface is rough and contains large boulders and craters; at low elevations its surface is smooth and possesses fewer large boulders and craters. Didymos’ moon, Dimorphos, possesses an intimate mixture of boulders, several asteroid-wide lineaments, and a handful of craters. The surfaces of both asteroids include boulders that are large relative to their host body, suggesting that both asteroids are rubble piles. Based on these observations, our models indicate that Didymos has a surface cohesion ≤ 1 Pa and an interior cohesion of ∼10 Pa, while Dimorphos has a surface cohesion of <0.9 Pa. Crater size-frequency analyzes indicate the surface age of Didymos is 40–130 times older than Dimorphos, with likely absolute ages of ∼ 12.5 Myr and <0.3 Myr, respectively. Solar radiation could have increased Didymos’ spin rate leading to internal deformation and surface mass shedding, which likely created Dimorphos.

Published
2024

13. Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Author

Chabot, Nancy L., primary, Rivkin, Andrew S., additional, Cheng, Andrew F., additional, Barnouin, Olivier S., additional, Fahnestock, Eugene G., additional, Richardson, Derek C., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Thomas, Cristina A., additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Terik Daly, R., additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Zinzi, Angelo, additional, Chesley, Steven R., additional, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., additional, Barbee, Brent W., additional, Abell, Paul, additional, Agrusa, Harrison F., additional, Bannister, Michele T., additional, Beccarelli, Joel, additional, Bekker, Dmitriy L., additional, Bruck Syal, Megan, additional, Buratti, Bonnie J., additional, Busch, Michael W., additional, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, additional, Chatelain, Joseph P., additional, Chocron, Sidney, additional, Collins, Gareth S., additional, Conversi, Luca, additional, Davison, Thomas M., additional, DeCoster, Mallory E., additional, Prasanna Deshapriya, J. D., additional, Eggl, Siegfried, additional, Espiritu, Raymond C., additional, Farnham, Tony L., additional, Ferrais, Marin, additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Föhring, Dora, additional, Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar, additional, Gai, Igor, additional, Giordano, Carmine, additional, Glenar, David A., additional, Gomez, Edward, additional, Graninger, Dawn M., additional, Green, Simon F., additional, Greenstreet, Sarah, additional, Hasselmann, Pedro H., additional, Herreros, Isabel, additional, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional, Husárik, Marek, additional, Ieva, Simone, additional, Ivanovski, Stavro L., additional, Jackson, Samuel L., additional, Jehin, Emmanuel, additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Karatekin, Ozgur, additional, Knight, Matthew M., additional, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, additional, Kumamoto, Kathryn M., additional, Küppers, Michael, additional, La Forgia, Fiorangela, additional, Lazzarin, Monica, additional, Li, Jian-Yang, additional, Lister, Tim A., additional, Lolachi, Ramin, additional, Lucas, Michael P., additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Luther, Robert, additional, Makadia, Rahil, additional, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, additional, McMahon, Jay, additional, Merisio, Gianmario, additional, Merrill, Colby C., additional, Meyer, Alex J., additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Micheli, Marco, additional, Migliorini, Alessandra, additional, Minker, Kate, additional, Modenini, Dario, additional, Moreno, Fernando, additional, Murdoch, Naomi, additional, Murphy, Brian, additional, Naidu, Shantanu P., additional, Nair, Hari, additional, Nakano, Ryota, additional, Opitom, Cyrielle, additional, Ormö, Jens, additional, Michael Owen, J., additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Palmer, Eric E., additional, Palumbo, Pasquale, additional, Panicucci, Paolo, additional, Parro, Laura M., additional, Pearl, Jason M., additional, Penttilä, Antti, additional, Perna, Davide, additional, Petrescu, Elisabeta, additional, Pravec, Petr, additional, Raducan, Sabina D., additional, Ramesh, K. T., additional, Ridden-Harper, Ryan, additional, Rizos, Juan L., additional, Rossi, Alessandro, additional, Roth, Nathan X., additional, Rożek, Agata, additional, Rozitis, Benjamin, additional, Ryan, Eileen V., additional, Ryan, William H., additional, Sánchez, Paul, additional, Santana-Ros, Toni, additional, Scheeres, Daniel J., additional, Scheirich, Peter, additional, Berk Senel, Cem, additional, Snodgrass, Colin, additional, Soldini, Stefania, additional, Souami, Damya, additional, Statler, Thomas S., additional, Street, Rachel, additional, Stubbs, Timothy J., additional, Sunshine, Jessica M., additional, Tan, Nicole J., additional, Tancredi, Gonzalo, additional, Tinsman, Calley L., additional, Tortora, Paolo, additional, Tusberti, Filippo, additional, Walker, James D., additional, Waller, C. Dany, additional, Wünnemann, Kai, additional, Zannoni, Marco, additional, and Zhang, Yun, additional

