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Since the beginning of 2019 all organisations, including non-profit organisations, have had to learn how to deal with completely new challenges caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Our paper aims to show to what extent the Covid-19 pandemic has changed the mission models of NGOs in areas such as types of beneficiaries, type of services, channels of communication, funding streams, key activities, and key partners. In order to reach this aim, we conducted a theoretical analysis of the charitable giving and models of NGOs activity and adopted a questionnaire survey methodology. A total of 575 NGOs from Poland, Croatia, and Lithuania participated in the study. Our study has found that the impact of the pandemic on NGO mission models varies and that pandemic can have a dual effect on the financial situation of NGOs. Despite the difficulties, some organizations gained from the pandemic (mainly those operating in the health and social care), and others lost.

The purpose of the paper is to describe the process of creating institutional settings in three post-communist countries and analyze the change of the social trust in these countries in line with the development of legal and accounting rules and norms for NGOs. The design and methodology include a literature analysis and the inductive method to analyze historical data for each country. The countries that were selected for the research are Lithuania – one of the Baltic states, which is in the last place in the World Giving Index (WGI) ranking, Poland with the average result in WGI ranking, and Croatia – the best post-communist country in the WGI ranking. Research limitations include the use of the descriptive method and the small number of countries included in the analysis. The originality and value of this paper lie in the fact that the problem of low social trust in NGOs in post-communist countries is analyzed by linking it with the development of NGO accountability and civil control over them. Celem artykułu jest analiza procesu tworzenia otoczenia instytucjonalnego sektora organizacji pozarządowych w trzech wybranych krajach postkomunistycznych oraz analiza zmian zaufania społecznego w tych krajach w odniesienu do zmian norm prawnych i rachunkowości dla organizacji pozarządowych. Metodologia badań obejmuje analizę literatury i indukcyjną metodę analizy danych historycznych dla wybranych krajów postkomunistycznych. Do badań wybrano trzy kraje postkomunistyczne: Litwę – jeden z krajów bałtyckich, zajmujący ostatnie miejsce w rankingu World Giving Index, Polskę i Chorwację – dwa najlepsze kraje postkomunistyczne w rankingu World Giving Index. Ograniczenia badawcze wynikają z zastosowania metody opisowej i niewielkiej liczby krajów objętych analizą. Oryginalność i wartość niniejszego opracowania polega analizie problemu niskiego zaufania społecznego do organizacji pozarządowych w krajach postkomunistycznych w kontekście rozwoju otoczenia instytucjonalnego organizacji pozarządowych oraz wzrostu ich rozliczalności i cywilnej kontroli nad nimi.

The debate on cohesion policy has recently intensified due to the increasing tensions within the EU and requires constant inputs with regards to various instruments which are applied. In Poland, a unique mechanism for guarantee distribution was adopted – the guarantees are mainly distributed through NGOs (nonbanking organisations granting guarantees – NOGG). Thus, the article aims to investigate the relationship between the level of regional development, the experience of nonbanking organisations granting guarantees and their performance which leads to observations and recommendations with regards to the functioning and assessment of guarantees as cohesion policy instruments. We have used panel regression for 156 observations covering 26 NOGG in Poland. The results confirm that there exist positive associations between the level of regional development, NOGG size (measured with guarantee capital) and experience and some financial performance measures. We posit, that a prerequisite for the high performance of these organisations is to ensure that they have an adequate level of guarantee capital and experience. We call for future EU-wide comparative research allowing deeper understanding of various guarantee distribution mechanisms performance. El debate sobre la política de cohesión se ha intensificado recientemente debido a las crecientes tensiones en el seno de la UE y requiere constantes aportaciones en relación con los distintos instrumentos que se aplican. En Polonia, se adoptó un mecanismo único para la distribución de garantías: las garantías se distribuyen principalmente a través de las ONG (organizaciones no bancarias que conceden garantías - NOGG). Así pues, el artículo pretende investigar la relación entre el nivel de desarrollo regional, la experiencia de las organizaciones no bancarias que conceden garantías y su rendimiento, lo que da lugar a observaciones y recomendaciones con respecto al funcionamiento y la evaluación de las garantías como instrumentos de la política de cohesión. Hemos utilizado una regresión de panel para 156 observaciones que cubren 26 NOGG en Polonia. Los resultados confirman que existen asociaciones positivas entre el nivel de desarrollo regional, el tamaño de la NOGG (medido con el capital de la garantía) y la experiencia y algunas medidas de rendimiento financiero. Afirmamos que un requisito previo para el alto rendimiento de estas organizaciones es asegurar que tengan un nivel adecuado de capital de garantía y experiencia. Pedimos que en el futuro se realicen investigaciones comparativas en toda la UE que permitan comprender mejor el rendimiento de los distintos mecanismos de distribución de garantías.

