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One of the prominent mining companies in Indonesia, PT Vale, have invested in vast corporate social responsibility programs in the fields of environment protection, social livelihood, employment, and economic resilience towards locals in mining areas. However, a common perception held among stakeholders have concluded that PT Vale could display greater care for its social programs, which would incorporate the interests of the community. Utilizing contemporary studies on stakeholder theory, this research provides insights of the mining industry, which have been expressed by vast stakeholders including government and Non-Government Organizations, in relation to aspects to consider before granting mining business licenses in the future. In doing so, it compares social programs between the current mining company (PT Vale) and the past (PT Inco), and determines what practices were favored by interest groups. After the distribution of questionnaires to four mine-affect areas in East Luwu Regency, Indonesia, government elites, community leaders, women figures, indigenous people, fishermen, local contractors and PT Vale employees perceived that in 2023, PT Vale have shown great progress in social, environmental management, and economic conditions compared to past mining companies. However, it founds that locals perceive a major deficiency, which is the low rate of local worker absorptions. This study contributes to the discourse of corporate social responsibility, and reveals community perceptions towards mining companies in affected areas.

The presence of a mining company in an area affects the living conditions of the surrounding community from an environmental, social, and economic perspective. This research aims to contribute to the literature on social perceptions concerning mining company operations by assessing the local societies’ rate of rejection or acceptance of a mining company’s extension of operating permit, along with reasons that justify the decision. We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven interest groups in four sub-districts in East Luwu Regency, comprising 79 participants. This research uses a combination of quantitative data collection and in-depth qualitative interviews to strengthen the sources’ reasons for providing answers. The results show a high rejection rate expressed by communities living in the sub-districts where mining companies operate, alongside a strong preference for extending operating permits for sites that are of greater distance to the smelters. If the business permit is ultimately transferred to the existing company, it may exacerbate community tensions and resistance. In that case, the local community wants several priority improvements, namely, increasing the number of workers working in the factory, further boosting economic growth and empowerment programs carried out in affected areas, and improving post-mining environmental management. Therefore, this study contributes to the discourse of local community perceptions in mining areas, which may affect mining operations in the future.

This study was intended to determine the effect of interaction, self-regulation and course structure on student satisfaction through social presence. This research adopted a quantitative research approach. The sample of this study consisted of 187 higher education students of Economics Education in "Universitas Negeri Semarang" based on the proportional random sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire which was then analysed through the Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach using the Smart PLS version 3.0 application. This research concluded that interaction and self-regulation and mediating variables social presence succeeded in influencing student satisfaction. In contrast, the course structure was found not to affect student satisfaction, and social presence failed to mediate self-regulation variables on student satisfaction. It is recommended that lecturers design an interactive learning environment by considering student characteristics. The balance between structure and dialogue was a determining factor for student satisfaction, so the design that was prepared is expected to facilitate students to be actively involved and achieve satisfaction.

Students with academic performance and soft skills should be concerned with the learning process because it is a learning achievement. This research aims to find the factors affecting academic performance and soft skills. In this pandemic, learning is done online, so interaction between students and lecturers becomes limited. The quantitative data are collected by distributing the questionnaires. The population of this study is 2nd-semester students of the Faculty of Economics, "Universitas Negeri Semarang" (UNNES), who use online learning from the beginning of the lecture. The population were 900 students, with a sample of 276 students. Data were tabulated and analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results showed that cognitive presence, teaching presence, and social presence positively and significantly (57.9%) affect students' academic performance, and 49.1% affect students' soft skills. The order of factors that most affect academic performance is teaching presence (41.4%), social presence (31.1%), and cognitive presence (11.7%) whereas the order of factors that most affect soft skills is social presence (48.9%), cognitive presence (11.7%), and teaching presence (11.1%). It means that the Community of Inquiry (CoI) theory can explain the magnitude of the factors on academic performance and soft skills in the good category. It is suggested that the related parties to support students to achieve better academic performance and soft skills.

