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2. Ecological integrity of tropical secondary forests : concepts and indicators

Author

Rosenfield, Milena F., Jakovac, Catarina C., Vieira, Daniel L.M., Poorter, Lourens, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Vieira, Ima C.G., de Almeida, Danilo R.A., Massoca, Paulo, Schietti, Juliana, Albernaz, Ana Luisa M., Ferreira, Marciel J., Mesquita, Rita C.G., Rosenfield, Milena F., Jakovac, Catarina C., Vieira, Daniel L.M., Poorter, Lourens, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Vieira, Ima C.G., de Almeida, Danilo R.A., Massoca, Paulo, Schietti, Juliana, Albernaz, Ana Luisa M., Ferreira, Marciel J., and Mesquita, Rita C.G.

Abstract

Naturally regenerating forests or secondary forests (SFs) are a promising strategy for restoring large expanses of tropical forests at low cost and with high environmental benefits. This expectation is supported by the high resilience of tropical forests after natural disturbances, yet this resilience can be severely reduced by human impacts. Assessing the characteristics of SFs and their ecological integrity (EI) is essential to evaluating their role for conservation, restoration, and provisioning of ecosystem services. In this study, we aim to propose a concept and indicators that allow the assessment and classification of the EI of SFs. To this end, we review the literature to assess how EI has been addressed in different ecosystems and which indicators of EI are most commonly used for tropical forests. Building upon this knowledge we propose a modification of the concept of EI to embrace SFs and suggest indicators of EI that can be applied to different successional stages or stand ages. Additionally, we relate these indicators to ecosystem service provision in order to support the practical application of the theory. EI is generally defined as the ability of ecosystems to support and maintain composition, structure and function similar to the reference conditions of an undisturbed ecosystem. This definition does not consider the temporal dynamics of recovering ecosystems, such as SFs. Therefore, we suggest incorporation of an optimal successional trajectory as a reference in addition to the old-growth forest reference. The optimal successional trajectory represents the maximum EI that can be attained at each successional stage in a given region and enables the evaluation of EI at any given age class. We further suggest a list of indicators, the main ones being: compositional indicators (species diversity/richness and indicator species); structural indicators (basal area, heterogeneity of basal area and canopy cover); function indicators (tree growth and mortalit

Published
2023

3. Anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests can double biodiversity loss from deforestation

Author

Barlow, Jos, Lennox, Gareth D., Ferreira, Joice, Berenguer, Erika, Lees, Alexander C., Nally, Ralph Mac, Thomson, James R., de Barros Ferraz, Silvio Frosini, Louzada, Julio, Oliveira, Victor Hugo Fonseca, Parry, Luke, de Castro Solar, Ricardo Ribeiro, Vieira, Ima C.G., Aragao, Luiz E.O.C., Begotti, Rodrigo Anzolin, Braga, Rodrigo F., Cardoso, Thiago Moreira, de Oliveira, Jr., Raimundo Cosme, Souza, Jr., Carlos M., Moura, Nargila G., Nunes, Samia Serra, Siqueira, Joao Victor, Pardini, Renata, Silveira, Juliana M., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Veiga, Ruan Carlo Stulpen, Venturieri, Adriano, and Gardner, Toby A.

Subjects
Deforestation -- Environmental aspects, Rain forests -- Environmental aspects, Biological diversity -- Observations, Environmental impact analysis -- Methods, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Concerted political attention has focused on reducing deforestation (1-3), and this remains the cornerstone of most biodiversity conservation strategies (4-6). However, maintaining forest cover may not reduce anthropogenic forest disturbances, which are rarely considered in conservation programmes (6). These disturbances occur both within forests, including selective logging and wildfires (7,8), and at the landscape level, through edge, area and isolation effects (9). Until now, the combined effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the conservation value of remnant primary forests has remained unknown, making it impossible to assess the relative importance of forest disturbance and forest loss. Here we address these knowledge gaps using a large data set of plants, birds and dung beetles (1,538, 460 and 156 species, respectively) sampled in 36 catchments in the Brazilian state of Para. Catchments retaining more than 69-80% forest cover lost more conservation value from disturbance than from forest loss. For example, a 20% loss of primary forest, the maximum level of deforestation allowed on Amazonian properties under Brazil's Forest Code (5), resulted in a 39-54% loss of conservation value: 96-171% more than expected without considering disturbance effects. We extrapolated the disturbance-mediated loss of conservation value throughout Para, which covers 25% of the Brazilian Amazon. Although disturbed forests retained considerable conservation value compared with deforested areas, the toll of disturbance outside Para's strictly protected areas is equivalent to the loss of 92,000-139,000 [km.sup.2] of primary forest. Even this lowest estimate is greater than the area deforested across the entire Brazilian Amazon between 2006 and 2015 (ref. 10). Species distribution models showed that both landscape and within-forest disturbances contributed to biodiversity loss, with the greatest negative effects on species of high conservation and functional value. These results demonstrate an urgent need for policy interventions that go beyond the maintenance of forest cover to safeguard the hyper-diversity of tropical forest ecosystems., Protecting tropical forests is a fundamental pillar of many national and international strategies for conserving biodiversity (4-6). Although improved regulatory and incentive measures have reduced deforestation rates in some tropical [...]

