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1. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer’s disease

Author

Charou, Despoina, Rogdakis, Thanasis, Latorrata, Alessia, Valcarcel, Maria, Papadogiannis, Vasileios, Athanasiou, Christina, Tsengenes, Alexandros, Papadopoulou, Maria Anna, Lypitkas, Dimitrios, Lavigne, Matthieu D., Katsila, Theodora, Wade, Rebecca C., Cader, M. Zameel, Calogeropoulou, Theodora, Gravanis, Achille, and Charalampopoulos, Ioannis

Published
2024
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3. Scaling Protein–Water Interactions in the Martini 3 Coarse-Grained Force Field to Simulate Transmembrane Helix Dimers in Different Lipid Environments

Author

Ainara Claveras Cabezudo, Christina Athanasiou, Alexandros Tsengenes, and Rebecca C. Wade

Subjects
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Computer Science Applications
Abstract

Martini 3, the latest version of the widely used Martini force field for coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, is a promising tool to investigate proteins in phospholipid bilayers. However, simulating other lipid environments, such as detergent micelles, presents challenges due to the absence of validated parameters for their constituent molecules. Here, we propose parameters for the micelle-forming surfactant, dodecylphosphocholine (DPC). These result in micelle assembly with aggregation numbers in agreement with experimental values. However, we identified a lack of hydrophobic interactions between transmembrane helix protein dimers and the tails of DPC molecules, preventing insertion and stabilization of the protein in the micelles. This problem was also observed for protein insertion by self-assembling 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers. We propose the reduction of the non-bonded interactions between protein and water beads by 10% as a simple and effective solution to this problem that enables protein encapsulation in phospholipid micelles and bilayers without altering protein dimerization or bilayer structure.Abstract Figure

Published
2023
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4. Development and Biological Characterization of a Novel Selective TrkA Agonist with Neuroprotective Properties against Amyloid Toxicity

Author

Thanasis Rogdakis, Despoina Charou, Alessia Latorrata, Eleni Papadimitriou, Alexandros Tsengenes, Christina Athanasiou, Marianna Papadopoulou, Constantina Chalikiopoulou, Theodora Katsila, Isbaal Ramos, Kyriakos C. Prousis, Rebecca C. Wade, Kyriaki Sidiropoulou, Theodora Calogeropoulou, Achille Gravanis, and Ioannis Charalampopoulos

Subjects
neurotrophin, TrkA neurotrophin receptor, nerve growth factor, Alzheimer disease, amyloid-beta, neurotrophin mimetic, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Neurotrophins are growth factors that exert important neuroprotective effects by preventing neuronal death and synaptic loss. Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) acts through the activation of its high-affinity, pro-survival TrkA and low-affinity, pro-apoptotic p75NTR receptors. NGF has been shown to slow or prevent neurodegenerative signals in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) progression. However, its low bioavailability and its blood–brain-barrier impermeability limit the use of NGF as a potential therapeutic agent against AD. Based on our previous findings on synthetic dehydroepiandrosterone derivatives, we identified a novel NGF mimetic, named ENT-A013, which selectively activates TrkA and exerts neuroprotective, anti-amyloid-β actions. We now report the chemical synthesis, in silico modelling, metabolic stability, CYP-mediated reaction phenotyping and biological characterization of ENT-A013 under physiological and neurodegenerative conditions. We show that ENT-A013 selectively activates the TrkA receptor and its downstream kinases Akt and Erk1/2 in PC12 cells, protecting these cells from serum deprivation-induced cell death. Moreover, ENT-A013 promotes survival of primary Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons upon NGF withdrawal and protects hippocampal neurons against Amyloid β-induced apoptosis and synaptic loss. Furthermore, this neurotrophin mimetic partially restores LTP impairment. In conclusion, ENT-A013 represents a promising new lead molecule for developing therapeutics against neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s Disease, selectively targeting TrkA-mediated pro-survival signals.

