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Identification of Podaxis species to species-level based on morphology alone is problematic. Thus, species of the genus Podaxis are in dire need of taxonomic and phylogenetic evaluations using molecular data to develop a consensus between morphological taxonomy and more robust molecular analyses. In Mexico, most of the collected specimens of Podaxis have been morphologically identified as Podaxis pistillaris sensu lato and are locally used for its culinary value. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer region of Podaxis specimens from the MEXU fungarium collected between 1948 and 2014 from arid regions of Mexico were sequenced and these collections placed into a molecular phylogenetic framework using Maximum Likelihood analysis. In addition, the ethnomycological use of Podaxis in Mexico (utility, traditional handling, economic importance, etc.) is described by observations, interviews, and sampling of Podaxis species with local people from three areas of the region of the Cañada of Oaxaca, which belongs to the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve. These results indicate that the Mexican Podaxis were divided into two clades. Specimens collected in the northern region showed phylogenetic affinities to clade D, while specimens from the south of Mexico clustered within clade E. Morphological data, such as spore length and width, showed significant differences between the two phylogenetic clades, implying that these clades represent different species. None of the Mexican specimens were found in association with termite mounds, which might indicate an adaptation to desert-like regions. This study provides the first ethnomycological use of Podaxis from Mexico.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la longitud de mecha y fibra, así como el diámetro de fibra descerdada de vicuñas por clase (crías, juveniles y adultos) y sexo (macho y hembra). Se realizó en el Criadero de Vicuñas en Semicautiverio de la Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Perú, ubicado entre 4420 y 4800 msnm. Las variables respuesta se analizaron en un arreglo factorial de 2x3 conducido en un diseño completamente al azar. Los promedios de la longitud de mecha fueron 3.03 ± 0.52 y 2.97 ± 0.51 cm para machos y hembras (p>0.05) y de 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 y 2.59 ± 0.39 cm en crías, juveniles y adultos, respectivamente (p0.05) y de 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 y 3.50 ± 0.34 cm para crías, juveniles y adultas, respectivamente (p0.05) y de 12.359 ± 0.352, 12.856 ± 0.442 y 12.997 ± 0.447 μm en crías, juveniles y adultas, respectivamente (p, The aim of this study was to determine staple and fibre length, as well as the fibre diameter of vicuñas by age (cria, juvenile and adults) and sex (male and female). The study was carried out in the semicaptivity vicuña farm of Multicomunal Picotani, Puno, Peru, located between 4420 and 4800 m above the sea level. Response variables were analyzed in a factorial arrangement of 2x3 conducted in a completely radomized design. The mean staple length was 3.03 ± 0.52 and 2.97 ± 0.51 cm for males and females (p>0.05) and 3.08 ± 0.47, 3.33 ± 0.39 and 2.59 ± 0.39 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p0.05) and 4.22 ± 0.28, 4.57 ± 0.27 and 3.50 ± 0.34 cm for crias, juveniles and adults respectively (p0.05), and 12.359 ± 0.352, 12.856 ± 0.442 and 12.997 ± 0.447 μm for juveniles and adults, respectively (p

ResumenGeastrum violaceum se registra por primera vez para la micobiota mexicana del bosque tropical caducifolio. Las características macromorfológicas exclusivas son: exoperidio de color rosa, rojo a violeta pálido, peristoma con pocos pliegues y no delimitado. Esta especie es descrita e ilustrada con fotografías y dibujos de las estructuras macro y microscópicas del basidioma. Los ejemplares están depositados en los Herbarios ENCB, FCME, MEXU y UJAT.AbstractGeastrum violaceum is recorded for the first time to the Mexican mycobiota of the tropical dry forest. The exclusive macromorphological features are: exoperidium pink, red to pale violet, peristome with a few folds and not delimited. This species is described and illustrated with photographs and drawing-lines of the macro and microscopic structures of the basidiome. The specimens are deposited in Herbaria ENCB, FCME, MEXU and UJAT.

This study characterized Clavispora lusitaniae strains isolated from different stages of the processing and early fermentation of a henequen (Agave fourcroydes) spirit produced in Yucatan, Mexico using a molecular technique. Sixteen strains identified based on morphological features, obtained from different substrates, were typed molecularly. Nine different versions of the divergent D1/D2 domain of the large-subunit ribosomal DNA sequence were identified among the C. lusitaniae strains. The greatest degree of polymorphism was found in the 90-bp structural motif of the D2 domain. The MSP-PCR technique was able to differentiate 100% of the isolates. This study provides significant insight into the genetic diversity of the mycobiota present during the henequen fermentation process, especially that of C. lusitaniae, for which only a few studies in plants have been published. The applied MSP-PCR markers were very efficient in revealing olymorphisms between isolates of this species.

"Las exposiciones micológicas organizadas por la Sociedad Mexicana de Micología datan de 1969, año en que se efectuó la I Exposiciónde Hongos en el Instituto de Biología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en la ciudad de México. Con el fin de que estasexposiciones tuvieran un carácter nacional, en 1976 se organizó la I Exposición Nacional de Hongos en el Museo de Historia Naturaldel Bosque de Chapultepec, México, D. F., con la participación de micólogos del Distrito Federal, Estado de México, Michoacán, Mo-relos y Veracruz. Las Exposiciones Nacionales de Hongos se han llevado a cabo en diversos lugares del Distrito Federal, la última, XVExposición Nacional de Hongos, se realizó del 30 de agosto al 7 de septiembre de 2013, en el Jardín Botánico del Instituto de Biologíade la UNAM. A partir de 1979, las exposiciones se han realizado en diferentes entidades federativas de la República Mexicana: Chiapas,Chihuahua, Estado de México, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz y Yucatán, entre otras.Palabras clave:México, micología, eventos micológicos."