Published
2024
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14. Assessing possible mutual orbit period change by shape deformation of Didymos after a kinetic impact in the NASA-led Double Asteroid Redirection Test

Author

Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Davis, Alex B., Fahnestock, Eugene G., Richardson, Derek C., Michel, Patrick, Cheng, Andrew F., Rivkin, Andrew S., Scheeres, Daniel J., Chesley, Steven R., Yu, Yang, Naidu, Shantanu P., Schwartz, Stephen R., Benner, Lance A.M., Pravec, Petr, Stickle, Angela M., and Jutzi, Martin

Published
2019
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17. Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence

Author

Daly, R. Terik, primary, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Barnouin, Olivier S., additional, Chabot, Nancy L., additional, Rivkin, Andrew S., additional, Cheng, Andrew F., additional, Adams, Elena Y., additional, Agrusa, Harrison F., additional, Abel, Elisabeth D., additional, Alford, Amy L., additional, Asphaug, Erik I., additional, Atchison, Justin A., additional, Badger, Andrew R., additional, Baki, Paul, additional, Ballouz, Ronald-L., additional, Bekker, Dmitriy L., additional, Bellerose, Julie, additional, Bhaskaran, Shyam, additional, Buratti, Bonnie J., additional, Cambioni, Saverio, additional, Chen, Michelle H., additional, Chesley, Steven R., additional, Chiu, George, additional, Collins, Gareth S., additional, Cox, Matthew W., additional, DeCoster, Mallory E., additional, Ericksen, Peter S., additional, Espiritu, Raymond C., additional, Faber, Alan S., additional, Farnham, Tony L., additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Fletcher, Zachary J., additional, Gaskell, Robert W., additional, Graninger, Dawn M., additional, Haque, Musad A., additional, Harrington-Duff, Patricia A., additional, Hefter, Sarah, additional, Herreros, Isabel, additional, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional, Huang, Philip M., additional, Hsieh, Syau-Yun W., additional, Jacobson, Seth A., additional, Jenkins, Stephen N., additional, Jensenius, Mark A., additional, John, Jeremy W., additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Kohout, Tomas, additional, Krueger, Timothy O., additional, Laipert, Frank E., additional, Lopez, Norberto R., additional, Luther, Robert, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Mages, Declan M., additional, Marchi, Simone, additional, Martin, Anna C., additional, McQuaide, Maria E., additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., additional, Murphy, Ian W., additional, Murdoch, Naomi, additional, Naidu, Shantanu P., additional, Nair, Hari, additional, Nolan, Michael C., additional, Ormö, Jens, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Palmer, Eric E., additional, Peachey, James M., additional, Pravec, Petr, additional, Raducan, Sabina D., additional, Ramesh, K. T., additional, Ramirez, Joshua R., additional, Reynolds, Edward L., additional, Richman, Joshua E., additional, Robin, Colas Q., additional, Rodriguez, Luis M., additional, Roufberg, Lew M., additional, Rush, Brian P., additional, Sawyer, Carolyn A., additional, Scheeres, Daniel J., additional, Scheirich, Petr, additional, Schwartz, Stephen R., additional, Shannon, Matthew P., additional, Shapiro, Brett N., additional, Shearer, Caitlin E., additional, Smith, Evan J., additional, Steele, R. Joshua, additional, Steckloff, Jordan K., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Sunshine, Jessica M., additional, Superfin, Emil A., additional, Tarzi, Zahi B., additional, Thomas, Cristina A., additional, Thomas, Justin R., additional, Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., additional, Tropf, B. Teresa, additional, Vaughan, Andrew T., additional, Velez, Dianna, additional, Waller, C. Dany, additional, Wilson, Daniel S., additional, Wortman, Kristin A., additional, and Zhang, Yun, additional

