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Tillage of fallow fields in summer is shown to be important for obtaining high quality food grains. The need for the engineering calculation of working bodies is emphasized, since the existing tillage machines and tools do not fully ensure the implementation of this technological process. (Research purpose) To develop a methodology for engineering calculation of the working body parameters for continuous fallow field tillage in summer. (Materials and methods) An analysis of the working body design has been conducted. It reveals that some of the working bodies bring a significant amount of wet soil layers to the surface, and others do not ensure a stable processing depth (4-6 centimeters) or do not completely destroy weeds. An engineering calculation method is proposed. It takes into account the following parameters of the working body: the angles of setting the lower part against the motion line and against the horizon, the angle of setting the upper part against the horizon, the conjugation radius of the upper and lower parts, the length of the cutting edge. (Results and discussion) A working body design is created meeting the agrotechnical requirements. The following parameters of the working body design are obtained: the angle of setting the lower part against the motion line is within 38-42 degrees and against the horizon – within 15-18 degrees, the angle of the upper part in the longitudinal-vertical and transverse-vertical planes is within 38-42 degrees, the conjugation radius of the upper and lower parts is within 0.2-0.3 millimeters, and the cutting edge length is of 282 millimeters. (Conclusions) A methodology for engineering calculation of the designed working body parameters is developed. It enables continuous fallow field tillage taking into account the soil physical and mechanical properties and the required indicators of the technological process.

The possibility of laser cutting of plasma-sprayed refractory products made of aluminum oxide was investigated. The industrial laser complex KS-5VDM1-3 Navigator (VNITEP, Russia), equipped with an LS-3 ytterbium fiber laser with a power of 3 kW, was used to work out the cutting conditions. It was found that immediately after the completion of the plasma spraying process, the phase composition of the article material is a set of various modifications of aluminum oxide. Subsequent heating of these items leads to a series of polymorphic transformations accompanied by changes in the volume and density of the item material. The process ends when all polymorphic modifications of aluminum oxide pass into the only stable phase α-Al2O3 (corundum). It was shown that laser cutting of plasmasprayed aluminum oxide products is possible only when the process of transition of all its phase modifications to corundum is completely completed. Otherwise, a sharp change in the volume of the product material, caused by polymorphic transformations occurring under conditions of a high temperature gradient that occurs during laser cutting, leads to the destruction of the product. Plasmasprayed product, the material of which is entirely α-modification of aluminum oxide (corundum), is not afraid of high temperature gradients and is easily laser cut without destruction. Cutting data can vary widely. The cutting technology of plasma-sprayed refractory products made of aluminum oxide has been mastered at the Scientific and Educational Center for the Implementation of Laser Technologies at the Vladimir State University. Ill. 3. Ref. 13. Tab. 2.

A unified fundamental equation of state has been developed for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf), a fourth-generation ozone-safe refrigerant, and a method for constructing the equation has been proposed. In the gas region, this equation transforms into an equation of state of the virial form, and in the vicinity of the critical point it satisfies the requirements of the modern scale theory of critical phenomena and transforms into the Widom scale equation. Based on a single fundamental equation of state in accordance with GOST R 8.614-2018, “GSI. State Service of Standard Reference Data. Basic Provisions,” we developed standard reference data GSSSD 380-2020 on density, enthalpy, isobaric heat capacity, isochoric heat capacity, entropy and speed of sound in R1234yf in the temperature ranges 230–420 K and pressures 0.1–20 MPa. We compared the calculated values of equilibrium properties with the most reliable experimental data obtained in well-known global laboratories and tabular data obtained from the known fundamental equations of state R1234yf. Uncertainties of tabulated data for saturated vapor pressure, density, enthalpy, isobaric heat capacity, isochoric heat capacity, entropy and speed of sound of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene are estimated – standard relative uncertainties for types A, B, total standard relative and expanded uncertainties. The results obtained in this work show that the proposed unified fundamental equation of state adequately describes the equilibrium properties of R1234yf in the above stated range of state parameters.

