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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline, memory loss, and impaired daily functioning. While there is currently no cure for AD, several pharmacotherapeutic targets and management strategies have been explored. Additionally, traditional medicinal plants have gained attention for their potential role in AD management. Pharmacotherapeutic targets in AD include amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and cholinergic dysfunction. Traditional medicinal plants, such as Ginkgo biloba, Huperzia serrata, Curcuma longa (turmeric), and Panax ginseng, have demonstrated the ability to modulate these targets through their bioactive compounds. Ginkgo biloba, for instance, contains flavonoids and terpenoids that exhibit neuroprotective effects by reducing Aβ deposition and enhancing cerebral blood flow. Huperzia serrata, a natural source of huperzine A, has acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting properties, thus improving cholinergic function. Curcuma longa, enriched with curcumin, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, potentially mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Panax ginseng's ginsenosides have shown neuroprotective and anti-amyloidogenic properties. The investigation of traditional medicinal plants as a complementary approach to AD management offers several advantages, including a lower risk of adverse effects and potential multi-target interactions. Furthermore, the cultural knowledge and utilization of these plants provide a rich source of information for the development of new therapies. However, further research is necessary to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action, standardize preparations, and assess the safety and efficacy of these natural remedies. Integrating traditional medicinal-plant-based therapies with modern pharmacotherapies may hold the key to a more comprehensive and effective approach to AD treatment. This review aims to explore the pharmacotherapeutic targets in AD and assess the potential of traditional medicinal plants in its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Schiff bases of 1-(2-Aminoethyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid were synthesized, characterized and screened for anticonvulsant activity. Compounds were evaluated for in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability by parallel artificial membrane permeability BBB assay (PAMPA-BBB). Compounds 5d, 5f, 5j, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5w, 5x and 5y elicited considerable in vitro permeability across BBB and further screened for in vivo anticonvulsant activity by sc-PTZ and DMCM-induced seizure models. The outcome of the in vivo models suggested that 5d, 5w, and 5y were most potent amongst the synthesized compounds. The neurotoxicity evaluation of 5d, 5w, and 5y by rotarod indicates no impairment of muscle coordination in comparison to standard diazepam. The MTT assay revealed that the test compounds (5d, 5w, and 5y) were not found to alter the cell viability considerably. In silico molecular docking and dynamics simulations were carried out on the homology modeled protein of human GABA transporter 1 (GAT1), which exhibited complementary interactions of compound 5w within the active binding pocket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]