Published
2023
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18. Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos

Author

Li, Jian-Yang, primary, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional, Farnham, Tony L., additional, Sunshine, Jessica M., additional, Knight, Matthew M., additional, Tancredi, Gonzalo, additional, Moreno, Fernando, additional, Murphy, Brian, additional, Opitom, Cyrielle, additional, Chesley, Steve, additional, Scheeres, Daniel J., additional, Thomas, Cristina A., additional, Fahnestock, Eugene G., additional, Cheng, Andrew F., additional, Dressel, Linda, additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Fitzsimmons, Alan, additional, Ieva, Simone, additional, Ivanovski, Stavro L., additional, Kareta, Theodore, additional, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, additional, Lister, Tim, additional, Raducan, Sabina D., additional, Rivkin, Andrew S., additional, Rossi, Alessandro, additional, Soldini, Stefania, additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Vick, Alison, additional, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Weaver, Harold A., additional, Bagnulo, Stefano, additional, Bannister, Michele T., additional, Cambioni, Saverio, additional, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, additional, Chabot, Nancy L., additional, Cremonese, Gabriele, additional, Daly, R. Terik, additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Glenar, David A., additional, Granvik, Mikael, additional, Hasselmann, Pedro H., additional, Herreros, Isabel, additional, Jacobson, Seth, additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Kohout, Tomas, additional, La Forgia, Fiorangela, additional, Lazzarin, Monica, additional, Lin, Zhong-Yi, additional, Lolachi, Ramin, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Makadia, Rahil, additional, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Migliorini, Alessandra, additional, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., additional, Ormö, Jens, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Sánchez, Paul, additional, Schwartz, Stephen R., additional, Snodgrass, Colin, additional, Steckloff, Jordan, additional, Stubbs, Timothy J., additional, and Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., additional

Published
2023
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19. Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos

Author

Cheng, Andrew F., primary, Agrusa, Harrison F., additional, Barbee, Brent W., additional, Meyer, Alex J., additional, Farnham, Tony L., additional, Raducan, Sabina D., additional, Richardson, Derek C., additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Zinzi, Angelo, additional, Della Corte, Vincenzo, additional, Statler, Thomas S., additional, Chesley, Steven, additional, Naidu, Shantanu P., additional, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional, Li, Jian-Yang, additional, Eggl, Siegfried, additional, Barnouin, Olivier S., additional, Chabot, Nancy L., additional, Chocron, Sidney, additional, Collins, Gareth S., additional, Daly, R. Terik, additional, Davison, Thomas M., additional, DeCoster, Mallory E., additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Graninger, Dawn M., additional, Jacobson, Seth A., additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Kumamoto, Kathryn M., additional, Luther, Robert, additional, Lyzhoft, Joshua R., additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Murdoch, Naomi, additional, Nakano, Ryota, additional, Palmer, Eric, additional, Rivkin, Andrew S., additional, Scheeres, Daniel J., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Sunshine, Jessica M., additional, Trigo-Rodriguez, Josep M., additional, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, additional, Walker, James D., additional, Wünnemann, Kai, additional, Zhang, Yun, additional, Amoroso, Marilena, additional, Bertini, Ivano, additional, Brucato, John R., additional, Capannolo, Andrea, additional, Cremonese, Gabriele, additional, Dall’Ora, Massimo, additional, Deshapriya, Prasanna J. D., additional, Gai, Igor, additional, Hasselmann, Pedro H., additional, Ieva, Simone, additional, Impresario, Gabriele, additional, Ivanovski, Stavro L., additional, Lavagna, Michèle, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Epifani, Elena M., additional, Modenini, Dario, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Palumbo, Pasquale, additional, Perna, Davide, additional, Pirrotta, Simone, additional, Poggiali, Giovanni, additional, Rossi, Alessandro, additional, Tortora, Paolo, additional, Zannoni, Marco, additional, and Zanotti, Giovanni, additional