The article discusses the options of working bodies for tillage of steam fields in the summer. These studies are aimed at obtaining agrotechnical indicators of the technological process of tillage of steam fields. In particular, the design of the working body in the form of a flat one-sided paw is proposed. Laboratory and field studies were carried out to determine the qualitative indicators of the technological process of fine tillage, with all variants of working bodies. During the research, such indicators were established as: the optimal (recommended) speed of the unit, the depth of tillage by working bodies, the width of the unit (working), the average square deviation in the depth of processing and the width of the grip. The aggregate composition of the soil was assessed by fractions, the content of erosive-hazardous particles before and after the passage of the unit, pruning or destruction of weeds and the ridge of the field surface after the passage of the unit. Data on the dynamics of soil moisture after several treatments of steam fields with various variants of working bodies were obtained. As a result of the research, it was found that the working body in the form of a flat one-sided paw, in comparison with the working body of a serial steam cultivator, allows to reduce the depth of processing by 1.6 cm (up to 5.2 cm), to reduce the value of the combiness of the treated surface by 2.4-3.4 cm, while ensuring complete pruning of weeds both annual and perennial. The variants of working bodies considered in the article for processing steam fields in the summer and the studies carried out to determine their quality indicators will allow creating machine-technological units for promising mechanized technologies of tillage in arid agriculture.

A previously constructed kinetic model for describing the behavior of a nonideal gas is investigated. The dimensionless parameters determining when the nonideal nature of the gas has to be taken into account are estimated in more detail. It is found that the collision integral for bound particles can be integrated over the velocity space, which significantly simplifies the original system of equations and makes it possible to prove an H-theorem. The resulting system is nondimensionalized. A conservative numerical scheme is proposed for its solution.

The article examines the existing international standards and criteria of economic security as a basis for its monitoring. It shows that the processes of guaranteeing economic security are urgent in the modern world and include a significant number of procedures. The vast majority of national security strategies implement economic security through radical economic reforms, integration into world security systems, accession to economic unions and organizations. The study proved that the approaches to the criteria of economic security, the use of standards that determine the level of implementation of economic security, indicates the lack of uniform approaches to the tools for monitoring key indicators of resilience to crises and risks of the economic sphere. The author concluded that macroeconomic indicators are considered as indicators that determine the achievement of economic security; indicators of socio-economic status, functional and sectoral level; indicators of international indices that reflect the economic activity of countries. Along with this, it is advisable to improve the methodology for monitoring the implementation of economic security on the basis of an integrated combination of a set of standards and criteria of economic orientation, which will form a system of effective response to economic risks and crises.

Two groups of experimental data obtained in the vicinity of the critical point are discussed. Group I describes the level ht of the meniscus separating the two phases of the substance in the cell. The measurements were performed for SF6 under the condition (g = 9.8 m s–2) during an experiment conducted in a space laboratory. Group II includes data on the density of liquid and vapor measured for C6F6 along the saturation curve under terrestrial condition. In both cases, the studied two-phase sample is located in a horizontal cylindrical cell. In the second experiment, the gravitational effect was also measured along the isotherms as the dependence of the sample density on the height h measured from the bottom of the cell. An equation relating the ht level (experiment I) with such functions as the order parameter fs and the average diameter fd is derived in this work. The obtained equation describes the initial experimental data at relative temperatures τ = (T – Tc)/Tc = 2 × 10–6–0.01. An approach is considered that takes into account the influence under microgravity (g = gM ⪡ 9.8 m s–2) on the height h (experiment II). The dependences that represent fs and fd and the density of the liquid and gas phases along the saturation curve of these substances are obtained. These dependences agree satisfactorily with the results of experiments I and II in a wide temperature range and correspond to the scaling theory of critical phenomena.