Published
2016

4. Strong floristic distinctiveness across Neotropical successional forests

Author

Jakovac, Catarina C., Meave, Jorge A., Bongers, Frans, Letcher, Susan G., Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Piotto, Daniel, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Peña-Claros, Marielos, Craven, Dylan, Santos, Braulio A., Siminski, Alexandre, Fantini, Alfredo C., Rodrigues, Alice C., Hernández-Jaramillo, Alma, Idárraga, Alvaro, Junqueira, André B., Zambrano, Angelica María Almeyda, De Jong, Ben H.J., Pinho, Bruno Ximenes, Finegan, Bryan, Castellano-Castro, Carolina, Zambiazi, Daisy Christiane, Dent, Daisy H., García, Daniel Hernán, Kennard, Deborah, Delgado, Diego, Broadbent, Eben N., Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Lebrija-Trejos, Edwin, Berenguer, Erika, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, De Sá Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, Melo, Felipe, Elias, Fernando, França, Filipe, Oberleitner, Florian, Mora, Francisco, Williamson, Bruce, Dalla Colletta, Gabriel, Cabral, George A.L., Derroire, Géraldine, Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson, Van Der Wal, Hans, Teixeira, Heitor Mancini, Vester, Henricus F.M., García, Hernando, Vieira, Ima C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, Jaider, De Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Hall, Jefferson S., Chave, Jerome, Zimmerman, Jess K., Nieto, Jhon Edison, Ferreira, Joice, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Ruíz, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Aguilar-Cano, José, Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Engel, Julien, Becknell, Justin M., Zanini, Kátia, Lohbeck, Madelon, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Romero-Romero, Marco Antonio, Uriarte, Maria, Veloso, Maria D.M., Espírito-Santo, Mário M., Van Der Sande, Masha T., Van Breugel, Michiel, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Schwartz, Naomi B., Norden, Natalia, Pérez-Cárdenas, Nathalia, González-Valdivia, Noel, Petronelli, Pascal, Balvanera, Patricia, Massoca, Paulo, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Villa, Pedro M., Hietz, Peter, Ostertag, Rebecca, López-Camacho, René, César, Ricardo G., Mesquita, Rita, Chazdon, Robin L., Muñoz, Rodrigo, DeWalt, Saara J., Müller, Sandra C., Durán, Sandra M., Martins, Sebastião Venâncio, Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Rodríguez-Buritica, Susana, Aide, Mitchell, Bentos, Tony Vizcarra, Moreno, Vanessa De S., Granda, Vanessa, Thomas, Wayt, Silver, Whendee L., Nunes, Yule R.F., Poorter, Lourens, Jakovac, Catarina C., Meave, Jorge A., Bongers, Frans, Letcher, Susan G., Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Piotto, Daniel, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Peña-Claros, Marielos, Craven, Dylan, Santos, Braulio A., Siminski, Alexandre, Fantini, Alfredo C., Rodrigues, Alice C., Hernández-Jaramillo, Alma, Idárraga, Alvaro, Junqueira, André B., Zambrano, Angelica María Almeyda, De Jong, Ben H.J., Pinho, Bruno Ximenes, Finegan, Bryan, Castellano-Castro, Carolina, Zambiazi, Daisy Christiane, Dent, Daisy H., García, Daniel Hernán, Kennard, Deborah, Delgado, Diego, Broadbent, Eben N., Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Lebrija-Trejos, Edwin, Berenguer, Erika, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, De Sá Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, Melo, Felipe, Elias, Fernando, França, Filipe, Oberleitner, Florian, Mora, Francisco, Williamson, Bruce, Dalla Colletta, Gabriel, Cabral, George A.L., Derroire, Géraldine, Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson, Van Der Wal, Hans, Teixeira, Heitor Mancini, Vester, Henricus F.M., García, Hernando, Vieira, Ima C.G., Jiménez-Montoya, Jaider, De Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Hall, Jefferson S., Chave, Jerome, Zimmerman, Jess K., Nieto, Jhon Edison, Ferreira, Joice, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Ruíz, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Aguilar-Cano, José, Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Engel, Julien, Becknell, Justin M., Zanini, Kátia, Lohbeck, Madelon, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Romero-Romero, Marco Antonio, Uriarte, Maria, Veloso, Maria D.M., Espírito-Santo, Mário M., Van Der Sande, Masha T., Van Breugel, Michiel, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Schwartz, Naomi B., Norden, Natalia, Pérez-Cárdenas, Nathalia, González-Valdivia, Noel, Petronelli, Pascal, Balvanera, Patricia, Massoca, Paulo, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Villa, Pedro M., Hietz, Peter, Ostertag, Rebecca, López-Camacho, René, César, Ricardo G., Mesquita, Rita, Chazdon, Robin L., Muñoz, Rodrigo, DeWalt, Saara J., Müller, Sandra C., Durán, Sandra M., Martins, Sebastião Venâncio, Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Rodríguez-Buritica, Susana, Aide, Mitchell, Bentos, Tony Vizcarra, Moreno, Vanessa De S., Granda, Vanessa, Thomas, Wayt, Silver, Whendee L., Nunes, Yule R.F., and Poorter, Lourens

