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Simple Summary: This research aimed to investigate whether mating and parturition in dogs occur more frequently in certain lunar phases. Seventy-eight matings and births in three dog breeds (Dobermann, Golden Retriever, Samoyed) were analyzed. Statistics showed that matings happened mostly during the Waning Moon, while births occurred more often during the New Moon. For dogs having their first litter, births were more common during the Waxing Moon, whereas those with previous litters gave birth more often during the Waning Moon. Additionally, the size of the litter affected gestation length and parturition timing based on the Moon phase. This study shows that matings and parturitions in dogs occur more frequently in certain lunar phases. The possible effects of the Moon and its phases on parturition timing have been extensively reported in the literature in both human and animal species, sometimes finding a causal relationship and other times denying any possible influence. However, knowing parturition timing is pivotal to guarantee the best assistance to mothers and newborns, especially in polytocous species like dogs. Seventy-eight matings and related parturitions of three different canine breeds (Dobermann, Golden Retriever, and Samoyed dogs) were analyzed. Both matings and parturitions occurred more frequently in certain lunar phases, with matings mainly occurring during the Waning Moon and parturitions during the New Moon. Moreover, multiparous bitches mated more frequently during the New Moon, while primiparous ones did so during the Waxing Moon. Parturition occurred more frequently during the Waxing Moon in primiparous bitches and during the Waning Moon in multiparous ones. However, multiparous bitches bearing smaller litters experienced longer gestational lengths and more frequent parturitions during the Waxing Moon. Primiparous bitches bearing larger litters showed more frequent parturitions during the Waning Moon, with shorter gestational lengths. The results suggest that, among other factors influencing the timing of delivery, parturition in dogs can occur more frequently in certain lunar phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Most of the studies reporting hormonal changes that occur in a pregnant mare have been performed on blood. Considering the advantage of hair as a non-invasive, retrospective, and long timeframe matrix, the present study aimed to describe concentrations of important hormones for the equine gestation and parturition in hair. The results confirmed hair as a reliable matrix for longitudinal investigations of the past accumulated hormones without causing harm to the animals and with minimal disturbance. Moreover, the fluctuations of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate), progesterone, 17-β-estradiol, and allopregnanolone concentrations in hair mimicked those already described in previous studies on plasma, but new interesting questions about the physiologic hormonal changes during the equine pregnancy arose and deserve further investigation. Pregnancy and parturition represent two important physiologic phases in female mammals, in which metabolic, behavioral, and endocrinologic changes should occur in perfect timing and interaction, leading to a normal course of gestation and the occurrence of parturition at term, allowing the birth of mature and viable offspring. The present study aimed to describe the hormonal changes recorded in the hair occurring in mares from pre-foaling to late pregnancy. The hair cortisol (C) concentrations did not show any significant variations throughout the study, while dehydroepiandrosterone (sulfate) (DHEA(S)) hair concentrations showed an increase from ST-1 to ST4 (p < 0.01) followed by a significant decrease at ST6 (p < 0.01). From ST7 to ST8, hair DHEA(S) concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.01). In ST7 the cortisol/DHEA(S) ratio*100 was higher than in the other sampling times (p < 0.01) except for ST0, in which the ratio was similar to ST7. Hair progesterone (P4), 17-β-estradiol (E2), and allopregnanolone (AlloP) concentrations showed similar patterns through time with the exception of some differences between them at the end of the sampling period. The results showed that hormones fluctuations in the hair mimicked those observed previously in plasma making hair interesting for retrospective studies both on mares and foals during gestation without invasiveness and adding a complementary tool in studying the feto-maternal relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In Equids, twin pregnancy is an unwanted event, and the traditional management of twin pregnancies involves the early, pre-fixation, manual crushing of one embryo before the 16th day after ovulation when the two embryos are still mobile. However, due to the high percentage of natural reduction of one embryo in unilaterally fixed twins, early post-fixation manual crushing management can also be proposed, allowing the time for natural reduction occurrence. The present study aimed to report data about managing twin pregnancies through natural reduction and post-fixation manual crushing in the Martina Franca donkey breed. The natural reduction of one embryo occurred at 20–21 days after ovulation in 87.5% of unilateral twin pregnancies, with 12.5% of cases requiring post-fixation manual crushing, and none of the bilateral twin pregnancies requiring manual crushing. The single embryo pregnancy rate at 28 days after ovulation was 93.8% for unilateral twin pregnancies and 88.9% for bilateral twin pregnancies, with an overall pregnancy rate of 92%. The live foal rate was 87%. Taken together, the results showed that waiting for the natural reduction of one embryo and using post-fixation manual crushing can be a practical option for the management of twin pregnancy in donkeys. In Equids, undetected twin pregnancy represents the most important cause of abortion and is also associated with high neonatal mortality rates. Therefore, the detection and management of twin pregnancies is pivotal to