Published
2023
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20. Ejecta from the DART-produced active asteroid Dimorphos

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Li, Jian-Yang, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Farnham, Tony, Sunshine, Jessica M., Knight, Matthew M., Tancredi, Gonzalo, Moreno, Fernando, Murphy, Brian, Opitom, Cyrielle, Chesley, Steven, Scheeres, Daniel J., Thomas, Cristina, Fahnestock, Eugene G., Cheng, Andy F., Dressel, Linda, Ernst, Carolyn, Ferrari, Fabio, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Ieva, Simone, Ivanovski, Stavro, Kareta, Teddy, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, Lister, Tim, Raducan, Sabina D., Rivkin, Andy, Rossi, Alessandro, Soldini, Stefania, Stickle, Angela M., Vick, Alison, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Weaver, Harold A., Bagnulo, Stefano, Bannister, Michele T., Cambioni, Saverio, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Chabot, Nancy, Cremonese, Gabriele, Daly, R. Terik, Dotto, Elisabetta, Glenar, David A., Granvik, Mikael, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Herreros, Isabel, Jacobson, Seth A., Jutzi, Martin, Kohout, Tomas, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Lazzarin, Monica, Lin, Zhong-Yi, Lolachi, Ramin, Lucchetti, Alice, Makadia, Rahil, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Michel, Patrick, Migliorini, Alessandra, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., Ormö, Jens, Pajola, Maurizio, Sánchez, Paul, Schwartz, Stephen R., Snodgrass, Colin, Steckloff, Jordan, Stubbs, Timothy J., Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante. Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Li, Jian-Yang, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, Farnham, Tony, Sunshine, Jessica M., Knight, Matthew M., Tancredi, Gonzalo, Moreno, Fernando, Murphy, Brian, Opitom, Cyrielle, Chesley, Steven, Scheeres, Daniel J., Thomas, Cristina, Fahnestock, Eugene G., Cheng, Andy F., Dressel, Linda, Ernst, Carolyn, Ferrari, Fabio, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Ieva, Simone, Ivanovski, Stavro, Kareta, Teddy, Kolokolova, Ludmilla, Lister, Tim, Raducan, Sabina D., Rivkin, Andy, Rossi, Alessandro, Soldini, Stefania, Stickle, Angela M., Vick, Alison, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Weaver, Harold A., Bagnulo, Stefano, Bannister, Michele T., Cambioni, Saverio, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Chabot, Nancy, Cremonese, Gabriele, Daly, R. Terik, Dotto, Elisabetta, Glenar, David A., Granvik, Mikael, Hasselmann, Pedro H., Herreros, Isabel, Jacobson, Seth A., Jutzi, Martin, Kohout, Tomas, La Forgia, Fiorangela, Lazzarin, Monica, Lin, Zhong-Yi, Lolachi, Ramin, Lucchetti, Alice, Makadia, Rahil, Mazzotta Epifani, Elena, Michel, Patrick, Migliorini, Alessandra, Moskovitz, Nicholas A., Ormö, Jens, Pajola, Maurizio, Sánchez, Paul, Schwartz, Stephen R., Snodgrass, Colin, Steckloff, Jordan, Stubbs, Timothy J., and Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M.

Abstract

Some active asteroids have been proposed to be the result of impact events1. Because active asteroids are generally discovered serendipitously only after their tail formation, the process of the impact ejecta evolving into a tail has never been directly observed. NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission2, apart from having successfully changed the orbital period of Dimorphos3, demonstrated the activation process of an asteroid from an impact under precisely known impact conditions. Here we report the observations of the DART impact ejecta with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) from impact time T+15 minutes to T+18.5 days at spatial resolutions of ~2.1 km per pixel. Our observations reveal a complex evolution of ejecta, which is first dominated by the gravitational interaction between the Didymos binary system and the ejected dust and later by solar radiation pressure. The lowest-speed ejecta dispersed via a sustained tail that displayed a consistent morphology with previously observed asteroid tails thought to be produced by impact4,5. The ejecta evolution following DART’s controlled impact experiment thus provides a framework for understanding the fundamental mechanisms acting on asteroids disrupted by natural impact1,6.