Abstract

Forests that regrow naturally on abandoned fields are important for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services, but can they also preserve the distinct regional tree floras? Using the floristic composition of 1215 early successional forests (≤20 years) in 75 human-modified landscapes across the Neotropic realm, we identified 14 distinct floristic groups, with a between-group dissimilarity of 0.97. Floristic groups were associated with location, bioregions, soil pH, temperature seasonality, and water availability. Hence, there is large continental-scale variation in the species composition of early successional forests, which is mainly associated with biogeographic and environmental factors but not with human disturbance indicators. This floristic distinctiveness is partially driven by regionally restricted species belonging to widespread genera. Early secondary forests contribute therefore to restoring and conserving the distinctiveness of bioregions across the Neotropical realm, and forest restoration initiatives should use local species to assure that these distinct floras are maintained.

Published
2022

6. Multidimensional tropical forest recovery

Author

Poorter, Lourens, Craven, Dylan, Jakovac, Catarina C., van der Sande, Masha T., Amissah, Lucy, Bongers, Frans, Chazdon, Robin L., Farrior, Caroline E., Kambach, Stephan, Meave, Jorge A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Norden, Natalia, Rüger, Nadja, van Breugel, Michiel, Zambrano, Angélica María Almeyda, Amani, Bienvenu, Andrade, José Luis, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Broadbent, Eben N., de Foresta, Hubert, Dent, Daisy H., Derroire, Géraldine, DeWalt, Saara J., Dupuy, Juan M., Durán, Sandra M., Fantini, Alfredo C., Finegan, Bryan, Hernández-Jaramillo, Alma, Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Hietz, Peter, Junqueira, André B., N’dja, Justin Kassi, Letcher, Susan G., Lohbeck, Madelon, López-Camacho, René, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Melo, Felipe P.L., Mora, Francisco, Müller, Sandra C., N’Guessan, Anny E., Oberleitner, Florian, Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pinho, Bruno X., Piotto, Daniel, Powers, Jennifer S., Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Ruíz, Jorge, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Teixeira, Heitor Mancini, de Sá Barretto Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, van der Wal, Hans, Villa, Pedro M., Fernandes, Geraldo W., Santos, Braulio A., Aguilar-Cano, José, de Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Arreola-Villa, Felipe, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Cabral, George A.L., Castellanos-Castro, Carolina, de Jong, Ben H.J., Nieto, Jhon Edison, Espírito-Santo, Mário M., Fandino, Maria C., García, Hernando, García-Villalobos, Daniel, Hall, Jefferson S., Idárraga, Alvaro, Jiménez-Montoya, Jaider, Kennard, Deborah, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Mesquita, Rita, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Pérez-Cárdenas, Nathalia, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Villanueva, Lucía Sanaphre, Schwartz, Naomi B., Steininger, Marc K., Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Henricus