Published
2022
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5. A community effort in SARS‐CoV‐2 drug discovery

Author

Schimunek, Johannes, primary, Seidl, Philipp, additional, Elez, Katarina, additional, Hempel, Tim, additional, Le, Tuan, additional, Noé, Frank, additional, Olsson, Simon, additional, Raich, Lluís, additional, Winter, Robin, additional, Gokcan, Hatice, additional, Gusev, Filipp, additional, Gutkin, Evgeny M., additional, Isayev, Olexandr, additional, Kurnikova, Maria G., additional, Narangoda, Chamali H., additional, Zubatyuk, Roman, additional, Bosko, Ivan P., additional, Furs, Konstantin V., additional, Karpenko, Anna D., additional, Kornoushenko, Yury V., additional, Shuldau, Mikita, additional, Yushkevich, Artsemi, additional, Benabderrahmane, Mohammed, additional, Bousquet-Melou, Patrick, additional, Bureau, Ronan, additional, Charton, Beatrice, additional, Cirou, Bertrand, additional, Gil, Gérard, additional, Allen, William J., additional, Sirimulla, Suman, additional, Watowich, Stanley, additional, Antonopoulos, Nick, additional, Epitropakis, Nikolaos, additional, Krasoulis, Agamemnon, additional, Pitsikalis, Vassilis, additional, Theodorakis, Stavros, additional, Kozlovskii, Igor, additional, Maliutin, Anton, additional, Medvedev, Alexander, additional, Popov, Petr, additional, Zaretckii, Mark, additional, Eghbal-zadeh, Hamid, additional, Halmich, Christina, additional, Hochreiter, Sepp, additional, Mayr, Andreas, additional, Ruch, Peter, additional, Widrich, Michael, additional, Berenger, Francois, additional, Kumar, Ashutosh, additional, Yamanishi, Yoshihiro, additional, Zhang, Kam, additional, Bengio, Emmanuel, additional, Bengio, Yoshua, additional, Jain, Moksh, additional, Korablyov, Maksym, additional, Liu, Cheng-Hao, additional, Gilles, Marcous, additional, Glaab, Enrico, additional, Barnsley, Kelly, additional, Iyengar, Suhasini M., additional, Ondrechen, Mary Jo, additional, Haupt, V. Joachim, additional, Kaiser, Florian, additional, Schroeder, Michael, additional, Pugliese, Luisa, additional, Albani, Simone, additional, Athanasiou, Christina, additional, Beccari, Andrea, additional, Carloni, Paolo, additional, D'Arrigo, Giulia, additional, Gianquinto, Eleonora, additional, Goßen, Jonas, additional, Hanke, Anton, additional, Joseph, Benjamin P., additional, Kokh, Daria B., additional, Kovachka, Sandra, additional, Manelfi, Candida, additional, Mukherjee, Goutam, additional, Muñiz-Chicharro, Abraham, additional, Musiani, Francesco, additional, Nunes-Alves, Ariane, additional, Paiardi, Giulia, additional, Rossetti, Giulia, additional, Sadiq, S. Kashif, additional, Spyrakis, Francesca, additional, Talarico, Carmine, additional, Tsengenes, Alexandros, additional, Wade, Rebecca, additional, Copeland, Conner, additional, Gaiser, Jeremiah, additional, Olson, Daniel R., additional, Roy, Amitava, additional, Venkatraman, Vishwesh, additional, Wheeler, Travis J., additional, Arthanari, Haribabu, additional, Blaschitz, Klara, additional, Cespugli, Marco, additional, Durmaz, Vedat, additional, Fackeldey, Konstantin, additional, Fischer, Patrick D., additional, Gorgulla, Christoph, additional, Gruber, Christian, additional, Gruber, Karl, additional, Hetmann, Michael, additional, Kinney, Jamie E., additional, Das, Krishna M. Padmanabha, additional, Pandita, Shreya, additional, Singh, Amit, additional, Steinkellner, Georg, additional, Tesseyre, Guilhem, additional, Wagner, Gerhard, additional, Wang, Zi-Fu, additional, Yust, Ryan J., additional, Druzhilovskiy, Dmitry S., additional, Filimonov, Dmitry, additional, Pogodin, Pavel V., additional, Poroikov, Vladimir, additional, Rudik, Anastassia V., additional, Stolbov, Leonid A., additional, Veselovsky, Alexander V., additional, De Rosa, Maria, additional, Simone, Giada De, additional, Gulotta, Maria R., additional, Lombino, Jessica, additional, Mekni, Nedra, additional, Perricone, Ugo, additional, Casini, Arturo, additional, Embree, Amanda, additional, Gordon, D. Benjamin, additional, Lei, David, additional, Pratt, Katelin, additional, Voigt, Christopher A., additional, Chen, Kuang-Yu, additional, Jacob, Yves, additional, Krischuns, Tim, additional, Lafaye, Pierre, additional, Zettor, Agnès, additional, Rodríguez, M. Luis, additional, White, Kris M., additional, Fearon, Daren, additional, von Delft, Frank, additional, Walsh, Martin A., additional, Horvath, Dragos, additional, Brooks, Charles L., additional, Falsafi, Babak, additional, Ford, Bryan, additional, García-Sastre, Adolfo, additional, Lee, Sang Yup, additional, Naffakh, Nadia, additional, Varnek, Alexandre, additional, Klambauer, Guenter, additional, and Hermans, Thomas M., additional