Published
2023

22. Effects of Impact and Target Parameters on the Results of a Kinetic Impactor: Predictions for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Author

Stickle, Angela M., primary, DeCoster, Mallory E., additional, Burger, Christoph, additional, Caldwell, Wendy K., additional, Graninger, Dawn, additional, Kumamoto, Kathryn M., additional, Luther, Robert, additional, Ormö, Jens, additional, Raducan, Sabina, additional, Rainey, Emma, additional, Schäfer, Christoph M., additional, Walker, James D., additional, Zhang, Yun, additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Michael Owen, J., additional, Barnouin, Olivier, additional, Cheng, Andy F., additional, Chocron, Sidney, additional, Collins, Gareth S., additional, Davison, Thomas M., additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Isabel Herreros, M., additional, Ivanovski, Stavro L., additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Martellato, Elena, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Plesko, Cathy S., additional, Bruck Syal, Megan, additional, Schwartz, Stephen R., additional, Sunshine, Jessica M., additional, and Wünnemann, Kai, additional

Published
2022
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24. Shape Modeling of Dimorphos for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)

Author

Terik Daly, R., primary, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Barnouin, Olivier S., additional, Gaskell, Robert W., additional, Palmer, Eric E., additional, Nair, Hari, additional, Espiritu, Ray C., additional, Hasnain, Sarah, additional, Waller, Dany, additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Nolan, Michael C., additional, Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep M., additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Lucchetti, Alice, additional, Pajola, Maurizio, additional, Ieva, Simone, additional, and Michel, Patrick, additional

Published
2022
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26. Predictions for the Dynamical States of the Didymos System before and after the Planned DART Impact

Author

Richardson, Derek C., primary, Agrusa, Harrison F., additional, Barbee, Brent, additional, Bottke, William F., additional, Cheng, Andrew F., additional, Eggl, Siegfried, additional, Ferrari, Fabio, additional, Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional, Karatekin, Özgür, additional, McMahon, Jay, additional, Schwartz, Stephen R., additional, Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, additional, Bagatin, Adriano Campo, additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Fahnestock, Eugene G., additional, Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar, additional, Gkolias, Ioannis, additional, Hamilton, Douglas P., additional, Jacobson, Seth A., additional, Jutzi, Martin, additional, Lyzhoft, Josh, additional, Makadia, Rahil, additional, Meyer, Alex J., additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Nakano, Ryota, additional, Noiset, Guillaume, additional, Raducan, Sabina D., additional, Rambaux, Nicolas, additional, Rossi, Alessandro, additional, Sánchez, Paul, additional, Scheeres, Daniel J., additional, Soldini, Stefania, additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Tanga, Paolo, additional, Tsiganis, Kleomenis, additional, and Zhang, Yun, additional

Published
2022
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28. Shape modeling of dimorphos for the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)

Author

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Daly, R. Terik, Ernst, Carolyn M., Barnouin, Olivier S., Gaskell, Robert W., Palmer, Eric E., Nair, Hari, Espiritu, Ray C., Hasnain, Sarah, Waller, Dany, Stickle, Angela M., Nolan, Michael C., Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep María, Dotto, Elisabetta, Lucchetti, Alice, Pajola, Maurizio, Ieva, Simone, Michel, Patrick, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Daly, R. Terik, Ernst, Carolyn M., Barnouin, Olivier S., Gaskell, Robert W., Palmer, Eric E., Nair, Hari, Espiritu, Ray C., Hasnain, Sarah, Waller, Dany, Stickle, Angela M., Nolan, Michael C., Trigo-Rodríguez, Josep María, Dotto, Elisabetta, Lucchetti, Alice, Pajola, Maurizio, Ieva, Simone, and Michel, Patrick