F.M., Vieira, Ima C.G., Williamson, Bruce, Zanini, Kátia, Hérault, Bruno, Poorter, Lourens, Craven, Dylan, Jakovac, Catarina C., van der Sande, Masha T., Amissah, Lucy, Bongers, Frans, Chazdon, Robin L., Farrior, Caroline E., Kambach, Stephan, Meave, Jorge A., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Norden, Natalia, Rüger, Nadja, van Breugel, Michiel, Zambrano, Angélica María Almeyda, Amani, Bienvenu, Andrade, José Luis, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Broadbent, Eben N., de Foresta, Hubert, Dent, Daisy H., Derroire, Géraldine, DeWalt, Saara J., Dupuy, Juan M., Durán, Sandra M., Fantini, Alfredo C., Finegan, Bryan, Hernández-Jaramillo, Alma, Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Hietz, Peter, Junqueira, André B., N’dja, Justin Kassi, Letcher, Susan G., Lohbeck, Madelon, López-Camacho, René, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Melo, Felipe P.L., Mora, Francisco, Müller, Sandra C., N’Guessan, Anny E., Oberleitner, Florian, Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Pinho, Bruno X., Piotto, Daniel, Powers, Jennifer S., Rodríguez-Buriticá, Susana, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Ruíz, Jorge, Tabarelli, Marcelo, Teixeira, Heitor Mancini, de Sá Barretto Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, van der Wal, Hans, Villa, Pedro M., Fernandes, Geraldo W., Santos, Braulio A., Aguilar-Cano, José, de Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Alvarez-Davila, Esteban, Arreola-Villa, Felipe, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Cabral, George A.L., Castellanos-Castro, Carolina, de Jong, Ben H.J., Nieto, Jhon Edison, Espírito-Santo, Mário M., Fandino, Maria C., García, Hernando, García-Villalobos, Daniel, Hall, Jefferson S., Idárraga, Alvaro, Jiménez-Montoya, Jaider, Kennard, Deborah, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Mesquita, Rita, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Pérez-Cárdenas, Nathalia, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Villanueva, Lucía Sanaphre, Schwartz, Naomi B., Steininger, Marc K., Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Henricus F.M., Vieira, Ima C.G., Williamson, Bruce, Zanini, Kátia, and Hérault, Bruno

Abstract

Tropical forests disappear rapidly because of deforestation, yet they have the potential to regrow naturally on abandoned lands. We analyze how 12 forest attributes recover during secondary succession and how their recovery is interrelated using 77 sites across the tropics. Tropical forests are highly resilient to low-intensity land use; after 20 years, forest attributes attain 78% (33 to 100%) of their old-growth values. Recovery to 90% of old-growth values is fastest for soil (<1 decade) and plant functioning (<2.5 decades), intermediate for structure and species diversity (2.5 to 6 decades), and slowest for biomass and species composition (>12 decades). Network analysis shows three independent clusters of attribute recovery, related to structure, species diversity, and species composition. Secondary forests should be embraced as a low-cost, natural solution for ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation, and biodiversity conservation.