In patients with initially elevated levels of creatine phosphokinase MB (CPK-MB), its increase after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) may be due not only to additional injury, but also to natural release during myocardial infarction. Therefore, CPK-MB should be evaluated relative to the initial values.Aim. To compare the CPK-MB dynamics after myocardial reperfusion relative to baseline values and the upper limit of normal (ULN) for the optimal approach to determining myocardial reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome.Material and methods. A single center observational study was conducted with the participation of 90 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Patients underwent a biochemical blood test for CPK-MB twice and its dynamics was determined relative to the initial value and ULN.Results. Between the ischemia time and CPK-MB dynamics relative to the initial values, there is a moderate negative correlation. At the same time, the ratio of CPKMB after surgery to ULN is not associated with ischemia time. Analysis of covariance showed that the CPK-MB dynamics, determined relative to the initial values, is 20% dependent on the ischemia time. Individual features of coronary system anatomy, localization of the infarct-associated artery and the subsequent reperfusion procedure together explain the CPK-MB dynamics after surgery by 27%. When the ratio of CPK-MB to ULN is included in the analysis of covariance, all the above factors lose statistical significance.Conclusion. Thus, for a more accurate assessment of myocardial reperfusion injury after PCI, not the upper limit of normal should be analyzed, but the initial values of CPK-MB. In patients with the left heart dominant, as well as in the infarction localization in the system of right or left anterior descending artery, there is a slight change in the marker. On the contrary, more pronounced dynamics is observed in patients with tortuous coronary arteries and with implantation of 2 or more stents. At the same time, the assessment of CPK-MB in relation to ULN is not associated with the ischemia time and does not depend on the clinical and angiographic characteristics and tactics of the operation.

The design and parameters of the polarized-beam facility at U-70 proton synchrotron of NRC Kurchatov Institute - IHEP are presented. The new beamline 24A will provide the polarized proton and antiproton beams for carrying out the rich physics program of the SPASCHARM experiment for comprehensive studies of spin phenomena in a wide spectrum of hadronic reactions in the energy range of 10-45 GeV., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures

A new calculation method is considered for calculating pressure ps and density ρ− of saturated steam, density ρ+ of saturated liquid and of the heat of vaporization r within the temperature range from Tt to Tc, where Tt is the triple-point temperature, Tc is the critical temperature. A specific feature of the method is the ability to predict the ps, ρ−, ρ+ values even in the absence of experimental data on the particular properties in the vicinity of the triple point. The method has been tested on the example of computation for the R1234yf refrigerant within the temperature range of 122.6≤T≤367.85 K. For this purpose, for R1234yf, on the basis of the modified Clapeyron-Clausius equation ρ−=Tps′(T)/r*(T) and the perfect gas law, a set of mutually agreed equations including equations ps = ps(T), ρ− = ρ−(T), ρ+ = ρ+(T) and r*(T) = r(T)/(1−ρ−/ρ+) has been developed. In addition to the above, in the vicinity of the critical point, the mean diameter of the saturation curve satisfies the Yang-Yang model. Within the temperature range from Tt = 122.6 К to Tc = 367.85 К, the thermodynamic tables for R1234yf have been calculated including for the values of ps, ρ−, ρ+, r and r*.

The steady-state, spatially periodic, structures generated by the evolution of the nonlinear stage of recombination instability in dusty plasma of a non-self-sustained discharge are studied. The research has revealed two types of structures typical for this kind of discharge; they differ in the rates of the increment of recombination instability. The features of each type of structure are described, and the mechanism of their formation is presented. It is shown that the calculation results qualitatively and, with a small variation of discharge parameters, quantitatively agree with the experimental data.

A model kinetic equation for a rarefied diatomic gas is used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of divergence-form conservation laws. For some types of force fields, new divergence forms of conservation laws are constructed. They are used to examine the general properties of the motion of a finite gas mass in a given field.

The capacities of relatively nontoxic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Rhodobacter capsulatus PG and highly potent LPS from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to evoke proinflammatory cytokine production have been compared in vivo. Intravenous administration of S. enterica LPS at a relatively low dose (1 mg/kg body weight) led to upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ production by non-sensitized CD-1 mice. LPS from R. capsulatus PG used at a four-times higher dose than that from S. enterica elicited production of almost the same amount of systemic TNF-α; therefore, the doses of 4 mg/kg LPS from R. capsulatus PG and 1 mg/kg LPS from S. enterica were considered to be approximately equipotential doses with respect to the LPS-dependent TNF-α production by CD-1 mice. Rhodobacter capsulatus PG LPS was a weaker inducer of the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ, as compared to the equipotential dose of S. enterica LPS. Administration of R. capsulatus PG LPS before S. enterica LPS decreased production of IFN-γ, but not of TNF-α and IL-6, induced by S. enterica LPS. Rhodobacter capsulatus PG LPS also suppressed IFN-γ production induced by S. enterica LPS when R. capsulatus PG LPS had been injected as little as 10 min after S. enterica LPS, but to a much lesser extent. Rhodobacter capsulatus PG LPS did not affect TNF-α and IL-6 production induced by the equipotential dose of S. enterica LPS. In order to draw conclusion on the endotoxic activity of particular LPSs, species-specific structure or arrangement of the animal or human immune systems should be considered.