Published
2023
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6. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer's Disease

Author

Charou, Despoina, primary, Rogdakis, Thanasis, additional, Latorrata, Alessia, additional, Valcarcel, Maria, additional, Papadogiannis, Vasileios, additional, Athanasiou, Christina, additional, Tsengenes, Alexandros, additional, Papadopoulou, Maria Anna, additional, Lypitkas, Dimitrios, additional, Lavigne, Matthieu D., additional, Katsila, Theodora, additional, Wade, Rebecca C., additional, Cader, Zameel M., additional, Calogeropoulou, Theodora, additional, Gravanis, Achille, additional, and Charalampopoulos, Ioannis, additional

Published
2023
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7. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer’s Disease

Author

Despoina Charou, Thanasis Rogdakis, Alessia Latorrata, Maria Valcarcel, Vasileios Papadogiannis, Christina Athanasiou, Alexandros Tsengenes, Maria Anna Papadopoulou, Dimitrios Lypitkas, Matthieu D. Lavigne, Theodora Katsila, Rebecca C. Wade, M. Zameel Cader, Theodora Calogeropoulou, Achille Gravanis, and Ioannis Charalampopoulos

Abstract

SUMMARYNeural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain decreases to minimal levels postnatally. Nevertheless, neurogenic niches persist in the adult cortex and hippocampus in rodents, primates and humans, with adult NSC differentiation sharing key regulatory mechanisms with development. Adult neurogenesis impairments have been linked to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathology. Addressing these impairments is a promising new avenue for therapeutic intervention based on neurogenesis. However, this possibility has been hindered by technical difficulties of using in-vivo models to conduct screens, including working with scarce NSCs in the adult brain and differences between human and mouse models or ethical limitations. In our study, we use a combination of mouse and human stem cell models to circumvent these issues and perform comprehensive characterization of a novel neurogenic compound usingin vitroscreening. Our work focuses on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway, a pivotal neurotrophin in the regulation of neuronal growth and differentiation via its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). We describe the design, chemical synthesis and biological characterization of ENT-A011, a steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) derivative and BDNF mimetic with neuroprotective and neurogenic actions. The compound is able to increase proliferation of mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs and embryonic cortical NSCs, in the absence of EGF/FGF, while reducing Amyloid-β (Aβ) induced cell death, acting specifically through TrkB activation. The compound is also able to increase astrocytic gene markers involved in NSC maintenance, protect hippocampal neurons from Αβ toxicity and prevent synapse loss after Aβ treatment. To provide a translational link to human cells, we also used neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from three human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from healthy and AD donors. Our findings suggest that ENT-A011 successfully induces proliferation and prevents cell death after Aβ toxicity of human NPCs. Additionally, using RNAseq profiling, we demonstrate that the compound acts through a core gene network shared with BDNF. Our work characterizes a novel synthetic BDNF mimetic with potential neurogenic and neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer’s disease via stem cell-based screening, demonstrating the promise of stem cell systems for short-listing competitive candidates for further testing.

