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Organic phase-change materials (PCMs) hold promise in developing advanced thermoregulation and responsive energy systems owing to their high latent heat capacity and thermal reliability. However, organic PCMs are prone to leakages in the liquid state and, thus, are hardly applicable in their pristine form. Herein, we encapsulated organic PCM n-Octadecane into polyurethane capsules via polymerization of commercially available polymethylene polyphenylene isocyanate and polyethylene glycol at the interface oil-in-water emulsion and studied how various n-Octadecane feeding affected the shell formation, capsule structure, and latent heat storage properties. The successful shell polymerization and encapsulation of n-Octadecane dissolved in the oil core was verified by confocal microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The mean capsule size varied from 9.4 to 16.7 µm while the shell was found to reduce in thickness from 460 to 220 nm as the n-Octadecane feeding increased. Conversely, the latent heat storage capacity increased from 50 to 132 J/g corresponding to the growth in actual n-Octadecane content from 25% to 67% as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry. The actual n-Octadecane content increased non-linearly along with the n-Octadecane feeding and reached a plateau at 66–67% corresponded to 3.44–3.69 core-to-monomer ratio. Finally, the capsules with the reasonable combination of structural and thermal properties were evaluated as a thermoregulating additive to a commercially available paint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyelectrolyte (PE) and nanocomposite (NC) microcapsules fabricated by layer-by-layer technique have been of great interest in the past decade as novel entities for cargo encapsulation and delivery as well as for diagnostic purposes. The unique physicochemical properties of polymers and inorganic nanoparticles used in layer-by-layer synthesis of PE and NC microcapsules make them promising in various fields, such as storage, catalysis, cells imaging, controlled drug release, and targeted drug delivery. However, the requirement of the cargo encapsulation is that the cargo should have a relatively large molecular weight in order to avoid the leakage from the capsules. In this review, recent progress in the design and functionalization of PE and NC microcapsules using sol-gel method for storage of small cargos have been presented. Moreover, various remote exposures on the permeability of organic/inorganic composite microcapsule shells such as ultrasound, magnetic field gradient, laser, and microwave radiation have been observed. Finally, the description and discussion of the new trends and perspectives for improved functionality of PE microcapsules are the major topic of this progress report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of novel materials and approaches for effective energy consumption and the employment of renewable energy sources is one of the current trends in modern material science. With this respect, the number of researches is focused on the effective harvesting and storage of solar energy for various applications. Phase change materials (PCMs) are known to be able to store thermal energy of the sunlight due to adsorption and release of latent heat through reversible phase transitions. Therefore, PCMs are promising as functional additives to construction materials and paints for advanced thermoregulation in building and industry. However, bare PCMs have limited practical applications. Organic PCMs like paraffins suffer from material leakage when undergoing in a liquid state while inorganic ones like salt hydrates lack long-term stability after multiple phase transitions. To avoid this, the loading of PCMs in porous matrices are intensively studied along with the thermal properties of the resulted composites. The loading of PCMs in microcontainers of natural porous or layered clay materials appears as a simple and cost-effective method of encapsulation significantly improving the shape and cyclic stability of PCMs. Additionally, the inclusion of functional clay containers into construction materials allows for improving their mechanical and flame-retardant properties. This article summarizes the recent progress in the preparation of composites based on PCM-loaded clay microcontainers along with their future perspectives as functional additives in thermo-regulating materials.

The photocatalytic degradation of organic molecules is one of the effective ways for water purification. At this point, photocatalytic microreactor systems seem to be promising to enhance the versatility of the photoassisted degradation approach. Herein, we propose photoresponsive microcapsules prepared via layer-by-layer assembly of polyelectrolytes on the novel CaCO 3 /TiO 2 composite template cores. The preparation of CaCO 3 /TiO 2 composite particles is challenging because of the poor compatibility of TiO 2 and CaCO 3 in an aqueous medium. To prepare stable CaCO 3 /TiO 2 composites, TiO 2 nanoparticles were loaded into mesoporous CaCO 3 microparticles with a freezing-induced loading technique. The inclusion of TiO 2 nanoparticles into CaCO 3 templates was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis with respect to their type, concentration, and number of loading iterations. Upon polyelectrolyte shell assembly, the CaCO 3 matrix was dissolved, resulting in microreactor capsules loaded with TiO 2 nanoparticles. The photoresponsive properties of the resulted capsules were tested by photoinduced degradation of the low-molecule dye rhodamine B in aqueous solution and fluorescently labeled polymer molecules absorbed on the capsule surface under UV light. The exposure of the capsules to UV light resulted in a pronounced degradation of rhodamine B in capsule microvolume and fluorescent molecules on the capsule surface. Finally, the versatility of preparation of multifunctional photocatalytic and magnetically responsive capsules was demonstrated by iterative freezing-induced loading of TiO 2 and magnetite Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles into CaCO 3 templates., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.)