Moisture dynamics of the cultivated soil layer while soybean cultivation The article considers the possibilities of agro technical measures to influence on the dynamics of soil moisture. The article presents the study results of the moisture determination in various soil layers in conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of the south of Russia. The trials were made in the experimental plots of the NCRIMEA (the structural department of the FSBSI ‘ARC ‘Donskoy’, Zernograd of the Rostov region) in the conditions of long-term stationary experiment when cultivating soybean by various technologies (traditional, zero). The moisture content of the soil was taken into account at a depth of 30 and 60 cm using humidity sensors. The measured relative humidity values ranges from 0 to 100%, the accuracy of measurements is ± 3% at a temperature of 25 0 C for a range of 10-90%, beyond this range, the measurement accuracy is ± 5%. To accumulate data, the registration device (a meteostation) ‘Watch Dog 1400 Micro’ was used. The aim of the research was to determine and compare the influence of soil treatment methods on the moisture index in the soil at various levels. The conducted studies established that soil treatment methods had an effect on soil moisture. The average moisture content of the soil on the untreated background is on 23% lower compared to the moisture content of the soil treated by traditional technology. Soil as a dynamic system converts the input signal (the relative humidity of the surrounding air) so that it decreases in magnitude and in the rate of change (dynamism). These features of the soil are determined both by the methods of treatment and by its composition, since the different structure of the soil and its components that determine this structure have different moisture conductivity, moisture capacity, and moisture retention capacity.

The working bodies of tillers perform the most important role from the point of view of the technological process of tillage, as they provide all the parameters of its application. The purpose of the study is the justification of the parameters of the column of the working body of the tiller machine. The traction resistance as the main parameter of the working element is affected by the shape of lateral profile and cross-section of the column. In general, in the cross section, the columns of the working bodies can have: a plane with rectilinear boundaries, a plane with curvilinear convex boundaries, or a plane with curvilinear concave boundaries. The compacted core of the soil in front of the stand is not formed when the grinding angle is not more than 50°. In all other cases, such a nucleus is formed even at asymmetric sharpening angles. Consequently, the necessary condition for the shape of the cross section of the column should be the observance of the value of mentioned angle. The cross-section of the column (Folium of Descartes) meets the requirements imposed on it, as the sharpening angle does not exceed 50°, which does not contribute to the formation of the compaction core, and the boundary has the shape of a convex line, which ensures a minimum absolute speed, on soil movement. The column of the working body of the tiller machine should have the shape of a lateral profile close to the logarithmic curve, which reduces the energy intensity of the process by 20 ... 45 %, and in the cross section of the column there must be a plane bounded by arcs of the ellipse and tangent to these arcs drawn so that the angle at the top of the ellipse did not exceed 50°. This reduces the traction resistance of the column by 40 ... 52 %.

On the basis of the Clapeyron equation and the scale theory, expressions are developed for the “apparent” heat of vaporization r * = r * (T), vapor ρ- = ρ- (T) and liquid ρ+ = ρ+ (T) branches of the saturation line of individual substances for the range of state parameters from the triple point (pt,Tt,ρt ) to the critical (pc,Tc,ρc ). The peculiarity of the proposed approach to the description of the saturation line is that all exponents of the components of the equations ρ- = ρ- (T) and ρ+ = ρ+ (T) are universal up to the universality of the critical indices α, β and Δ. In this case, the order parameter ds = (ρ+ − ρ-)/(2ρc) and the average diameter df = (ρ+ + ρ-)/(2ρc) − 1 of the saturation line satisfy the saturation line model [2β,1−α], which follows from the modern theory of critical phenomena. The method is tested on the example of describing the phase equilibrium line of refrigerant R1233zd(E) in the range from Tt = 195.15 K to Tc = 439.57 K. It is found that in the temperature range [Tt,Tc ], the developed system of the mutually consistent equations ps = ps (T), r * = r * (T), ρ- = ρ- (T) and ρ+ = ρ+ (T) allows describing the data on the saturated vapor pressure ps and densities ρ- and ρ+ on the saturation line within the experimental uncertainty of these data.