Published
2023
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8. A community effort to discover small molecule SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors

Author

Schimunek, Johannes, primary, Seidl, Philipp, additional, Elez, Katarina, additional, Hempel, Tim, additional, Le, Tuan, additional, Noé, Frank, additional, Olsson, Simon, additional, Raich, Lluís, additional, Winter, Robin, additional, Gokcan, Hatice, additional, Gusev, Filipp, additional, Gutkin, Evgeny M., additional, Isayev, Olexandr, additional, Kurnikova, Maria G., additional, Narangoda, Chamali H., additional, Zubatyuk, Roman, additional, Bosko, Ivan P., additional, Furs, Konstantin V., additional, Karpenko, Anna D., additional, Kornoushenko, Yury V., additional, Shuldau, Mikita, additional, Yushkevich, Artsemi, additional, Benabderrahmane, Mohammed B., additional, Bousquet-Melou, Patrick, additional, Bureau, Ronan, additional, Charton, Beatrice, additional, Cirou, Bertrand C., additional, Gil, Gérard, additional, Allen, William J., additional, Sirimulla, Suman, additional, Watowich, Stanley, additional, Antonopoulos, Nick A., additional, Epitropakis, Nikolaos E., additional, Krasoulis, Agamemnon K., additional, Pitsikalis, Vassilis P., additional, Theodorakis, Stavros T., additional, Kozlovskii, Igor, additional, Maliutin, Anton, additional, Medvedev, Alexander, additional, Popov, Petr, additional, Zaretckii, Mark, additional, Eghbal-zadeh, Hamid, additional, Halmich, Christina, additional, Hochreiter, Sepp, additional, Mayr, Andreas, additional, Ruch, Peter, additional, Widrich, Michael, additional, Berenger, Francois, additional, Kumar, Ashutosh, additional, Yamanishi, Yoshihiro, additional, Zhang, Kam Y.J., additional, Bengio, Emmanuel, additional, Bengio, Yoshua, additional, Jain, Moksh J., additional, Korablyov, Maksym, additional, Liu, Cheng-Hao, additional, Marcou, Gilles, additional, Glaab, Enrico, additional, Barnsley, Kelly, additional, Iyengar, Suhasini M., additional, Ondrechen, Mary Jo, additional, Haupt, V. Joachim, additional, Kaiser, Florian, additional, Schroeder, Michael, additional, Pugliese, Luisa, additional, Albani, Simone, additional, Athanasiou, Christina, additional, Beccari, Andrea, additional, Carloni, Paolo, additional, D'Arrigo, Giulia, additional, Gianquinto, Eleonora, additional, Goßen, Jonas, additional, Hanke, Anton, additional, Joseph, Benjamin P., additional, Kokh, Daria B., additional, Kovachka, Sandra, additional, Manelfi, Candida, additional, Mukherjee, Goutam, additional, Muñiz-Chicharro, Abraham, additional, Musiani, Francesco, additional, Nunes-Alves, Ariane, additional, Paiardi, Giulia, additional, Rossetti, Giulia, additional, Sadiq, S. Kashif, additional, Spyrakis, Francesca, additional, Talarico, Carmine, additional, Tsengenes, Alexandros, additional, Wade, Rebecca C., additional, Copeland, Conner, additional, Gaiser, Jeremiah, additional, Olson, Daniel R., additional, Roy, Amitava, additional, Venkatraman, Vishwesh, additional, Wheeler, Travis J., additional, Arthanari, Haribabu, additional, Blaschitz, Klara, additional, Cespugli, Marco, additional, Durmaz, Vedat, additional, Fackeldey, Konstantin, additional, Fischer, Patrick D., additional, Gorgulla, Christoph, additional, Gruber, Christian, additional, Gruber, Karl, additional, Hetmann, Michael, additional, Kinney, Jamie E., additional, Padmanabha Das, Krishna M., additional, Pandita, Shreya, additional, Singh, Amit, additional, Steinkellner, Georg, additional, Tesseyre, Guilhem, additional, Wagner, Gerhard, additional, Wang, Zi-Fu, additional, Yust, Ryan J., additional, Druzhilovskiy, Dmitry S., additional, Filimonov, Dmitry A., additional, Pogodin, Pavel V., additional, Poroikov, Vladimir, additional, Rudik, Anastassia V., additional, Stolbov, Leonid A., additional, Veselovsky, Alexander V., additional, De Rosa, Maria, additional, De Simone, Giada, additional, Gulotta, Maria R., additional, Lombino, Jessica, additional, Mekni, Nedra, additional, Perricone, Ugo, additional, Casini, Arturo, additional, Embree, Amanda, additional, Gordon, D. Benjamin, additional, Lei, David, additional, Pratt, Katelin, additional, Voigt, Christopher A., additional, Chen, Kuang-Yu, additional, Jacob, Yves, additional, Krischuns, Tim, additional, Lafaye, Pierre, additional, Zettor, Agnès, additional, Rodríguez, M. Luis, additional, White, Kris M., additional, Fearon, Daren, additional, Von Delft, Frank, additional, Walsh, Martin A., additional, Horvath, Dragos, additional, Brooks III, Charles L., additional, Falsafi, Babak, additional, Ford, Bryan, additional, García-Sastre, Adolfo, additional, Lee, Sang Yup, additional, Naffakh, Nadia, additional, Varnek, Alexandre, additional, Klambauer, Günter, additional, and Hermans, Thomas M., additional