Abstract

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is the first planetary defense test mission. It will demonstrate the kinetic impactor technique by intentionally colliding the DART spacecraft with the near-Earth asteroid Dimorphos. The main DART spacecraft is accompanied by the Italian Space Agency Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids (LICIACube). Shape modeling efforts will estimate the volume of Dimorphos and constrain the nature of the impact site. The DART mission uses stereophotoclinometry (SPC) as its primary shape modeling technique. DART is essentially a worst-case scenario for any image-based shape modeling approach because images taken by the camera on board the DART spacecraft, called the Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical navigation (DRACO), possess little stereo and no lighting variation; they simply zoom in on the asteroid. LICIACube images add some stereo, but the images are substantially lower in resolution than the DRACO images. Despite the far-from-optimal imaging conditions, our tests indicate that we can identify the impact site to an accuracy and precision better than 10% the size of the spacecraft core, estimate the volume of Dimorphos to better than 25%, and measure tilts at the impact site over the scale of the spacecraft with an accuracy better than 7°. In short, we will know with excellent accuracy where the DART spacecraft hit, with reasonable knowledge of local tilt, and determine the volume well enough that uncertainties in the density of Dimorphos will be comparable to or dominate the uncertainty in the estimated mass. The tests reported here demonstrate that SPC is a robust technique for shape modeling, even with suboptimal images.

Published
2022

29. The ESA Hera Mission: Detailed Characterization of the DART Impact Outcome and of the Binary Asteroid (65803) Didymos

Author

Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Michel, Patrick, Küppers, Michael, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Carry, Benoît, Charnoz, Sébastien, Leon, Julia de, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Gordo, Paulo, Green, Simon F., Hérique, Alain, Juzi, Martin, Karatekin, Ozgür, Kohout, Tomas, Lazzarin, Monica, Murdoch, Naomi, Okada, Tatsuaki, Palomba, Ernesto, Pravec, Petr, Snodgrass, Colin, Tortora, Paolo, Tsiganis, Kleomenis, Ulamec, Stephan, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Wünnemann, Kai, Zhang, Yun, Raducan, Sabina D., Dotto, Elisabetta, Chabot, Nancy, Cheng, Andy F., Rivkin, Andy, Barnouin, Olivier, Ernst, Carolyn, Stickle, Angela M., Richardson, Derek C., Thomas, Cristina, Arakawa, Masahiko, Miyamoto, Hirdy, Nakamura, Akiko, Sugita, Seiji, Yoshikawa, Makoto, Abell, Paul, Asphaug, Erik, Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, Bottke, William F., Lauretta, Dante S., Walsh, Kevin J., Martino, Paolo, Carnelli, Ian, Universidad de Alicante. Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Michel, Patrick, Küppers, Michael, Campo Bagatin, Adriano, Carry, Benoît, Charnoz, Sébastien, Leon, Julia de, Fitzsimmons, Alan, Gordo, Paulo, Green, Simon F., Hérique, Alain, Juzi, Martin, Karatekin, Ozgür, Kohout, Tomas, Lazzarin, Monica, Murdoch, Naomi, Okada, Tatsuaki, Palomba, Ernesto, Pravec, Petr, Snodgrass, Colin, Tortora, Paolo, Tsiganis, Kleomenis, Ulamec, Stephan, Vincent, Jean-Baptiste, Wünnemann, Kai, Zhang, Yun, Raducan, Sabina D., Dotto, Elisabetta, Chabot, Nancy, Cheng, Andy F., Rivkin, Andy, Barnouin, Olivier, Ernst, Carolyn, Stickle, Angela M., Richardson, Derek C., Thomas, Cristina, Arakawa, Masahiko, Miyamoto, Hirdy, Nakamura, Akiko, Sugita, Seiji, Yoshikawa, Makoto, Abell, Paul, Asphaug, Erik, Ballouz, Ronald-Louis, Bottke, William F., Lauretta, Dante S., Walsh, Kevin J., Martino, Paolo, and Carnelli, Ian