The machine-tractor unit is a key element in an implementation of technological operations in the cropping. Running gears with wheeled and caterpillar propulsion device are used in the modern tractors. During an interaction of the ground with tractor propulsion devices, the ground is pulverized on one side and it is compacted on the other side during the slipping. Besides, the wheeled movers have the slipping several times higher than caterpillar movers. The aim of the research is an analysis of running gears of machine-tractor units and their influence on the quality of performed technological operations. The paper discusses an analysis of parameters of wheeled and replaceable caterpillar movers to the tractor K-701, which have the same dimensions. One of the main external influences on the unit is the surface profile of the field. The main source of tractor oscillations are the unevennesses of the way. At the same time, characteristic areas for the operation of machine-tractor units are very various, the most characteristic of them are a stubble field, a plowed field, a prepared field, a field road and others. The analysis of spectral densities of the surface profile of the field on which the tractor operates shows that with increasing speed, the spectral density decreases rapidly, and the maximum of the spectral density shifts toward higher values of the frequencies. It has been established that the frequency range, which has the greatest effect on the machine-tractor unit on the basis of the tractor K-701 on the replacement caterpillar mover 1...4 sec-1, on the wheel mover - 1...7 sec-1. The replaceable caterpillar mover for a 5 сlass tractor has significant advantages over a wheeled mover, since it filters (smoothes) 2,1...2,8 times more irregularities, which improves working conditions, smooth of running and other indicators of the machine-tractor unit.

The most significant feature of the operation of agricultural machine-tractor aggregates is the random nature of external influences, which determines its output indices. The main task of the theory of complex systems should be considered the development of methods that allow on the basis of their functioning to obtain the characteristics of individual elements and analyze the interaction between these elements and the external environment, to determine the characteristics of the system as a whole. The purpose of the study is to analyze the characteristics of external influences as a reaction to the operation of machine-tractor units. When solving many problems of agricultural mechanics (researching technological and production processes, building models and synthesizing the parameters of working organs and aggregates), it is necessary to take into account the external factors that determine the main regularities of various processes. The process of operation of the unit can be represented in the form of a set of states - vectors of output quantities: agrotechnical, technological, kinematic, energy-power and so on. The role of input quantities is played by external conditions and control actions, which also have a certain set of states. External influences on the unit are technological, operational and constructive factors, the number of which include soil resistance, the surface profile of the field, the physical and mechanical properties of the material being processed (soil density, soil moisture, etc.), the technical condition of the machine working bodies, and the depth of processing. As the speed of motion increases, the correlation between the sections of the random function decreases. As the speed of motion increases, the spectral density decreases, and its maximum value shifts towards higher frequencies; spread of the values of random function with respect to the mathematical expectation increases with increasing aggregate speed; by correlation functions and spectral densities, it is possible to establish the main parameters of random processes, variances, the mean square deviations prevailing in the frequency process and the corresponding periods, the dispersion distributions over frequencies that are necessary to establish the parameters of the output indicators characterizing the level of functioning of agricultural machine-tractor aggregates.

For molecules interacting among each other with the potential having both repulsive and attractive components, a system of kinetic equations is derived using the Bogolyubov method, which takes into account the effect of forming bound states by molecules. This system implies all conservation laws and their corollaries that are invariant under the Galilean transformation. With consideration of the relaxation problem for the given system of kinetic equations, the Н-theorem can be obtained. It is noted that the equation of state, which is derived in this case, coincides in form with the van der Waals equation of state.

Electronic thermostating components are developed for automatic control of heat-transfer agent fl ow in heating systems in accordance with a specified program and for regulating the temperature in heated places. Original equipment and programming solutions are proposed for electronic thermostating components and the algorithm for their operation is optimized.

