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Background. Discussion on the impact of pocket money on positive behaviors is still debated.Objective. To investigate the effect of diverse money allowance schemes on risky behaviors (smoking, alcohol, binge drinking, drug use, gambling) during adolescence.Method. 989 students aged 15 from Lombardy (Italy) reported information on money availability in the 2018 wave of the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. To analyze the relationship between money availability and risky behaviors we computed odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals through unconditional multiple logistic regression models.Results. Spending more than 10(sic) weekly was associated with higher likelihood to smoke, binge drink or gamble. Receiving pocket money (rather than receiving money upon request) was related to higher likelihood to engage in risky behaviors.Conclusions. Pocket money may have a negative impact on adolescents, particularly with a substantial amount of money. More research is needed to understand why providing money only if needed may serve as a protective factor against risky behaviors.

The present study explores the concurrent contribution to sleep problems of individual-related, family-related, and school-related factors in adolescence. Gathering from the Italian 2018 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) data collection, we used hierarchical logistic regression on a sample of 3397 adolescents (51% females, Mage = 13.99, SD = 1.62) to explore the contribution to sleep problems of the individual (Model 1: alcohol use, smoking, screen time, physical activity), familial (Model 2: parental communication, parental support), and school-related (Model 3: peer support, schoolmates/students support, teacher support and school pressure) variables. 28.3 percent of adolescents reported having sleep difficulties. Overall, Model 3 significantly improved over Model 2 and Model 1. Data showed that increasing smoking (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03–1.20) and screen time (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02–1.08) were associated with sleep difficulties but not alcohol use and physical activity. Also, impaired communication with both parents and increasing parental support (OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78–0.90) were associated with decreased odds of sleep problems. Finally, both increases in school pressure (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26–1.56) and lack of student support (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.10–1.42) were associated with a higher likelihood of sleep problems, while peer support and teacher support were not. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to the study of sleep difficulties in adolescence that includes specific psychosocial contributors such as the quality of parental communication and perceived parental support and considers the quality of the day-to-day relationship with schoolmates and the school level of demands.What is Known:• Adolescents' are at-risk of more significant sleep difficulties, and recent literature highlights the importance of an integrated approach to understanding this phenomenon, including biological, psychosocial, and cont

The present study explores the concurrent contribution to sleep problems of individual-related, family-related, and school-related factors in adolescence. Gathering from the Italian 2018 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) data collection, we used hierarchical logistic regression on a sample of 3397 adolescents (51% females, Mage = 13.99, SD = 1.62) to explore the contribution to sleep problems of the individual (Model 1: alcohol use, smoking, screen time, physical activity), familial (Model 2: parental communication, parental support), and school-related (Model 3: peer support, schoolmates/students support, teacher support and school pressure) variables. 28.3 percent of adolescents reported having sleep difficulties. Overall, Model 3 significantly improved over Model 2 and Model 1. Data showed that increasing smoking (OR = 1.11; 95% CI: 1.03-1.20) and screen time (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.08) were associated with sleep difficulties but not alcohol use and physical activity. Also, impaired communication with both parents and increasing parental support (OR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78-0.90) were associated with decreased odds of sleep problems. Finally, both increases in school pressure (OR = 1.40; 95% CI: 1.26-1.56) and lack of student support (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.10-1.42) were associated with a higher likelihood of sleep problems, while peer support and teacher support were not.Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of an integrated approach to the study of sleep difficulties in adolescence that includes specific psychosocial contributors such as the quality of parental communication and perceived parental support and considers the quality of the day-to-day relationship with schoolmates and the school level of demands.

Discrimination has a negative impact on immigrants’ health and contributes to the (re)production of health inequalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceived discrimination on physical and mental health outcomes of migrants living in Italy. Data were taken from the Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens (SCIF) survey, conducted in 2011–2012 in Italy, namely the first national survey that investigates social condition and integration of foreign citizens. In order to assess the association between perceived discrimination and both physical and mental health of immigrants, two binomial logistic regression models were fitted. The main finding of our study is that, also in Italy, perceived ethnic discrimination is associated with worse health outcomes, therefore, policymakers should develop and implement public interventions aimed at reducing health inequalities with the rest of the population and at promoting migrants’ social integration.