Abstract

Hera is a planetary defense mission under development in the Space Safety and Security Program of the European Space Agency for launch in 2024 October. It will rendezvous in late 2026 December with the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos and in particular its moon, Dimorphos, which will be impacted by NASA's DART spacecraft on 2022 September 26 as the first asteroid deflection test. The main goals of Hera are the detailed characterization of the physical properties of Didymos and Dimorphos and of the crater made by the DART mission, as well as measurement of the momentum transfer efficiency resulting from DART's impact. The data from the Hera spacecraft and its two CubeSats will also provide significant insights into asteroid science and the evolutionary history of our solar system. Hera will perform the first rendezvous with a binary asteroid and provide new measurements, such as radar sounding of an asteroid interior, which will allow models in planetary science to be tested. Hera will thus provide a crucial element in the global effort to avert future asteroid impacts at the same time as providing world-leading science.

Published
2022

31. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART): Planetary Defense Investigations and Requirements

Author

Rivkin, Andrew S., primary, Chabot, Nancy L., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Thomas, Cristina A., additional, Richardson, Derek C., additional, Barnouin, Olivier, additional, Fahnestock, Eugene G., additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Cheng, Andrew F., additional, Chesley, Steven, additional, Naidu, Shantanu, additional, Statler, Thomas S., additional, Barbee, Brent, additional, Agrusa, Harrison, additional, Moskovitz, Nicholas, additional, Terik Daly, R., additional, Pravec, Petr, additional, Scheirich, Petr, additional, Dotto, Elisabetta, additional, Della Corte, Vincenzo, additional, Michel, Patrick, additional, Küppers, Michael, additional, Atchison, Justin, additional, and Hirabayashi, Masatoshi, additional

Published
2021
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32. Science Goals and Objectives for the Dragonfly Titan Rotorcraft Relocatable Lander

Author

Barnes, Jason W., primary, Turtle, Elizabeth P., additional, Trainer, Melissa G., additional, Lorenz, Ralph D., additional, MacKenzie, Shannon M., additional, Brinckerhoff, William B., additional, Cable, Morgan L., additional, Ernst, Carolyn M., additional, Freissinet, Caroline, additional, Hand, Kevin P., additional, Hayes, Alexander G., additional, Hörst, Sarah M., additional, Johnson, Jeffrey R., additional, Karkoschka, Erich, additional, Lawrence, David J., additional, Le Gall, Alice, additional, Lora, Juan M., additional, McKay, Christopher P., additional, Miller, Richard S., additional, Murchie, Scott L., additional, Neish, Catherine D., additional, Newman, Claire E., additional, Núñez, Jorge, additional, Panning, Mark P., additional, Parsons, Ann M., additional, Peplowski, Patrick N., additional, Quick, Lynnae C., additional, Radebaugh, Jani, additional, Rafkin, Scot C. R., additional, Shiraishi, Hiroaki, additional, Soderblom, Jason M., additional, Sotzen, Kristin S., additional, Stickle, Angela M., additional, Stofan, Ellen R., additional, Szopa, Cyril, additional, Tokano, Tetsuya, additional, Wagner, Thomas, additional, Wilson, Colin, additional, Yingst, R. Aileen, additional, Zacny, Kris, additional, and Stähler, Simon C., additional

Published
2021
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36. The Surface Roughness of Large Craters on Mercury

Author

Susorney, Hannah C. M., Barnouin, Olivier S., Ernst, Carolyn M, and Stickle, Angela M.

Subjects
impact craters, surface roughness, Mercury
Abstract

This study investigates how individual large craters on Mercury (diameters of 25–200 km) can produce surface roughness over a range of baselines (the spatial horizontal scale) from 0.5 to 250 km. Surface roughness is a statistical measure of change in surface height over a baseline usually after topography has been detrended. We use root mean square deviation as our measure of surface roughness. Observations of large craters on Mercury at baselines of 0.5–10 km found higher surface roughness values at the central uplifts, rims, and exteriors of craters, while the crater floors exhibit the lowest roughness values. At baselines 80 km have the highest surface roughness values. These regions, which include the ejecta and secondary fields, are the main contributors to the increased surface roughness observed in high‐crater density regions. For baselines larger than 10 km, the crater cavity itself is the main contributor to surface roughness. We used a suite of numerical models, utilizing the measured surface roughness obtained in the study, to model the cumulative effect of adding large craters to a surface. The results indicate that not all of the surface roughness on Mercury is due to fresh large craters but that impact craters likely contribute to the Hurst exponent from baselines of 0.5–1.5 km and the shape of the deviogram. The simulations show that the surface roughness varied around an asymptote at the baselines studied before the surface was covered in impact craters.