Published
2021

7. Wet and dry tropical forests show opposite successional pathways in wood density but converge over time

Author

Poorter, Lourens, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Bongers, Frans, de Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez, Francisco S., Andrade, José Luís, Villa, Luis Felipe Arreola, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Bentos, Tony V., Bhaskar, Radika, Boukili, Vanessa, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Broadbent, Eben N., César, Ricardo G., Chave, Jerome, Chazdon, Robin L., Colletta, Gabriel Dalla, Craven, Dylan, de Jong, Ben H.J., Denslow, Julie S., Dent, Daisy H., DeWalt, Saara J., García, Elisa Díaz, Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Durán, Sandra M., Espírito Santo, Mário M., Fandiño, María C., Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson, Finegan, Bryan, Moser, Vanessa Granda, Hall, Jefferson S., Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Jakovac, Catarina C., Junqueira, André B., Kennard, Deborah, Lebrija-Trejos, Edwin, Letcher, Susan G., Lohbeck, Madelon, Lopez, Omar R., Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Martins, Sebastião V., Massoca, Paulo E.S., Meave, Jorge A., Mesquita, Rita, Mora, Francisco, de Souza Moreno, Vanessa, Müller, Sandra C., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Muscarella, Robert, de Oliveira Neto, Silvio Nolasco, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Paz, Horacio, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Piotto, Daniel, Ruíz, Jorge, Sanaphre-Villanueva, Lucía, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo, Schwartz, Naomi B., Steininger, Marc K., Thomas, William Wayt, Toledo, Marisol, Uriarte, Maria, Utrera, Luis P., van Breugel, Michiel, van der Sande, Masha T., van der Wal, Hans, Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Hans F.M., Vieira, Ima C.G., Villa, Pedro Manuel, Williamson, G.B., Wright, S.J., Zanini, Kátia J., Zimmerman, Jess K., Westoby, Mark, Poorter, Lourens, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Bongers, Frans, de Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., Almeyda Zambrano, Angélica María, Álvarez, Francisco S., Andrade, José Luís, Villa, Luis Felipe Arreola, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Bentos, Tony V., Bhaskar, Radika, Boukili, Vanessa, Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Broadbent, Eben N., César, Ricardo G., Chave, Jerome, Chazdon, Robin L., Colletta, Gabriel Dalla, Craven, Dylan, de Jong, Ben H.J., Denslow, Julie S., Dent, Daisy H., DeWalt, Saara J., García, Elisa Díaz, Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Durán, Sandra M., Espírito Santo, Mário M., Fandiño, María C., Fernandes, Geraldo Wilson, Finegan, Bryan, Moser, Vanessa Granda, Hall, Jefferson S., Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Jakovac, Catarina C., Junqueira, André B., Kennard, Deborah, Lebrija-Trejos, Edwin, Letcher, Susan G., Lohbeck, Madelon, Lopez, Omar R., Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Martins, Sebastião V., Massoca, Paulo E.S., Meave, Jorge A., Mesquita, Rita, Mora, Francisco, de Souza Moreno, Vanessa, Müller, Sandra C., Muñoz, Rodrigo, Muscarella, Robert, de Oliveira Neto, Silvio Nolasco, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Paz, Horacio, Peña-Claros, Marielos, Piotto, Daniel, Ruíz, Jorge, Sanaphre-Villanueva, Lucía, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo, Schwartz, Naomi B., Steininger, Marc K., Thomas, William Wayt, Toledo, Marisol, Uriarte, Maria, Utrera, Luis P., van Breugel, Michiel, van der Sande, Masha T., van der Wal, Hans, Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Hans F.M., Vieira, Ima C.G., Villa, Pedro Manuel, Williamson, G.B., Wright, S.J., Zanini, Kátia J., Zimmerman, Jess K., and Westoby, Mark

Abstract

Tropical forests are converted at an alarming rate for agricultural use and pastureland, but also regrow naturally through secondary succession. For successful forest restoration, it is essential to understand the mechanisms of secondary succession. These mechanisms may vary across forest types, but analyses across broad spatial scales are lacking. Here, we analyse forest recovery using 1,403 plots that differ in age since agricultural abandonment from 50 sites across the Neotropics. We analyse changes in community composition using species-specific stem wood density (WD), which is a key trait for plant growth, survival and forest carbon storage. In wet forest, succession proceeds from low towards high community WD (acquisitive towards conservative trait values), in line with standard successional theory. However, in dry forest, succession proceeds from high towards low community WD (conservative towards acquisitive trait values), probably because high WD reflects drought tolerance in harsh early successional environments. Dry season intensity drives WD recovery by influencing the start and trajectory of succession, resulting in convergence of the community WD over time as vegetation cover builds up. These ecological insights can be used to improve species selection for reforestation. Reforestation species selected to establish a first protective canopy layer should, among other criteria, ideally have a similar WD to the early successional communities that dominate under the prevailing macroclimatic conditions.

