Search

Semi- and nonparametric models are popular in the area-based approach (ABA) using airborne laser scanning. It is unclear, however, how many predictors and training plots are needed to provide accurate predictions without overfitting. This work aims to explore these limits for various approaches: ordinary least squares regression (OLS), generalized additive models (GAM), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). We modeled timber volume ([m.sup.3]*[ha.sup.-1]) for four boreal sites using ABA with 2-39 predictors and 20-500 training plots. OLS, GAM, LASSO, and SVM overfitted as the number of predictors approached the number of training plots. They required [greater than or equal to] 15 plots per predictor to provide accurate predictions (RMSE [less than or equal to] 30%). GAM required [greater than or equal to] 250 plots regardless of the number of predictors. The number of predictors only mildly affected RF and GPR, but they required [greater than or equal to] 200 and [greater than or equal to] 250 training plots, respectively. RF did not overfit in any circumstances, whereas GPR overfit even with 500 training plots. Overall, using up to 39 predictors did not generally result in overfit, and for most model types, it resulted in better accuracy for sufficiently large datasets ([greater than or equal to] 250 plots). Key words: LiDAR, machine learning, remote sensing, area-based approach, sampling size. Les modeles semi et non parametriques sont populaires avec l'approche territoriale (AT) qui utilise le balayage laser aeroporte. On ignore cependant combien de predicteurs et de parcelles d'entrainement sont necessaires pour generer des predictions justes sans surapprentissage. Cet article vise a explorer ces limites pour differentes approches : regression des moindres carres ordinaire (MCO), modeles additifs generaux (MAG), operateur de selection et reduction par moindres valeurs absolues (LASSO); foret aleatoire (FA), machine a vecteurs de support (MVS), et regression de processus gaussien (RPG). Nous avonsmodelise le volume de bois ([m.sup.3]*[ha.sup.-1]) dans quatre stations boreales a l'aide de l'AT avec 2 a 39 predicteurs et 20 a 500 parcelles d'entrainement. Les approches MCO, MAG, LASSO et MVS surajustaient lorsque le nombre de predicteurs approchait le nombre de parcelles d'entrainement. Elles exigeaient au moins 15 parcelles par predicteur pour generer des predictions justes (EMQ [less than or equal to] 30%). L'approche MAG necessitait au moins 250 parcelles peu importe le nombre de predicteurs. Le nombre de predicteurs influencait seulement legerement les approches FA et RPG mais elles exigeaient respectivement au moins 200 et 250 parcelles. L'approche FA ne surajustait pas quelles que soient les circonstances, tandis que l'approche RPG surajustait meme avec 500 parcelles d'entrainement. Dans l'ensemble, l'utilisation de 39 predicteurs n'engendrait generalement pas de surapprentissage et, avec la plupart des types de modeles, cela se traduisait par une precision accrue pour des jeux de donnees suffisamment importants (au moins 250 parcelles). [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : LiDAR, apprentissage machine, teledetection, approche territoriale, taille de l'echantillon., 1. Introduction The development of prediction models is an essential step when performing forest assessments through airborne laser scanning (ALS). In the area-based approach (ABA) to forest inventory with ALS [...]

Key message: Data acquisition of remote sensing products is an essential component of modern forest inventories. The quality and properties of optical remote sensing data are further emphasised in tree species-specific inventories, where the discrimination of different tree species is based on differences in their spectral properties. Furthermore, phenology affects the spectral properties of both evergreen and deciduous trees through seasons. These confounding factors in both sensor configuration and timing of data acquisition can result in unexpectedly complicated situations if not taken into consideration. This paper examines how the timing of data acquisition and sensor properties influence the prediction of tree species proportions and volumes in a boreal forest area dominated by Norway spruce and Scots pine, with a smaller presence of deciduous trees. Context: The effectiveness of remote sensing for vegetation mapping depends on the properties of the survey area, mapping objectives and sensor configuration. Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the plot-level relationship between seasonality and different optical band configurations and prediction performance of common boreal tree species. The study was conducted on a 40-ha study area with a systematically sampled circular field plots. Methods: Tree species proportions (0–1) and volumes (m3 ha−1) were predicted with repeated remote sensing data collections in three stages of the growing season: prior (spring), during (summer) and end (autumn). Sensor band configurations included conventional RGB and multispectral (MS). The importance of different wavelengths (red, green, blue, near-infrared and red-edge) and predictive performance of the different band configurations were analysed using zero–one-inflated beta regression and Gaussian process regression. Results: Prediction errors of broadleaves were most affected by band configuration, MS data resulting in lower prediction errors in all seasons. The MS data exhibited slightly lower prediction errors with summer data acquisition compared to other seasons, whereas this period was found to be less suitable for RGB data. Conclusion: The MS data was found to be much less affected by seasonality than the RGB data. Spring was found to be the least optimal season to collect MS and RGB data for tree species-specific predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]