The article aims to answer the questions of whether public intervention in the form of financial aid for guarantee funds is necessary. This study examines the consequences of the financial aid for guarantee funds in Poland at the beginning of the 2014-2020 EU budget in the light of state intervention theory. We investigate three possible effects for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs: changes in output (the value and number of guarantees), changes in the transaction scale (average guarantee) and changes in efficiency. We use a panel regression analysis to verify the existence of such effects. The results show that grants lead neither to an increase in output (the number of guarantees or the total value of guarantees) nor to the improvement of multiplier or default ratios. We observe the positive impact of grants on the transaction scale and cost efficiency. We continue the discussion on the justification of state intervention in the market and the consequences of the public aid.The research shows that state intervention through public support for guarantee schemes has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to enhance the efficiency of the guarantee schemes, government intervention on behalf of private investors should be limited. Our research has some limitations. The sample does not cover all the functioning guarantee funds, as there were financial statements that were not available and our study does not concern the whole EU budget period (2014-2020). The consequences of public financial aid for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs are rarely studied, therefore, the paper fills the research gap on the influence of public aid on guarantee funds functioning in European Union countries.&nbsp

The article aims to answer the questions of whether public intervention in the form of financial aid for guarantee funds is necessary. This study examines the consequences of the financial aid for guarantee funds in Poland at the beginning of the 2014-2020 EU budget in the light of state intervention theory. We investigate three possible effects for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs: changes in output (the value and number of guarantees), changes in the transaction scale (average guarantee) and changes in efficiency. We use a panel regression analysis to verify the existence of such effects. The results show that grants lead neither to an increase in output (the number of guarantees or the total value of guarantees) nor to the improvement of multiplier or default ratios. We observe the positive impact of grants on the transaction scale and cost efficiency. We continue the discussion on the justification of state intervention in the market and the consequences of the public aid. The research shows that state intervention through public support for guarantee schemes has both advantages and disadvantages. In order to enhance the efficiency of the guarantee schemes, government intervention on behalf of private investors should be limited. Our research has some limitations. The sample does not cover all the functioning guarantee funds, as there were financial statements that were not available and our study does not concern the whole EU budget period (2014-2020). The consequences of public financial aid for organizations providing guarantees for SMEs are rarely studied, therefore, the paper fills the research gap on the influence of public aid on guarantee funds functioning in European Union countries.

The paper aims to assess selected elements of the business models of credit guarantee schemes (CGSs) implemented in 20 European Union countries within the financial framework between 2007 and 2013. This paper focuses on the CGSs’ financial additionality that depends mainly on how these programs are managed, the institutions implementing them, the objectives set and their distribution constraints. We analyse the implementation costs and the use of the funds allocated to implement the schemes. To reach the goal, we used several methods: the Kruskal‑Wallis by ranks, the median test, discriminant analysis, multidimensional scaling, and correlation. We also did the power analysis. We discovered that the efficiency of CGS implemented by non‑governmental organisations, mutual guarantee funds and regional agencies is related to the level of regional development. The relationship is not visible only when banks are engaged, which may be due to the impossibility of assigning a bank’s activities to a single region. However, we did not find differences in efficiency between types of organisations that implement CGSs. The answers to the research questions posed in the article can help policymakers and researchers conclude whether it is cost‑effective to continue supporting CGSs and whether the management of these schemes should change. The paper contributes to the economic policy theory in the area of state aid to SMEs and public finance. Celem artykułu jest ocena wybranych elementów modeli biznesowych programów poręczeń kredytowych (CGS) wdrażanych w 20 krajach Unii Europejskiej w ramach perspektywy finansowej 2007–2013. W artykule skupiono się na dodatkowości finansowej programów poręczeń kredytowych, która zależy głównie od sposobu zarządzania tymi programami, instytucji je wdrażających, wyznaczonych celów oraz ograniczeń dystrybucyjnych. Analizie poddano poziom kosztów wdrażania i wykorzystania funduszy przeznaczonych na realizację programów. W celu weryfikacji hipotezy zastosowaliśmy kilka metod: Kruskala‑Wallisa, test mediany, analizę dyskryminacyjną, skalowanie wielowymiarowe, korelację. Przeprowadziliśmy również analizę mocy. Stwierdziliśmy, że efektywność systemów gwarancji kredytowych wdrażanych przez organizacje pozarządowe, fundusze poręczeń wzajemnych i agencje regionalne jest związana z poziomem rozwoju regionalnego. Zależność ta nie jest widoczna tylko w przypadku zaangażowania banków w realizację programów gwarancyjnych. Może to wynikać z braku możliwości przypisania działalności banku do jednego regionu. Nie stwierdziliśmy natomiast różnic w efektywności pomiędzy typami organizacji wdrażających programy gwarancji kredytowych. Odpowiedzi na postawione w artykule pytania badawcze mogą pomóc decydentom i badaczom w ustaleniu, czy dalsze wspieranie systemów gwarancji kredytowych jest opłacalne i czy należy zmienić sposób zarządzania tymi programami.