Published
2019

8. Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests

Author

Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Bongers, Frans, Aide, T.M., Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Ascarrunz, Nataly, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Bentos, Tony V., Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Cabral, George A.L., Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofia, Chave, Jerome, César, Ricardo G., Chazdon, Robin L., Condit, Richard, Dallinga, Jorn S., De Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., de Jong, Ben, De Oliveira, Alexandre, Denslow, Julie S., Dent, Daisy H., Dewalt, Saara J., Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Durán, Sandra M., Dutrieux, Loïc P., Espírito-Santo, Mario M., Fandino, María C., Fernandes, G.W., Finegan, Bryan, García, Hernando, Gonzalez, Noel, Moser, Vanessa Granda, Hall, Jefferson S., Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Hubbell, Stephen, Jakovac, Catarina C., Hernández, Alma Johanna, Junqueira, André B., Kennard, Deborah, Larpin, Denis, Letcher, Susan G., Licona, Juan-Carlos, Lebrija-trejos, Edwin, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Massoca, Paulo E.S., Meave, Jorge A., Mesquita, Rita C.G., Mora, Francisco, Müller, Sandra C., Muñoz, Rodrigo, De Oliveira Neto, Silvio Nolasco, Norden, Natalia, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Ostertag, Rebecca, Peña-Caros, Marielos, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Piotto, Daniel, Powers, Jennifer S., Aguilar-Cano, José, Rodriguez-Buritica, Susana, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Romero-Romero, Marco Antonio, Ruíz, Jorge, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo, De Almeida, Arlete Silva, Silver, Whendee L., Schwartz, Naomi B., Thomas, William Wayt, Toledo, Marisol, Uriarte, Maria, De Sá Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, van Breugel, Michiel, van der Wal, Hans, Martins, Sebastião Venâncio, Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Hans F.M., Vicentini, Alberto, Vieira, Ima C.G., Villa, Pedro, Williamson, G.B., Zanini, Kátia J., Zimmerman, Jess, Poorter, Lourens, Rozendaal, Danaë M.A., Bongers, Frans, Aide, T.M., Alvarez-Dávila, Esteban, Ascarrunz, Nataly, Balvanera, Patricia, Becknell, Justin M., Bentos, Tony V., Brancalion, Pedro H.S., Cabral, George A.L., Calvo-Rodriguez, Sofia, Chave, Jerome, César, Ricardo G., Chazdon, Robin L., Condit, Richard, Dallinga, Jorn S., De Almeida-Cortez, Jarcilene S., de Jong, Ben, De Oliveira, Alexandre, Denslow, Julie S., Dent, Daisy H., Dewalt, Saara J., Dupuy, Juan Manuel, Durán, Sandra M., Dutrieux, Loïc P., Espírito-Santo, Mario M., Fandino, María C., Fernandes, G.W., Finegan, Bryan, García, Hernando, Gonzalez, Noel, Moser, Vanessa Granda, Hall, Jefferson S., Hernández-Stefanoni, José Luis, Hubbell, Stephen, Jakovac, Catarina C., Hernández, Alma Johanna, Junqueira, André B., Kennard, Deborah, Larpin, Denis, Letcher, Susan G., Licona, Juan-Carlos, Lebrija-trejos, Edwin, Marín-Spiotta, Erika, Martínez-Ramos, Miguel, Massoca, Paulo E.S., Meave, Jorge A., Mesquita, Rita C.G., Mora, Francisco, Müller, Sandra C., Muñoz, Rodrigo, De Oliveira Neto, Silvio Nolasco, Norden, Natalia, Nunes, Yule R.F., Ochoa-Gaona, Susana, Ortiz-Malavassi, Edgar, Ostertag, Rebecca, Peña-Caros, Marielos, Pérez-García, Eduardo A., Piotto, Daniel, Powers, Jennifer S., Aguilar-Cano, José, Rodriguez-Buritica, Susana, Rodríguez-Velázquez, Jorge, Romero-Romero, Marco Antonio, Ruíz, Jorge, Sanchez-Azofeifa, Arturo, De Almeida, Arlete Silva, Silver, Whendee L., Schwartz, Naomi B., Thomas, William Wayt, Toledo, Marisol, Uriarte, Maria, De Sá Sampaio, Everardo Valadares, van Breugel, Michiel, van der Wal, Hans, Martins, Sebastião Venâncio, Veloso, Maria D.M., Vester, Hans F.M., Vicentini, Alberto, Vieira, Ima C.G., Villa, Pedro, Williamson, G.B., Zanini, Kátia J., Zimmerman, Jess, and Poorter, Lourens

Abstract

Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.

Published
2019

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