The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum ($0.4$1\,GeV/$c$) direct-photon yield $dN_{\gamma}^{\rm dir}/d\eta$ is a smooth function of $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta$ and can be well described as proportional to $(dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta)^\alpha$ with $\alpha{\approx}1.25$. This scaling behavior holds for a wide range of beam energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider, for centrality selected samples, as well as for different, $A$$+$$A$ collision systems. At a given beam energy the scaling also holds for high $p_T$ ($>5$\,GeV/$c$) but when results from different collision energies are compared, an additional $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$-dependent multiplicative factor is needed to describe the integrated-direct-photon yield., Comment: 673 authors from 82 institutions, 10 pages, 4 figures. v2 is version accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.html

The direct reconstruction of the pp elastic scattering amplitudes at the energy of 16 GeV is discussed. At the SPASCHARM experiment, the 19 different spin dependent observables will be measured in pp elastic scattering. The suggested selection of observables allows a complete analytical reconstruction of elastic scattering amplitudes as a solution of the system of bilinear equations. A set of physical observables, which are necessary for model independent reconstruction of all five complex elastic pp scattering amplitudes, is defined.

The SPASCHARM experiment at U70 aims an exploration of a fundamental problem in modern particle physics, the role of spin in strong interactions. At present, the first physics data have been accumulated at a negative 28 GeV beam, interacting with a frozen polarized proton target. The SPASCHARM wide-aperture spectrometer can detect both charged and neutral particles in the large solid angle with 2π azimuthal coverage in the fragmentation region of beam-particles. It covers the kinematic region of non-perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), where the theoretical predictions are difficult and unreliable due to the full strength quark confinement at low and medium momentum transfers. In this report, the current status of the experiment is presented. The algorithm for reconstructing charged tracks is discussed along with its results on real data and the comparison with the Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Based on a real track reconstruction, the statistical errors for the measurements of single-spin asymmetries in inclusive charged pion production are estimated. The data analysis is in progress.

In the Spring 2018, the first physics data was accumulated in the new SPASCHARM experiment at U-70 accelerator of IHEP, Protvino. The first stage of SPASCHARM’s physics programs prursues the goal of studying spin effects in the beam fragmentation region at an unpolarized negative 28 GeV beam, interacting with a frozen polarized proton target. In this resport, the feasibility of measuring the single spin asymmetry AN in the reaction: π − + p↑→K 0 S + X is evaluated by Monte-Carlo simulations. We present estimates of the detection efficiency as well as for expected event statistics. It is shown that, in the process of interest above, the attainable statistical errors for AN would be at the scale of a few percents.