allow the continuation of single pregnancies. Although pre-fixation manual crushing of one embryo is the most common management of twin pregnancies, and the impact of natural reduction has been reported in mares, very little is known about donkeys. The present study aimed to report results on the natural reduction occurrence and post-fixation manual crushing management of twin pregnancies in the Martina Franca donkey breed. Methods: Twenty-five twin pregnancies were detected at 11–13 days after ovulation. At 16 days after ovulation, twin pregnancies were classified as unilateral or bilateral and left untreated. The occurrence of natural reduction of one embryo was assessed at 20–21 days after ovulation, and post-fixation manual crushing of one embryo was performed in those cases in which natural reduction did not occur. The pregnancy rate at 28 days after ovulation and live foal rate were recorded. Result: Sixteen out of 25 twin pregnancies were unilateral and nine bilateral. At 20–21 days after ovulation, the natural reduction of one embryo occurred in 87.5% of the unilateral and in none of the bilateral twin pregnancies. The remaining twin pregnancies were treated by post-fixation manual crushing of one embryo. The 28-days-after-ovulation single embryo pregnancy rate was 93.8% for unilateral twin pregnancies and 88.9% for bilateral twin pregnancies, with an overall pregnancy rate of 92%. The live foal rate was 87%. Conclusions: The success rate of natural reduction within 20–21 days after ovulation, the 28-days-after-ovulation pregnancy rate, and the live foal rate suggest that waiting for the natural reduction of one embryo and choosing the post-fixation manual crushing of one embryo could be considered as an alternative to traditional early pre-fixation manual crushing in the Martina Franca donkey breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case summary Two 18-day-old domestic shorthair kittens presented with dyspnoea, mild cyanosis, heart murmur, lung pattern, abnormal crawling and a marked dorsoventral flattening of the thorax. Deformity of the thoracic wall without pectus excavatum was diagnosed. Cardboard corsets tailored to each kitten were applied. This gave immediate respiratory relief, easing distress and pain. After 10 days, clinical and radiographic monitoring revealed normalisation of the shape of the chest wall with an improvement in general condition. At 6 months of age, clinical examination showed normal growth and development of both kittens, with a normal thoracic profile and shape also seen on radiographs. Relevance and novel information Data about flat-chested kitten syndrome and its aetiopathogenesis, treatment and outcome are scarce, but there is significant experience among breeders that is shared through online communities. High mortality rates are reported. The use of a cardboard splint appears to be novel in the published literature; in this case report, it proved to be a rapid and easy solution. For this reason, cardboard splints could be considered as a first approach for the clinical management of flat-chested kitten syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Life inside the uterus is possible only thanks to the placenta, an essential structure that undergoes modifications to support the growth and development of the fetus. For this reason, the placenta is also described providing as a "diary of intrauterine life" and is a potential source of information regarding events that occur during gestation. Few studies, however, have considered the evaluation of this organ in the management of canine neonates. In the present study, the efficiency of the placenta was evaluated in 69 live puppies delivered by 15 large-breed bitches. The data reported in the present study show that in a subgroup of puppies, despite a normal placental weight and structure, reduced placental efficiency was identified. Although the findings should be confirmed in a larger population, the significantly increased risk of death in low-efficiency placental puppies reported in this study suggest the usefulness of this parameter in the evaluation of the puppy in the first 7 days after delivery. Background: The anatomical and functional characteristics of the placenta influence the adaptive ability of the fetus to the extrauterine environment. Placental efficiency, measured as the gram of neonate produced by each gram of placenta, summarizes these characteristics. In the present study, placental efficiency and its impact on the 7-day postpartum life of the puppies were studied in canine large breeds. Methods: Placental efficiency (PE) was computed using chorioallantois weight (WPE) and surface (SPE) efficiency for puppies born from natural delivery or elective cesarean section. Capillary density was also histologically determined. Neonate viability was estimated by the APGAR score and the daily weight gain (DWG) was recorded on day 7 after delivery. Results: from 15 large-breed bitches, 69 live puppies were born by natural delivery (24 puppies) and elective cesarean section (45 puppies). Cluster analysis detected a group of neonates for which reduced placental efficiency (8 for the WPE, 9 for the SPE) was identified, despite a placental weight and surface within the mean and no difference in capillary density. In this group, the DWG was lower and the mortality within 7 days was higher. Conclusions: the results suggest that placental efficiency could be an additional tool for the evaluation of a puppy in the first 7 days after delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aimed to investigate the changes in sexual hormones around puberty in dogs by analyzing the concentrations of testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2), and progesterone (P4) in hair and nails. Puberty in dogs is a complex process with various factors involved, making it challenging to study. Traditional methods using blood samples are not feasible for long-term studies. However, hair and nails have been identified as suitable biological specimens for retrospectively evaluating hormone accumulation. The study