The development of a mobile-based e-commerce application aims to assist MSMEs, particularly New Delisio Bakery Cake, in optimizing their online sales and expanding market reach. Currently, New Delisio operates using conventional methods that limit its customer base and overall sales potential. To address this challenge, the application was developed following the waterfall methodology, encompassing requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment. The front-end was built using React Native, while the back-end utilized Express.js and MongoDB. A user testing phase was conducted with a sample group, providing valuable feedback on usability and functionality. The application offers a user-friendly platform for customers to browse and purchase products, while enabling the business to efficiently manage operations. The test results showed a high overall success rate of 92.52%, with 91.11% success for user interactions and 100% for admin tasks. This demonstrates the application's effectiveness in enhancing usability and functionality. By leveraging modern mobile technology, the solution enhances the store's visibility, engagement, and scalability, potentially increasing revenue. This research demonstrates the potential for MSMEs to transition into the digital market through a structured development process and iterative improvements.

This research investigates the mechanical behavior and performance of AH32 steel when subjected to low temperatures, particularly in the context of ship hull structures operating in cryogenic environments. The study uses experimental procedures and advanced numerical simulations through ABAQUS CAE to evaluate vital mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, and fracture toughness across temperatures ranging from 20 to −160°C. The results reveal a consistent trend of increasing strength and decreasing ductility at lower temperatures, with validation achieved through an error margin of less than 10%. The findings underscore the material’s suitability for cryogenic applications but highlight the potential for brittle fracture, necessitating careful design considerations in Arctic or liquefied natural gas transport conditions. However, the study is limited to specific geometric configurations and loading conditions, suggesting that future research should explore additional geometries, fatigue behavior, and long-term performance under varying environmental conditions to assess the material’s viability in extreme environments fully.

Surakarta has an area of 46.72 km2 with a population of 583,961 people. The land use in Surakarta for housing is 62% and for open space is only 9.82% of the area. Meanwhile, economic growth in this city has always experienced an increasing trend, where in 2023 investment growth reached 55.82%. This study aims to determine the general picture through the causal relationship between the components of urban development and the carrying capacity of land in Surakarta. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach. Data is obtained from identified variables which are then arranged dynamically using Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) analysis processed with Vensim software. The results show that there is a supply model (built-up area and green open space) and a demand model (population, investment, and Gross Domestic Product). The relationship between variables describes the causal relationship in Surakarta's Land Carrying Capacity divided into three rounds, namely Loop B1 (Land Carrying Capacity – Demand - Supply - Land Carrying Capacity), Loop B2 (Supply - Built-up Land - Land Conversion - Green Open Space – Supply), and Loop R1 (Population - Demand - Investment - GDP - GDP per capita – Population).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The car wash industry has grown rapidly globally, spurred by increasing vehicle ownership and demand for convenient services. However, this sector is linked to environmental challenges, including excessive water consumption, chemical runoff, and high energy use. This is the first life cycle assessment to assess the environmental impact of vehicle wash services in Indonesia, focusing on water usage, chemical discharge, energy consumption, and waste creation in car wash operations.METHODS: The life cycle assessment method was employed to assess three stages of car wash processes including wet processing, dry processing, and chemical usage from water supply to waste management. The functional unit, defined as the washing of a single vehicle, serves as the reference point for data inventory and impact assessments. A sensitivity study was performed to evaluate the robustness of the results by analysing the impact of fluctuating electricity consumption.FINDINGS: The result showed that automated car wash systems consume between 150-190 liters of water per wash, while manual services use approximately 100-120 liters. Chemical runoff, including detergents, surfactants, and heavy metals, poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems, especially in areas with inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure. Energy consumption, driven by the use of high pressure pumps and dryers, contributes substantially to greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel depletion. Sensitivity analysis indicates that energy consumption is a key driver of environmental impact, particularly in regions relying on coal-based power grids. The study further explores mitigation strategies such as water recycling systems, the adoption of biodegradable detergents, and the integration of renewable energy sources into car wash operations. These practices are shown to reduce water usage by up to 60 percent decrease chemical runoff, and cut energy related emissions by approximately 30 percent.CONCLUSION: The findings underscore the need for regulatory reforms and industry wide adoption of sustainable practices to minimize the environmental footprint of car wash services. This study contributes new insights into the sustainability of this growing industry and offers actionable recommendations for reducing its ecological impact.