Nowadays the trend of development of combined units and devices for implementation of specified technological processes is widely spread. The use of combined working organs for graded subsurface tillage allows to reduce the energy and labor costs and to improve the technological process. Based on the comparison methods and monographic survey of existing designs of working organs, their shortcomings when using in arid conditions are revealed. It has been established that in such conditions it is advisable to apply graded subsurface tillage. The analysis of designs of working organs for graded tillage is performed, it allows to establish the advantage of curved elements for surface tillage. A number of shortcomings of subsurface cultivating working organs that have been revealed during years of researches allows for the conclusion about the prospects of replacing blades on curvilinear rippers for surface tillage. The data of content of valuable soil aggregates as a percentage of absolute dry chernozemic soil are given. Based on the analysis of the data, it is established that layer structure can be improved through the use of an element for surface tillage to the depth down to 16 cm in design of chisel working organ. The expediency of mounting of elements for deep and surface tillage on the same tine for graded subsurface tillage is proved. The scheme of a combined working organ is proposed: a chisel for deep tillage and a curvilinear ripper for surface tillage are mounted on its tine, which provides the required crumbling of layer.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of aging, obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS), hypertension (HT), and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on the endogenous rhythmic activity and the development acetylcholine resistance in aorta rings of male rats. T2D was produced by a free access to fat (lard). It was shown that phenylephrine (PE) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) induces two types of rhythmic contractions: with periods T1 = 3–10 s and T2 = 50–70 s and amplitudes A1 = 1–5% and A2 = 20–40% of the maximal contraction force (Fmax), respectively. Such periodic modes can be caused by the operation of two known positive feedback loops (PFL) based on the Ca2+-induced activation of IP3 receptor (IP3R) or phospholipase C PFL1 and PFL2, respectively, and are not eliminated by L-NAME. Slow rhythmic activity induced by acetylcholine (Ach) with period T3 = 7–20 min and amplitude A3 = 20–30% of Fmax was observed only in young animals (under 6 months) and can be determined by the operation of PFL3, involving Ca2+, NO, kinase G, cADP-ribose, and the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Fast mode of contractions (T1, A1) is maintained regardless of age and the presence of MS and HT (140 mm Hg and higher) and disappears only at later stages of the T2D development. Probability of intermediate mode of contractions (T2, A2) decreases to 0.20–0.25 at the age of 14–16 months or during the development of HT and MS. In these circumstances, Ach could cause relaxation of preconstricted rings only to 40 and 60% of Fmax, respectively. At the stages of the T2D development characterized by high values of arterial pressure (above 150 mm Hg) and of the glucose (10–12 mM), ammonium (120–180 μM), and blood lipid levels, as well as by liver dysfunction (fibrosis/cirrhosis), the rhythmic activity of any type is lost and dysfunction of the initial part of the signaling cascade with the participation of PFL3 is manifested by the absence of responses to Ach or L-NAME. Coenzyme NAD (agonist of the P2Y receptors, К+ channel activator and a precursor of cADP-ribose) can exert a partial relaxation of aorta rings from healthy animals and animals with MS. Nicotinamide (product and an inhibitor of ADP-ribosyl cyclase) and SNP (donor of NO) produce an effective relaxation of aorta rings from healthy animals and animals with T2D. Relaxing effect of nicotinamide may suggest a tandem operation of IP3R and RyR in the control of intracellular Ca2+ stores in vascular cells.

A method, measurement system, and hardware and software facilities are developed for studying the reliability of data reception and signal level in radio channels. This method can be used to test the wireless communication channels employed in smart devices for data measurement and transmission during manufacture. Studies are made of the wireless communication channels of batches of commercially produced smart devices. The dependence of the loss probability for a packet of data on the radio signal level is determined.

On the basis of the new phenomenological theory of the critical point, the method for constructing fundamental equation of state (FEoS) of liquid and gas has been developed. Within the framework of the method proposed, a number of requirements are met: a) in the region of low densities, the transition of FEoS to the virial equation; b) in a wide vicinity of the critical point, the transition of FEoS to the Berestov equation; c) taking into account asymmetry in the behavior of the isochoric heat capacity, isothermal compressibility coefficient and other thermodynamic functions relative to the critical isochore. To calculate the singular component of FEoS, the Pokrovsky transformations and the similarity relation connecting the parameters of a lattice gas and a real liquid are used. It has been shown that such an approach requires only knowledge of the density data on the saturation line and the values of the critical indices to calculate the singular component of FEoS. This allows us to exclude data on the isochoric heat capacity from the calculation scheme and recommend this method for constructing FEoS of substances little studied in the vicinity of the critical point. The method has been tested on the example of constructing carbon dioxide FEoS. The workspace of FEoS has been set: by temperature 216.592 ≤ T ≤ 1100 K and by pressure up to 200 MPa. The results obtained are discussed.

Some thermodynamic functions are considered in the work. They have a scaling form and connected with thermodynamic properties at the saturation line (the fluid density (ρl ), the gas density (ρg ), the order parameter, the mean diameter of the coexistence curve, etc). We have paid attention to well-known experimental (ρl, ρg, T) data of C6F6, which are got in a wide temperature interval. One more object is investigated in the work. It is a height dependence of the density, ρ(h), in the critical region, here h is the distance of the gamma-ray beam from the bottom of the cell, in which the sample is placed. These (ρ, h, T) data are got at the earth gravity (g = 9.8 m/s2). In our work, it is studied a behavior of the sample at a special condition: the gravitational effect is reduced in the cell with the sample. In the case of the microgravity, we have elaborated an equation, which expresses a meniscus position in two-phase sample in the critical region. Combined models are elaborated to approximate (ρl, ρg, T) data of C6F6 in the wide temperature interval including the critical region. These models meet the scaling theory of critical phenomena.