Published
2023
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10. A community effort to discover small molecule SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors

Author

Johannes Schimunek, Philipp Seidl, Katarina Elez, Tim Hempel, Tuan Le, Frank Noé, Simon Olsson, Lluís Raich, Robin Winter, Hatice Gokcan, Filipp Gusev, Evgeny M. Gutkin, Olexandr Isayev, Maria G. Kurnikova, Chamali H. Narangoda, Roman Zubatyuk, Ivan P. Bosko, Konstantin V. Furs, Anna D. Karpenko, Yury V. Kornoushenko, Mikita Shuldau, Artsemi Yushkevich, Mohammed B. Benabderrahmane, Patrick Bousquet-Melou, Ronan Bureau, Beatrice Charton, Bertrand C. Cirou, Gérard Gil, William J. Allen, Suman Sirimulla, Stanley Watowich, Nick A. Antonopoulos, Nikolaos E. Epitropakis, Agamemnon K. Krasoulis, Vassilis P. Pitsikalis, Stavros T. Theodorakis, Igor Kozlovskii, Anton Maliutin, Alexander Medvedev, Petr Popov, Mark Zaretckii, Hamid Eghbal-zadeh, Christina Halmich, Sepp Hochreiter, Andreas Mayr, Peter Ruch, Michael Widrich, Francois Berenger, Ashutosh Kumar, Yoshihiro Yamanishi, Kam Y.J. Zhang, Emmanuel Bengio, Yoshua Bengio, Moksh J. Jain, Maksym Korablyov, Cheng-Hao Liu, Gilles Marcou, Enrico Glaab, Kelly Barnsley, Suhasini M. Iyengar, Mary Jo Ondrechen, V. Joachim Haupt, Florian Kaiser, Michael Schroeder, Luisa Pugliese, Simone Albani, Christina Athanasiou, Andrea Beccari, Paolo Carloni, Giulia D'Arrigo, Eleonora Gianquinto, Jonas Goßen, Anton Hanke, Benjamin P. Joseph, Daria B. Kokh, Sandra Kovachka, Candida Manelfi, Goutam Mukherjee, Abraham Muñiz-Chicharro, Francesco Musiani, Ariane Nunes-Alves, Giulia Paiardi, Giulia Rossetti, S. Kashif Sadiq, Francesca Spyrakis, Carmine Talarico, Alexandros Tsengenes, Rebecca C. Wade, Conner Copeland, Jeremiah Gaiser, Daniel R. Olson, Amitava Roy, Vishwesh Venkatraman, Travis J. Wheeler, Haribabu Arthanari, Klara Blaschitz, Marco Cespugli, Vedat Durmaz, Konstantin Fackeldey, Patrick D. Fischer, Christoph Gorgulla, Christian Gruber, Karl Gruber, Michael Hetmann, Jamie E. Kinney, Krishna M. Padmanabha Das, Shreya Pandita, Amit Singh, Georg Steinkellner, Guilhem Tesseyre, Gerhard Wagner, Zi-Fu Wang, Ryan J. Yust, Dmitry S. Druzhilovskiy, Dmitry A. Filimonov, Pavel V. Pogodin, Vladimir Poroikov, Anastassia V. Rudik, Leonid A. Stolbov, Alexander V. Veselovsky, Maria De Rosa, Giada De Simone, Maria R. Gulotta, Jessica Lombino, Nedra Mekni, Ugo Perricone, Arturo Casini, Amanda Embree, D. Benjamin Gordon, David Lei, Katelin Pratt, Christopher A. Voigt, Kuang-Yu Chen, Yves Jacob, Tim Krischuns, Pierre Lafaye, Agnès Zettor, M. Luis Rodríguez, Kris M. White, Daren Fearon, Frank Von Delft, Martin A. Walsh, Dragos Horvath, Charles L. Brooks III, Babak Falsafi, Bryan Ford, Adolfo García-Sastre, Sang Yup Lee, Nadia Naffakh, Alexandre Varnek, Günter Klambauer, and Thomas M. Hermans