The 0.6% contribution of the forestry sector to GDP is considered very low despite 64.1% of Indonesia's land area being allocated as forests. Most of the 64.8% production forest allocated is not yet optimized for strengthening national food security, in which Indonesia is ranked 65th in the world. Therefore, an innovative forest management system is needed to synergize timber and non-timber production. This paper presents a multi-business forestry (Mb-F) implementation strategy analyzed through a dynamic system-based multi-criterion decision-making tool named Super Model Mb-F (SM Mb-F). SM Mb-F is built based on a causal loop diagram (CLD), which describes the dynamic relationship between land typology suitability and decisions related to the type of business, commodities, land use area, workload, and financing for many variables relating to 5M business principles and sustainability. Results showed that CLD formulated in 280 sub-models in a total of 4,764 decision variables with an error deviation of 6.4%. The SM Mb-F simulation on two sample concession units produces a projected increase in wood supply, employment, and state revenue, plus the provision of new functions such as food, NTFP, and environmental services. These benefits are obtained by business feasibility. Assuming that gradually until 2030, the Mb-F can be implemented in 32% of Indonesia's production forests, then by 2045, it is projected that there will be an increase in wood production by 296.8%, state revenue by 654.3%, and labor absorption by 985.7%, as well as adding food production up to 19.36 M tons. This is because the land use efficiency of the current operation of forest concessions following the Annual Allowable Cut (AAC) under the selective cutting and replanting system in Indonesia (TPTI) is only about 3% of the total area of forest concession. Assuming the cutting cycle is 35 years, timber could be extracted in 1/35 of the total forest concession area. Implementing Mb-F will significantly improve the land use efficiency from about 3% to 90%. The Mb-F will also restrain the rate of decline in carbon stocks, which is deeper if governance is still under the BAU scenario. This research suggests further global research, emphasizing the importance of innovative models for sustainable forestry governance and food security worldwide.

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of positive law and customary law in protecting indigenous peoples' rights to land literation and natural resources and their impact on community welfare. The research method used is normative legal studies. Customary law is focused on the customary law of the Tobaru tribe. The Tobaru tribe is one of the well-known tribes in Indonesia, which is famous for its land rights law ("Tola Gumi"). The study results reveal that the regulations of the central government and the regional government of North Maluku have not guaranteed the implementation of legal protection and the welfare of indigenous peoples, especially for the Tobaru tribe. This is also evidenced by the fact that the regional government has not implemented the Constitutional Court Decision in the North Maluku region. This legal review shows that three of the five pillars of the state, namely protection of human rights, social justice, and antidiscrimination, have not been implemented properly. Indigenous people are very dependent on land as their main source of livelihood for farming. Weak legal protections, such as the absence of land titles, make them vulnerable to social conflicts and lose their customary land rights. This research implies that it is hoped that the government will provide consistent legal protection for the welfare of indigenous peoples. Researchers encourage future studies related to learning about the rights of indigenous peoples in terms of the international legal system.

Trust in others is shown when an individual is prepared to prioritize their well-being without considering potential risks, driven by their unwavering belief in the moral integrity of others. The research investigates the degree of trust between students and teachers in English language instruction. It examines the underlying factors contributing to this trust and investigate the strategies teachers and students use to establish trust. The researcher used a mixed methods approach by integrating questionnaires and interviews to gather data for this study. The surveys were provided to 265 students using convenient sampling, while the interviews were purposefully conducted with ten lecturers and 18 students. The researcher used descriptive statistics to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Given that 63.7 % of students express trust in their instructors, the findings suggest that the degree of trust between students and professors is typically positive in the context of university-level English instruction. The interview data were examined using open, axial, and selective coding techniques. The study's findings indicate a reciprocal trust between students and teachers, with students demonstrating a solid foundation for this trust. In response, lecturers possess effective strategies for cultivating students' trust

Cooperative learning has been widely utilized as an intervention to enhance intergroup relations in diverse societies, drawing on intergroup contact theory. Despite numerous field experiments testing its effectiveness in educational contexts, a comprehensive meta-analyses evaluating its overall efficacy has yet to be conducted. This meta-analysis aims to assess the magnitude of the effect of cooperative learning on promoting intergroup relations within experimental field studies conducted in educational settings. The article search was performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria across ERIC, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and SpringerLink. Data analysis involved generating forest plots, conducting heterogeneity tests, calculating summary effects using a random effects model, and identifying publication bias. The meta-analysis of 18 field experimental intervention studies, involving 5265 participants, revealed that cooperative learning intervention programs positively impact intergroup relations, with a moderate effect size (ES = 0.33; 95% CI [0.25, 0.40]). Consequently, cooperative learning can be employed as an alternative strategy to bridge gaps, reduce prejudice, and improve relations among groups with diverse social identities in educational settings.