Italy was among the most severely hit European country by COVID-19 pandemic and, just as in other countries, healthcare workers emerged as a group at increased risk of becoming infected with the virus. In fact, according to INAIL almost 70% of all reported occupational injuries is concentrated in the health and social care sector. Nevertheless, to date in Italy – to our knowledge – no research has focused on the possible factors that have jeopardized the protection of this category of workers. Our paper aims to analyze – through currently available data – the impact of different Regional Health Care Systems’ interventions and policies on HCW’s risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection with respect to specific indicators regarding the different responses to Covid-19 adopted by SSR with the aim of preventing the spread of the virus and treating people infected with COVID-19.

Within the literature on health inequalities and social determinants of health, there is a growing interest in studying how the context of residence is able to influence health conditions and health‐related outcomes, over and above individual characteristics. Life context affects people's well‐being in a material way, through the availability of services and resources, but also through social, cultural and relational resources, to the extent to which people within the same context share norms, values and behaviours affecting their health conditions. In this study, we analysed the association between social cohesion in the context of residence and two health‐related outcomes, psycho‐physical well‐being and self‐efficacy, in school‐aged children in Lombardy, using data from the Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children (HBSC) study for 2014. The results show a positive association between the variables, indicating that social cohesion matters for young people's health and well‐being and suggesting new areas of intervention in policies aiming at promoting health and reducing inequalities.

Il volume si inserisce in un filone ben consolidato di riflessioni attorno al tema della disabilità che, sia a livello internazionale che a livello nazionale, si è dimostrato non solo fecondo sul piano teorico e analitico, ma è stato certamente fondamentale nel processo che ha portato al riconoscimento dei diritti delle persone con disabilità e alla realizzazione di politiche inclusive. Le rigorose analisi presenti in tutti i capitoli mettono in luce, però, anche quanto sia ancora ampia la distanza tra i principi che guidano la riflessione, le politiche per la disabilità e le reali condizioni di vita che le persone con disabilità sperimentano quotidianamente. Dal volume emerge dunque che la vera sfida non è solo il riconoscimento dei diritti delle persone con disabilità, ma quella di rendere tali diritti esigibili. Perché ciò sia possibile, è necessaria sia la volontà politica di intervenire in questa direzione attraverso programmi efficienti ed efficaci, sia un cambiamento culturale della società rispetto al riconoscimento delle persone con disabilità “come parte della diversità umana e dell’umanità stessa”. Riconoscimento che lascia spazio alle aspirazioni delle persone con disabilità, mettendole al centro delle azioni e delle politiche che li riguardano attraverso una loro attivazione concreta. Il volume è pensato per gli studiosi della disabilità, ma anche per gli operatori che si muovono a stretto contatto con le persone con disabilità.

Lo studio della relazione tra il contesto in cui le persone vivono e le loro condizioni di salute trova sempre più spazio all’interno della letteratura sulle disuguaglianze sociali nella salute. L’ambiente di vita influisce sul benessere delle persone in modo materiale, attraverso la disponibilità di servizi e risorse, ma anche per via sociale, culturale e relazionale, nella misura in cui le persone all’interno dello stesso contesto condividono norme, valori e comportamenti che impattano sui loro stati di salute. In questo studio abbiamo analizzato l’associazione tra la coesione sociale nel contesto di residenza e due outcome collegati alla sfera della salute, autoefficacia e benessere, in ragazzi in età scolastica in Lombardia, con l’utilizzo dei dati HBSC 2014. I risultati mostrano un’associazione positiva tra le variabili, suggerendo nuovi ambiti di intervento nelle politiche volte a promuovere la salute e a ridurre le disuguaglianze.

Millennials and Religion: Divergence or Continuity Compared to the Generation of their Parents? ·This paper deals with the relationship between Millennials and religion with the aim at determining whether this generation diverges from that of their mothers and fathers also from the point of view of religious identity and experience. The paper is divided into two parts: a literature review on the theme of generational differences in religious identity and experience with reference to the Italian context and a second part dedicated to data analysis. We analyze approximately 3,700 questionnaires on this issue completed by students attending the University of Milano-Bicocca.