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a substantial threat to human lives and is likely to do so for years to come. Despite the availability of vaccines, searching for efficient small-molecule drugs that are widely available, including in low- and middle-income countries, is an ongoing challenge. In this work, we report the results of a community effort, the “Billion molecules against Covid-19 challenge”, to identify small-molecule inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 or relevant human receptors. Participating teams used a wide variety of computational methods to screen a minimum of 1 billion virtual molecules against 6 protein targets. Overall, 31 teams participated, and they suggested a total of 639,024 potentially active molecules, which were subsequently ranked to find ‘consensus compounds’. The organizing team coordinated with various contract research organizations (CROs) and collaborating institutions to synthesize and test 878 compounds for activity against proteases (Nsp5, Nsp3, TMPRSS2), nucleocapsid N, RdRP (Nsp12 domain), and (alpha) spike protein S. Overall, 27 potential inhibitors were experimentally confirmed by binding-, cleavage-, and/or viral suppression assays and are presented here. All results are freely available and can be taken further downstream without IP restrictions. Overall, we show the effectiveness of computational techniques, community efforts, and communication across research fields (i.e., protein expression and crystallography, in silico modeling, synthesis and biological assays) to accelerate the early phases of drug discovery.

Published
2023
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12. Development and Biological Characterization of a Novel Selective TrkA Agonist with Neuroprotective Properties against Amyloid Toxicity

Author

Rogdakis, Thanasis, primary, Charou, Despoina, additional, Latorrata, Alessia, additional, Papadimitriou, Eleni, additional, Tsengenes, Alexandros, additional, Athanasiou, Christina, additional, Papadopoulou, Marianna, additional, Chalikiopoulou, Constantina, additional, Katsila, Theodora, additional, Ramos, Isbaal, additional, Prousis, Kyriakos C., additional, Wade, Rebecca C., additional, Sidiropoulou, Kyriaki, additional, Calogeropoulou, Theodora, additional, Gravanis, Achille, additional, and Charalampopoulos, Ioannis, additional

Published
2022
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16. A community effort in SARS‐CoV‐2 drug discovery