included five male and five female dogs. The results showed a significant increase in T levels in hair and nails of male dogs just before puberty. In females, there was a significant increase in E2 levels at puberty and a marked increase in P4 levels after puberty in both biological specimens. Sex-related differences were observed only in T concentrations in hair, but considering sex and sampling time together, T concentrations in hair and nails, as well as P4 concentrations in nails, were able to differentiate between male and female dogs at specific sampling times. This study demonstrates the usefulness of hair and nails as biological specimens for studying the changes in T, E2, and P4 during the peripubertal period in dogs. Studies about puberty in dogs are few, probably because many factors are involved in the delicate process of puberty onset, leading to difficulties in the proper enrollment of subjects. Moreover, the use of blood for monitoring hormonal changes can be problematic, and not feasible for long-term studies. Hair and nails proved to be suitable matrices for the retrospective evaluation of hormones' long-term accumulation. This study was performed using hair and nails for the evaluation of testosterone (T), 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations to assess possible sexual steroid changes during the peripubertal period in dogs. The results, obtained on five males and five females, showed a significant increase in T in hair and nails of males immediately before puberty. In females, a significant increase in E2 at puberty and a marked increase in P4 after puberty was found in both biological specimens. Sex-related differences were detected only for T hair concentrations, but when the sex and sampling time were considered together, hair and nails T and nails P4 concentrations allowed us to discern between male and female dogs at specific sampling times. The results from this study showed that hair and nails are useful biological specimens for the retrospective evaluation of changes in T, E2 and P4 concentrations in peripubertal dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific age-related changes in blood variables of calves have previously been reported. The very first hours after birth are however not fully investigated, and results originating from different breeds are combined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the variation in biochemical variables during the first 48 hours after birth in Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Belgian Blue (BB) calves. Nineteen HF calves born vaginally and 23 BB calves delivered by caesarean section were sampled within 30 min after birth, and at 24 and 48 h of life. The concentration of albumin, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, urea, creatinine, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, total protein, and activity of AST, γGT and glutamate dehydrogenase were evaluated. In both groups, significant decreases were recorded at 24 and/or 48 hours compared with 30 min for albumin, calcium, chloride and creatinine, while significant increases were found for AST, γGT, bilirubin, GLDH, glucose and total protein. Changes in analyte concentrations or activities, followed the same trend in both groups, thus suggesting typical features of the newborn calf maturation. The first 24 hours after birth seem to represent a temporal key point in the newborn calf's life for switching from maternal dependence to a self-sufficient and independent survival. This study confirms that age-specific values should be considered for precise interpretation of laboratory results of newborn calves. Biochemical profiles of Holstein-Friesian and Belgian-Blue newborn calf in the first 48 hours of age are investigated. Almost all biochemical parameters change according to calf age in both groups and following the same trend in the two groups. Age-specific reference values should be considered during newborn calf evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Although less often requested in comparison with dogs, the collection of semen in cats can be necessary for artificial insemination, for semen evaluation in tom cats used for breeding and for semen storage. Urethral catheterisation after pharmacological induction with medetomidine has proved to be useful for the collection of semen in domestic cats. However, most of the previously used protocols require the administration of high doses of medetomidine that can increase the risk of side effects, especially on the cardiovascular system. In routine clinical practice, one safe and useful injectable anaesthetic protocol for short-term clinical investigations or surgery in cats involves premedication with low intramuscular doses of dexmedetomidine with methadone, followed by intravenous propofol bolus injection. We aimed to assess the usefulness of this injectable anaesthetic protocol for semen collection, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats. Methods The study was performed on 38 purebred, adult cats, during the breeding season, and semen was collected via urethral catheterisation using an injectable anaesthesia protocol with methadone (0.2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) premedication, followed by induction with propofol. Results The anaesthetic protocol used in the present study allowed the collection of large-volume semen samples, characterised by good parameters and without side effects. Conclusions and relevance The results from the present study suggest that the injectable anaesthetic protocol using methadone and dexmedetomidine premedication, followed by induction with propofol, could be suitable and safe for the collection of a good-quality semen sample, via urethral catheterisation, in domestic cats. It can therefore be used as an alternative to previous medetomidine-based sedation protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In veterinary medicine, the availability of an easy tool for the immediate evaluation of biological fluids' composition on site is desirable and beneficial as a first-line