Il testo è articolato in 11 capitoli. Il primo propone una revisione sistematica della letteratura sul tema, basata su riviste di primo piano sulla scena accademica internazionale del Social Work. I due capitoli successivi affrontano le acquisizioni, le rielaborazioni, le riflessioni che hanno portato negli anni a consolidare un disegno complessivo che pone il tirocinio al centro del percorso formativo offerto dal Corso di Laurea in Servizio sociale dell’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca. I capitoli che seguono danno conto dello studio di caso realizzato, a partire dal quarto che descrive gli obiettivi e le strategie di ricerca adottate. Il quinto e il sesto capitolo descrivono il profilo dei nostri supervisori sia dal punto di vista socio-anagrafico sia da quello formativo e della condizione occupazionale. Di contro, il settimo capitolo delinea il panorama e le specifiche caratteristiche degli enti e dei servizi nei quali effettivamente si svolgono le attività di tirocinio. L’ottavo rappresenta il cuore pulsante dell’intera ricerca, avendo l’obiettivo di esplorare da un lato il clima del contesto organizzativo in cui si svolge la supervisione di tirocinio e dall’altro la rappresentazione del ruolo di supervisione posseduta dagli intervistati. I due capitoli successivi puntano a cogliere il parere degli intervistati sul contesto universitario, in particolare sulla preparazione degli studenti di Servizio sociale e sugli strumenti a supporto del tirocinio, nonché sull’organizzazione complessiva del tirocinio. L’ultimo capitolo ha l’ambizioso obiettivo di tessere l’intera trama della ricerca per trarne considerazioni e nuove prospettive, anche in merito alla progettazione di tirocini innovativi.

In questo capitolo sono descritte la progettazione e la realizzazione della “Ricerca sulla figura dei supervisori di tirocinio di studenti del Cdl in Servizio sociale dell’Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca”. Si tratta di uno studio di caso (Yin 2003) sulla realtà degli assistenti sociali supervisori del tirocinio obbligatorio per studenti del secondo e terzo anno del Corso di laurea in Servizio sociale dell’Università di Milano Bicocca. La ricerca, ideata e diretta da Mara Tognetti, progettata e coordinata nelle strategie metodologiche da Alessandra Decataldo, è stata realizzata da un team composto da esperti di metodologia della ricerca sociale e assistenti sociali, docenti del corso di laurea indagato, impegnati nei corsi di insegnamento di Metodi e tecniche del Servizio sociale e di Guida al tirocinio previsti per tutti i tre anni del Corso di laurea in Servizio sociale dell’Università di Milano Bicocca. L’indagine intende fornire un quadro informativo aggiornato sulle condizioni in cui si svolge il tirocinio, privilegiando il punto di vista del supervisore, ma con l’obiettivo di produrre pratiche migliorative sia per i supervisori sia per gli studenti, ma anche per l’organizzazione complessiva del tirocinio. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo, l’indagine si avvale sia di informazioni raccolte attraverso una web survey rivolta ai supervisori di tirocinio del Corso di laurea, sia dell’esperienza maturata con l’osservazione partecipante dei docenti (componenti del gruppo di ricerca) dei corsi di Guida al tirocinio di tutti i tre anni del percorso formativo. La ricerca è rivolta, in particolare, ai supervisori di tirocinio di entrambi gli anni di corso attivi negli ultimi due anni accademici (2014/15 e 2015/16).