Author

Schimunek, Johannes, Seidl, Philipp, Elez, Katarina, Hempel, Tim, Le, Tuan, Noé, Frank, Olsson, Simon, Raich, Lluís, Winter, Robin, Gokcan, Hatice, Gusev, Filipp, Gutkin, Evgeny M., Isayev, Olexandr, Kurnikova, Maria G., Narangoda, Chamali H., Zubatyuk, Roman, Bosko, Ivan P., Furs, Konstantin V., Karpenko, Anna D., Kornoushenko, Yury V., Shuldau, Mikita, Yushkevich, Artsemi, Benabderrahmane, Mohammed B., Bousquet‐Melou, Patrick, Bureau, Ronan, Charton, Beatrice, Cirou, Bertrand C., Gil, Gérard, Allen, William J., Sirimulla, Suman, Watowich, Stanley, Antonopoulos, Nick, Epitropakis, Nikolaos, Krasoulis, Agamemnon, Itsikalis, Vassilis, Theodorakis, Stavros, Kozlovskii, Igor, Maliutin, Anton, Medvedev, Alexander, Popov, Petr, Zaretckii, Mark, Eghbal‐Zadeh, Hamid, Halmich, Christina, Hochreiter, Sepp, Mayr, Andreas, Ruch, Peter, Widrich, Michael, Berenger, Francois, Kumar, Ashutosh, Yamanishi, Yoshihiro, Zhang, Kam Y. J., Bengio, Emmanuel, Bengio, Yoshua, Jain, Moksh J., Korablyov, Maksym, Liu, Cheng‐Hao, Marcou, Gilles, Glaab, Enrico, Barnsley, Kelly, Iyengar, Suhasini M., Ondrechen, Mary Jo, Haupt, V. Joachim, Kaiser, Florian, Schroeder, Michael, Pugliese, Luisa, Albani, Simone, Athanasiou, Christina, Beccari, Andrea, Carloni, Paolo, D'Arrigo, Giulia, Gianquinto, Eleonora, Goßen, Jonas, Hanke, Anton, Joseph, Benjamin P., Kokh, Daria B., Kovachka, Sandra, Manelfi, Candida, Mukherjee, Goutam, Muñiz‐Chicharro, Abraham, Musiani, Francesco, Nunes‐Alves, Ariane, Paiardi, Giulia, Rossetti, Giulia, Sadiq, S. Kashif, Spyrakis, Francesca, Talarico, Carmine, Tsengenes, Alexandros, Wade, Rebecca C., Copeland, Conner, Gaiser, Jeremiah, Olson, Daniel R., Roy, Amitava, Venkatraman, Vishwesh, Wheeler, Travis J., Arthanari, Haribabu, Blaschitz, Klara, Cespugli, Marco, Durmaz, Vedat, Fackeldey, Konstantin, Fischer, Patrick D., Gorgulla, Christoph, Gruber, Christian, Gruber, Karl, Hetmann, Michael, Kinney, Jamie E., Padmanabha Das, Krishna M., Pandita, Shreya, Singh, Amit, Steinkellner, Georg, Tesseyre, Guilhem, Wagner, Gerhard, Wang, Zi‐Fu, Yust, Ryan J., Druzhilovskiy, Dmitry S., Filimonov, Dmitry A., Pogodin, Pavel V., Poroikov, Vladimir, Rudik, Anastassia V., Stolbov, Leonid A., Veselovsky, Alexander V., De Rosa, Maria, De Simone, Giada, Gulotta, Maria R., Lombino, Jessica, Mekni, Nedra, Perricone, Ugo, Casini, Arturo, Embree, Amanda, Gordon, D. Benjamin, Lei, David, Pratt, Katelin, Voigt, Christopher A., Chen, Kuang‐Yu, Jacob, Yves, Krischuns, Tim, Lafaye, Pierre, Zettor, Agnès, Rodríguez, M. Luis, White, Kris M., Fearon, Daren, Von Delft, Frank, Walsh, Martin A., Horvath, Dragos, Brooks, Charles L., Falsafi, Babak, Ford, Bryan, García‐Sastre, Adolfo, Yup Lee, Sang, Naffakh, Nadia, Varnek, Alexandre, Klambauer, Günter, and Hermans, Thomas M.

Abstract

The COVID‐19 pandemic continues to pose a substantial threat to human lives and is likely to do so for years to come. Despite the availability of vaccines, searching for efficient small‐molecule drugs that are widely available, including in low‐ and middle‐income countries, is an ongoing challenge. In this work, we report the results of an open science community effort, the “Billion molecules against COVID‐19 challenge”, to identify small‐molecule inhibitors against SARS‐CoV‐2 or relevant human receptors. Participating teams used a wide variety of computational methods to screen a minimum of 1 billion virtual molecules against 6 protein targets. Overall, 31 teams participated, and they suggested a total of 639,024 molecules, which were subsequently ranked to find ‘consensus compounds’. The organizing team coordinated with various contract research organizations (CROs) and collaborating institutions to synthesize and test 878 compounds for biological activity against proteases (Nsp5, Nsp3, TMPRSS2), nucleocapsid N, RdRP (only the Nsp12 domain), and (alpha) spike protein S. Overall, 27 compounds with weak inhibition/binding were experimentally identified by binding‐, cleavage‐, and/or viral suppression assays and are presented here. Open science approaches such as the one presented here contribute to the knowledge base of future drug discovery efforts in finding better SARS‐CoV‐2 treatments.

Published
2024
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