Published
2018

41. Author Correction: The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos.

Author

Barnouin O, Ballouz RL, Marchi S, Vincent JB, Agrusa H, Zhang Y, Ernst CM, Pajola M, Tusberti F, Lucchetti A, Daly RT, Palmer E, Walsh KJ, Michel P, Sunshine JM, Rizos JL, Farnham TL, Richardson DC, Parro LM, Murdoch N, Robin CQ, Hirabayashi M, Kahout T, Asphaug E, Raducan SD, Jutzi M, Ferrari F, Hasselmann PHA, CampoBagatin A, Chabot NL, Li JY, Cheng AF, Nolan MC, Stickle AM, Karatekin O, Dotto E, Della Corte V, Mazzotta Epifani E, Rossi A, Gai I, Deshapriya JDP, Bertini I, Zinzi A, Trigo-Rodriguez JM, Beccarelli J, Ivanovski SL, Brucato JR, Poggiali G, Zanotti G, Amoroso M, Capannolo A, Cremonese G, Dall'Ora M, Ieva S, Impresario G, Lavagn M, Modenini D, Palumbo P, Perna D, Pirrotta S, Tortora P, Zannoni M, and Rivkin AS

Published
2024
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42. The geology and evolution of the Near-Earth binary asteroid system (65803) Didymos.

Author

Barnouin O, Ballouz RL, Marchi S, Vincent JB, Agrusa H, Zhang Y, Ernst CM, Pajola M, Tusberti F, Lucchetti A, Daly RT, Palmer E, Walsh KJ, Michel P, Sunshine JM, Rizos JL, Farnham TL, Richardson DC, Parro LM, Murdoch N, Robin CQ, Hirabayashi M, Kahout T, Asphaug E, Raducan SD, Jutzi M, Ferrari F, Hasselmann PHA, CampoBagatin A, Chabot NL, Li JY, Cheng AF, Nolan MC, Stickle AM, Karatekin O, Dotto E, Della Corte V, Mazzotta Epifani E, Rossi A, Gai I, Deshapriya JDP, Bertini I, Zinzi A, Trigo-Rodriguez JM, Beccarelli J, Ivanovski SL, Brucato JR, Poggiali G, Zanotti G, Amoroso M, Capannolo A, Cremonese G, Dall'Ora M, Ieva S, Impresario G, Lavagn M, Modenini D, Palumbo P, Perna D, Pirrotta S, Tortora P, Zannoni M, and Rivkin AS

Abstract

Images collected during NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission provide the first resolved views of the Didymos binary asteroid system. These images reveal that the primary asteroid, Didymos, is flattened and has plausible undulations along its equatorial perimeter. At high elevations, its surface is rough and contains large boulders and craters; at low elevations its surface is smooth and possesses fewer large boulders and craters. Didymos' moon, Dimorphos, possesses an intimate mixture of boulders, several asteroid-wide lineaments, and a handful of craters. The surfaces of both asteroids include boulders that are large relative to their host body, suggesting that both asteroids are rubble piles. Based on these observations, our models indicate that Didymos has a surface cohesion ≤ 1 Pa and an interior cohesion of ∼10 Pa, while Dimorphos has a surface cohesion of <0.9 Pa. Crater size-frequency analyzes indicate the surface age of Didymos is 40-130 times older than Dimorphos, with likely absolute ages of ~ 12.5 Myr and <0.3 Myr, respectively. Solar radiation could have increased Didymos' spin rate leading to internal deformation and surface mass shedding, which likely created Dimorphos., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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