diagnostic instrument in many instances and in several animal species. The aim of the present study was to assess the usefulness of reagent urinary test strips marketed for urines for the on-field evaluation of fetal fluids' composition in newborn dogs at elective caesarean section. From surviving newborns, a collection of 113 amniotic and 107 allantoic samples was performed, and 8 amniotic and allantoic fluids were collected from non-surviving newborns. All the fetal fluids were assessed by urinary test strips within 5 min from collection. Significant differences were found for both types of fluid between surviving and non-surviving puppies, and between medium/large and small-sized puppies. Differences were also depicted between amniotic and allantoic fluids within the surviving group. These results seem to suggest that the on-site analysis of fetal fluids' composition by reagent test strips could represent a first-line tool for the evaluation of puppies and for the quick identification of puppies requiring special monitoring and assistance. The reagent urinary test strips (TS) marketed for urines represent the first-line diagnostic tool in many instances. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of TS for the on-field evaluation of fetal fluids' composition in newborn dogs at elective caesarean section. Of a total of 137 puppies born at term, 127 survived and 10 did not survive. One hundred and thirteen amniotic and 107 allantoic samples from surviving newborns were collected, and 8 amniotic and allantoic fluids were collected from the non-surviving newborns and assessed by strips. Significantly lower amounts of amniotic glucose and higher amounts of amniotic and allantoic nitrites, amniotic protein, allantoic urobilinogen, and amniotic bilirubin concentrations were found in non-surviving when compared to surviving newborns. In the surviving ones, higher specific gravity and bilirubin concentrations, and lower pH, were found in allantoic than in amniotic fluids. Higher amniotic and allantoic glucose concentrations, higher amniotic and allantoic pH, and lower amniotic and allantoic protein concentrations were found in medium/large- than in small-sized puppies. The TS allowed the quick evaluation of fetal fluids in puppies at birth. The differences between surviving and non-surviving puppies seem to suggest that the on-site analysis of fetal fluids' composition by TS could represent a first-line diagnostic tool in the field of canine neonatology, allowing the quick recognition of puppies needing assistance as a complementary tool for clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• C-section females released more noradrenaline throughout peripartum. • Maternal cortisol profile remained high during surgery until 1h post-surgery. • Fetal fluids cortisol concentration was higher in vaginal delivery. • Neonatal cortisol was higher 30min after vaginal birth compared to c-section puppies. • Levels of neonatal cortisol decreased progressively up to 12h after vaginal delivery. Increased fetal cortisol is associated with catecholamine release, a primary factor for neonatal adaptive responses. However, relationship between canine peripartum cortisol and catecholamine is unknown. We aimed to compare serum adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol during peripartum in bitches and neonates of distinct obstetric conditions and to assess amniotic fluid cortisol concentration. Twenty females and maximum of three puppies per litter were allocated into Vaginal Eutocia (10 females; 17 neonates) and Elective C-section (10 females; 20 neonates) groups. Amniotic fluid was collected at delivery for cortisol concentration. Maternal and neonatal blood were collected prepartum, intrapartum, postpartum and 1h postpartum, and at birth, 30 and 60min, 12hs and 24hs, respectively, for cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline assessment. C-section determined higher noradrenaline throughout delivery and cortisol concentration from intrapartum through 1h postpartum, compared to vaginal birth. C-section maternal cortisol showed progressive increase from intrapartum onwards, while neonatal cortisol remained unchanged. No difference of maternal cortisol concentration occurred along whelping, whereas a significant decrease was verified for vaginal delivery puppies from birth until the 12hs. Puppies delivered vaginally had higher cortisol concentration at birth and 30min, compared to c-section puppies. There was a higher concentration of amniotic fluid cortisol in vaginal eutocia. In conclusion, c-section induces higher maternal stress during and after surgery, whilst vaginal delivery is a more neonatal physiologically stressful condition, contributing to better adaptation during transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case summary Two 18-day-old domestic shorthair kittens presented with dyspnoea, mild cyanosis, heart murmur, lung pattern, abnormal crawling and a marked dorsoventral flattening of the thorax. Deformity of the thoracic wall without pectus excavatum was diagnosed. Cardboard corsets tailored to each kitten were applied. This gave immediate respiratory relief, easing distress and pain. After 10 days, clinical and radiographic monitoring revealed normalisation of the shape of the chest wall with an improvement in general condition. At 6 months of age, clinical examination showed normal growth and development of both kittens, with a normal thoracic profile and shape also seen on radiographs. Relevance and novel information Data about flat-chested kitten syndrome and its aetiopathogenesis, treatment and outcome are scarce, but there is significant experience among breeders that is shared through online communities. High mortality rates are reported. The use of a cardboard splint appears to be novel in the published literature; in this case report, it proved to be a rapid and easy solution. For this reason, cardboard splints could be considered as a first approach for the clinical management of flat-chested kitten syndrome., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2024.)