Questo capitolo intende dare conto della area tematica inerente al Rapporto tra l’organizzazione e la supervisione. Si tratta di un’area particolarmente delicata, composta da 10 quesiti (domande dalla 20 alla 29 del questionario). Per definire questo rapporto si è ritenuto indispensabile delineare la percezione degli intervistati in merito al clima del contesto organizzativo in cui si svolgono le attività di tirocinio e la relativa supervisione. Il clima del contesto organizzativo può contribuire o, di contro, ostacolare il conseguimento da parte delle organizzazioni dei propri obiettivi e, quindi, nel caso in analisi favorire oppure danneggiare il processo di acquisizione dell’identità professionale degli aspiranti assistenti sociali. Inoltre, questo capitolo intende dare conto dell’ultima area tematica del questionario (escludendo quella sui dati anagrafici), cioè quella relativa al ruolo del supervisore. Si tratta di 10 domande (dalla 43 alla 50) volte ad esplorare lo stile di supervisione degli intervistati in termini di motivazione, competenze utilizzate, ma anche di strategie messe in atto per realizzare la propria funzione. Consapevoli della maturazione o, comunque, del cambiamento che può occorrere nel tempo nello stile professionale di un individuo (Facchini, 2010; Olivetti Manoukian, 2015), si è chiesto agli intervistati di fare specifico riferimento alle esperienze dei due anni precedenti all’intervista.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the efficacy of the welfare action commonly known as the «Personal Budget», which stands for the development of reforms reorganizing the funds for social and health benefits, allocated directly to people with disabilities, allowing them to choose and pay for needed supports. The goal of this policy is to put people back in the center of the care process, releasing them from the passive role of «assistance receivers» in exchange for a pro-active role with broader decision-making margins. Achieving, therefore, the empowerment of the person with disabilities, who is given full control over the structuring and quality of the supports to be received. To discuss the efficacy of this welfare action, we conducted a systematic literature review of the topic, selecting both scientific articles and reports produced by national stakeholders. We thus analyzed to what extent, according to the explored literature, the Personal Budget is succeeding in making the health and social support for people with disabilities more individually tailored, in empowering them and thus, improving their quality of life. The scrutiny of the selected scientific literature highlights how the Personal Budget does not merely correspond to a reallocation of the economic resources available in favor of disability within a «cash-for-hire» care scheme, based on the liberal assumption that funding individuals directly gives them agency and that being a client is somehow more empowering than being a patient, but at the same time it does not seem to comply with the fundamental change in the paradigm of taking care of people with disabilities which was aimed for. Moreover, the empirical research articles published so far seems to suggest that the implementation of the Personal Budget determines a more precise needs-assessment for people with disabilities, allowing a personalized organization of supports, but does not ease the burden on their families.

Ethnical origin is a key dimension to explain differentials in access/ utilization of healthcare services. The increase in the immigrant population in Italy puts further strain the capacity of health systems to respond adequately to health needs. In many cases, migrants have higher health risks than the native population, as a result of lesser granted rights, worse socio-economic conditions, different values and culture. Moreover, they experience numerous barriers during their stay in the host country. On the other side, the relationship between immigration and health cannot be fully understood without exploring how health services are organized and the role of professionals who provide health care services. In the first part of the paper we briefly examine these topics. Next, we reviewed the few Italian data sources in order to study the relationship between immigration and health. Specifically, we show their limits and the issues uncovered by available data, related to following domains: structural surveys features; characteristics of the migration experience; barriers, beliefs, values, practices of care; the supply side of health services. Finally, we identify four challenges that need to be addressed in data collection on migration and health topic: the recognition of the problem; the need of resources; an in-depth theoretical reflection; a refined methodological approach.

Sociological literature recognizes in social structure an important determinant of individuals’ health conditions. A large number of studies stress the influence of social stratification, such as education and occupational position, on health indicators. However, we also know that the worsening of socio-economic conditions is only partly transmitted directly. In fact, many effects are associated with individual and familial lifestyles. Moreover, it’s important to describe the dynamics of these relationships also considering macro-changes, such as those imposed by the economic crisis. For example, some authors argue that phases of economic recession produce ambivalent effects on health. In this perspective this work shows changes in some risk factors in the years of the crisis associated with territorial dimension and the job position. The study uses data from ISTAT Multiscope Data Aspects of Daily Life (2005-2013). The analyzes are conducted with multivariate multilevel regression techniques. Among the epidemiologically validated risk factors we stress the followings: 1) smoking, 2) alcohol, 3) obesity and diet, and 4) physical activity. The results show a substantial stability over years considered, with the exception of a general decrease in alcohol consumption. The occupational stratification of unhealthy lifestyles would remain substantially unchanged, meanwhile the only social category that appears to be worsening (in particular smoking and physical activity) is composed of unemployed persons in southern Italy, an area strongly impacted by the crisis.

La supervisione di tirocinio nella formazione delle figure professionali sociali, sanitarie ed educative risulta essere strategica. Partendo da questo presupposto si è voluto indagare tale processo nell’ambito dei Corsi di Laurea in Servizio Sociale. Il volume illustra i risultati di una ricerca condotta sulla supervisione di tirocinio e il suo significato nel processo formativo accademico. Il testo intende offrire, innanzitutto ai supervisori attuali e futuri e agli enti di appartenenza, riflessioni organiche su questa attività didattica che assume grande importanza per i Social Worker e per il sistema di welfare in generale. Il volume è pensato anche per fini didattici, a partire dall’analisi della letteratura nazionale e internazionale in merito. Il testo è rivolto a tutti coloro che si occupano di formazione degli operatori sociali, sanitari ed educativi.